Program: Bs Math 5A

Roll Call: Math18111048

Subject: Algebra -I
Instructor: Sir Shahbaz Ali

Wania Iqbal
 Exercise 2 Ch 2

Subgroups

Q#1

Show that intersection of two subgroups of G is a subgroup of G.

Solution:

Consider 𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻 ′ be two subgroups of G. Let 𝐾 = 𝐻 ∩ 𝐻′ . We have to show that K is

subgroup of G i.e. 𝑎𝑏 −1 ∈ 𝐾
Suppose 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 ∈ 𝐾
′
⇒𝑎∗𝑏 ∈ 𝐻∩𝐻 ⇒ a ∗ b ∈ 𝐻 , a ∗ b ∈ 𝐻′

⇒ a ∗ 𝑏−1 ∈ 𝐻 , a ∗ 𝑏−1 ∈ 𝐻′ ∵ 𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻′ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠.

−1 ′
⇒ a∗𝑏 ∈ 𝐻∩𝐻
′
⇒ a ∗ 𝑏−1 ∈ 𝐾 ∵𝐾= 𝐻∩𝐻
⇒ K≤G

Hence Proved.

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Q#2

Let G be the Quaternion Group. Find the center of G. Find also the normalizer of 𝑖 in G.

Solution:

𝑄8 = {±1, ±𝑖, ±𝑗, ±𝑘} 𝑖 2 = 𝑗 2 = 𝑘 2 = 𝑖𝑗𝑘 = 𝑒̅,

𝑖𝑗 = 𝑘, 𝑗𝑘 = 𝑖, 𝑘𝑖 = 𝑗, 𝑗𝑖 = −𝑘,
𝑘𝑗 = −𝑖, 𝑖𝑘 = −𝑗
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑄8 ∶
• 1 (−1) = (−1)1
• −1(−1) = (−1) − 1
• 𝑖(−1) = (−1) 𝑖
• −𝑖(−1) = (−1) − 𝑖
• 𝑗(−1) = (−1)𝑗

WANIA IQBAL 1
 • −𝑗 (−1) = (−1) − 𝑗
• 𝑘 (−1) = (−1) 𝑘
• −𝑘 (−1) = (−1) − 𝑘
✓ 𝑍(𝑄8 ) = {1, −1}
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖 𝑖𝑛 𝑄8 ∶
𝑁(𝑖) = {1, −1, 𝑖, −𝑖}

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Q#3

𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟)𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠,

𝑎𝑙𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠.

Solution:

(i) A group cannot be written as union of two (proper) subgroups.

𝐿𝑒𝑡𝐻1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻2 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝐺.
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑙𝑒𝑡 ′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐺 = 𝐻1 ∪ 𝐻2 .
𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑖𝑓 𝐻1 ⊆ 𝐻2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐺 = 𝐻1 ∪ 𝐻2 = 𝐻2
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝐻2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝐺.
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ1 ∈ 𝐻1 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ1 ∉ 𝐻2 .
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑢𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ2 ∈ 𝐻2 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ2 ∉ 𝐻1 .
Hence A group cannot be written as union of two (proper) subgroups.
(ii) A group can be express as union of three subgroups.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝐺. 𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝐺 =𝐴∪ 𝐵∪ 𝐶

𝐿𝑒𝑡 ′ 𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐺 ≠ 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 . 𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑖𝑓𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐺 = 𝐶

𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝐺.

𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐶 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔.
Hence, A group can express as union of three subgroups.

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WANIA IQBAL 2
Q#4

𝐼𝑓 𝐻 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝐺, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑔−1 𝐻𝑔 = {𝑔−1 ℎ𝑔|ℎ ∈ 𝐻}

𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝐺. 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑔−1 𝐻𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝐻 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛.

Solution:

Consider H is a subgroup of G. We have to show that 𝑔−1 𝐻𝑔 = {𝑔−1 ℎ𝑔|ℎ ∈ 𝐻} is a subgroup

of G. For this we have to show 𝑎𝑏 −1 ∈ 𝑔−1 𝐻𝑔 𝑖𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐺.

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑔−1 𝐻𝑔
⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑔−1 ℎ1 𝑔, 𝑏 = 𝑔−1 ℎ2 𝑔 ∵ ℎ1 , ℎ2 ∈ 𝐻

𝑎𝑏 −1 = (𝑔−1 ℎ1 𝑔)(𝑔−1 ℎ2 𝑔 )−1

𝑚
𝑎𝑏 −1 = (𝑔−1 ℎ1 𝑔)(𝑔−1 ℎ2−1 𝑔) ∵ (𝑏−1 ab) = 𝑏−1 𝑎𝑚 b
𝑎𝑏 −1 = (𝑔−1 ℎ1 (𝑔𝑔−1 )ℎ2−1 𝑔 )
𝑎𝑏 −1 = 𝑔−1 ℎ1 ℎ2−1 𝑔

𝑎𝑏 −1 = 𝑔−1 ℎ3 𝑔 ∵ ℎ1 ℎ−1
2 = ℎ3

𝑎𝑏 −1 ∈ 𝑔−1 𝐻𝑔 ∵ ℎ3 ∈ 𝐻
Hence Proved.
𝒈−𝟏 𝑯𝒈 is abelian if H is abelian.
Consider G and H is abelian. Then 𝑔𝐻 = 𝐻𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺
𝑔−1 𝑔𝐻 = 𝑔−1 𝐻𝑔
𝐻 = 𝑔−1 𝐻𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺
If H is abelian than by 𝐻 = 𝑔−1 𝐻𝑔 is also abelian.

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Q#5

Show that 𝑈𝑛(𝑚) is a subgroup of 𝑈𝑛 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑠𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛.

Solution:

𝑈𝑛 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 |1 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑛, (𝑥, 𝑛) = 1}
𝑈𝑛(𝑚) = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑈𝑛 |𝑥 = 1 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚)}

WANIA IQBAL 3
 Let 𝑎 ∈ 𝑈𝑛(𝑚) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 gcd(𝑎, 𝑛) = 1 ∵ 𝐵𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑈𝑛(𝑚) , 𝑎 = 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚) , 𝑏 = 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚)

𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑏 −1 = 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚)

∵ 𝑎 has an inverse in Z𝑛 if and only if 𝑔𝑐𝑑(𝑎, 𝑛) = 1.

𝑎 = 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚) , 𝑏 −1 = 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚)
−1
⇒ 𝑎. 𝑏 ≡ 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑚)

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.

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Q#6

Let G be a finite abelian group under addition and let 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 be a fixed positive integer.
Show that 𝑛𝐺 = {𝑛𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝐺}𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺[𝑛] = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐺|𝑛𝑥 = 0} are subgroups of G where 0 is the
identity of G.

Solution:

𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑥 ∗ 𝑛𝑦 −1 ∈ 𝑛𝐺 𝑖𝑓 𝑛𝑥 , 𝑛𝑦 ∈ 𝑛𝐺

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑥, 𝑛𝑦 ∈ 𝑛𝐺
𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦 −1 ) = 𝑛(𝑥 + (−𝑦)) ∈ 𝑛𝐺 ∵ 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0 = 𝑛. 0 ∈ 𝑛𝐺
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑛𝐺 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝.
𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑥 ∗ 𝑛𝑦 −1 ∈ 𝑛𝐺 𝑖𝑓 𝑛𝑥 , 𝑛𝑦 ∈ 𝐺[𝑛]

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑥, 𝑛𝑦 ∈ 𝐺[𝑛]

𝑛𝑥 ∗ 𝑛𝑦 = 𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦 −1 ) = 𝑛(𝑥 + (−𝑦)) ∈ 𝐺[𝑛]
0 = 𝑛. 0 ∈ 𝐺[𝑛]
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝐺[𝑛]𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝.

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WANIA IQBAL 4
Q#7

If G is a group of order 91, then show that it cannot have two subgroups of order 13.

Solution:

Let G be the group |G| = 91=13.7. Let H be a proper subgroup of G.

Now, Using Lagrange Theorem |𝐻| | |𝐺| ⇒ |𝐻| | 91 ⇒ |𝐻| = 1, 7, 13 𝑜𝑟 91

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑰𝒇 𝒏 = 𝒑𝒒 𝒘𝒉𝒓𝒆 𝒑 < 𝒒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒 ≢ 𝟏 (𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝒑),

𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒏 , 𝒊. 𝒆 𝑪𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏 − 𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑.

𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 91 = 13.7 , 7 < 13, 13 ≢ 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 7), 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝐺 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐.

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 91 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒.

𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ′ 𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑦 𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 have two subgroups of order 13.

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Q#8

If 𝐻 𝐾 are two subgroups of a finite group G then show that 𝑖𝐺 (𝐻) = 𝑖𝐺 (𝐾)𝑖𝐾 (𝐻).
Solution:

𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 [𝐺: 𝐻] = [𝐺: 𝐾][𝐾: 𝐻]. 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥.
|𝐺| |𝐺| |𝐾|
[𝐺: 𝐻] = (𝑖), [𝐺: 𝐾] = (𝑖𝑖), [𝐾: 𝐻] = (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
|𝐻| |𝐾| |𝐻|
|𝐺| [𝐺: 𝐾]|𝐾|
[𝐺: 𝐻] = = 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑖)
|𝐻| |𝐻|
[𝐺: 𝐾]([𝐾: 𝐻]|𝐻|)
[𝐺: 𝐻] = 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
|𝐻|
[𝐺: 𝐻] = [𝐺: 𝐾][𝐾: 𝐻].
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
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WANIA IQBAL 5
Q#9

𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 "𝑎" 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝐺 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝐺.

Solution:

𝑁(𝑎) = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐺|𝑥𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥, 𝑎 ∈ 𝐺}

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎𝑒.
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑁(𝑎) 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑎 = 𝑎𝑦

(𝑥𝑦)𝑎 = 𝑥(𝑦𝑎) = 𝑥(𝑎𝑦) = (𝑥𝑎)𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥𝑦)

⇒(𝑥𝑦)𝑎 = 𝑎(𝑥𝑦)

𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥𝑦 ∈ 𝑁(𝑎).

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆; 𝑖𝑓 𝑐 ∈ 𝑁(𝑎) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑐𝑎 ⇒ 𝑐−1 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑐−1 𝑐𝑎
𝑐 −1 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑎
⇒𝑐−1 𝑎𝑐𝑐−1 = 𝑎𝑐−1

⇒𝑐−1 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐−1

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐 −1 ∈ 𝑁(𝑎) .
______***______

Q#10

Show that 𝐻 = {0,2,4} 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑍6 = {0,1,2,3,4,5} 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑜 6.

Solution:

Using “Let (𝐺, ∗) be a group. Then a nonempty subset 𝐻 of 𝐺 is a subgroup if and only if, for 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈

𝐻, the element 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 −1 ∈ 𝐻.”

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐻 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑍6 . 𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡

2 ∗ 4−1 ∈ 𝐻 ⇒ 2 ∗ 2 = 2 ∈ 𝐻

0 ∗ 4−1 ∈ 𝐻 ⇒ 0 ∗ 2 = 2 ∈ 𝐻

0 ∗ 2−1 ∈ 𝐻 ⇒ 0 ∗ 4 = 4 ∈ 𝐻

4 ∗ 2−1 ∈ 𝐻 ⇒ 4 ∗ 4 = 2 ∈ 𝐻

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐻 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑍6 .

WANIA IQBAL 6
 ______***______

Q#11

Let G be the group of all 3 × 3 invertible matrices over reals. Show that
1 𝑎 𝑏
𝐻 = {|0 1 𝑐 | 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ} is a subgroup of G.
0 0 1
Solution:

𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐻 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑏 −1 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐻.

1 𝑎 𝑏
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐻 = {[0 1 𝑐 ] 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ}
0 0 1
𝐻  𝐺 ∵ G be the group of all 3 × 3 invertible matrices.

⇒𝑎∗𝑏∈ 𝐺

𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 −1 ∈ 𝐺 ∵ 𝐺 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 −1 ∈ 𝐴𝑙𝑙 3 × 3 invertible matrices.
−1
⇒𝑎∗𝑏 ∈ 𝐻

Hence proved.

Another Method:

𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐻 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑏 −1 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝐻.

1 𝑎 𝑏
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ 𝐻 = {[0 1 𝑐 ] 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ}
0 0 1
1 𝑎 𝑏 1 𝑎′ 𝑏′
𝐴 = [0 1 𝑐 ] 𝐵 = [0 1 𝑐′ ]
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 −𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝑐 ′ − 𝑏 ′
[0 1 −𝑐 ′ ]
𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝑜𝑓𝐵 1 −𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝑐 ′ − 𝑏 ′
𝐵 −1
= = 0 0 1 = [0 1 −𝑐 ′ ]
|𝐵| 1
0 0 1
1 𝑎 𝑏 1 −𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝑐 ′ − 𝑏 ′ 1 −𝑎′ + 𝑎 𝑎′ 𝑐 ′ − 𝑏 ′ − 𝑎𝑐 ′ + 𝑏
−1
𝐴∗𝐵 = [0 1 𝑐 ] ∗ [0 1 −𝑐 ′ ] = [0 1 −𝑐 ′ + 𝑐 ]∈ 𝐻
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
Hence Proved.

WANIA IQBAL 7
 ______***______

Q#12

If H and K are subgroups whose orders are relatively prime then show that 𝐻 ∩ 𝐾 = {𝑒}.

Solution:

Let 𝑂(𝐻) = 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂(𝐾) = 𝑛 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑐𝑑(𝑚, 𝑛) = 1

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 ∈ (𝐻 ∩ 𝐾) ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈ 𝐾 and 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑂(𝑥) = 𝑝 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑝 = 𝑒
𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝.
∵ 𝑂(𝑥) 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑂(𝐻) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂(𝑥) 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑂(𝐾)
⇒ p divides m and p divides n ⇒ p = 1 ∵ 𝑔𝑐𝑑(𝑚, 𝑛) = 1
⇒ 𝑥 𝑝 = 𝑒 ⇒ x = 𝑒 Thus, 𝐻 ∩ 𝐾 ={𝑒}
Hence proved.

______***______

Q#13

If H and K are two subgroups of finite indices in G then show that 𝐻 ∩ 𝐾 is also of finite
index in G.

Solution:

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐺

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐻 ∩ 𝐾 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝐺 𝑖𝑛 𝐺.
∵ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝐺
𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝐺.
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 [𝐺: 𝐻 ∩ 𝐾] ≤ [𝐺: 𝐻][ 𝐺: 𝐾]
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐻 ∩ 𝐾 < 𝐻 < 𝐺
[𝐺: 𝐻 ∩ 𝐾] = [𝐺: 𝐻] [ 𝐻: 𝐻 ∩ 𝐾] ∵ 𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑎𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠
[𝐻: 𝐻 ∩ 𝐾] ≤ [𝐺: 𝐾] ∵ 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
⇒ [𝐺: 𝐻 ∩ 𝐾] ≤ [𝐺: 𝐻][ 𝐺: 𝐾]
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑

WANIA IQBAL 8
 ______***______

Q#14

If 𝑁(𝐻)be the normalizer of 𝐻 in a group G then show that 𝑍(𝐺) 𝑁(𝐻) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝐻 ≤ 𝐺.

Solution:

𝑍(𝐺) = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐺|𝑥𝑔 = 𝑔𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑔 ∈ 𝐺 }

𝑁(𝐻) = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐺|𝑥𝐻 = 𝐻𝑥 }
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑔 ∈ 𝑍(𝐺)

⇒ 𝑥𝑔 = 𝑔𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ 𝐺

⇒ 𝑔𝐻 = 𝑔𝐻 ∵ 𝐻 ≤ 𝐺.
⇒𝑔 ∈ 𝑁 ( 𝐻)
⇒ 𝑍(𝐺)  𝑁(𝐻)

Hence Proved.
______***______

Q#15

Show that for a group G,𝑍(𝐺 ) =∩ 𝑁(𝑎)𝑎∈𝐺 .

Solution:

𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍(𝐺). 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑥𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎 ∈ 𝐺, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑁(𝑎) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎 ∈ 𝐺

𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑥 ∈ ⋂𝑎 ∈ 𝐺 𝑁(𝑎)

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑦, 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑥 ∈ ⋂𝑎 ∈ 𝐺 𝑁(𝑎) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎 ∈ 𝐺.

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑥𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎 ∈ 𝐺, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍(𝐺).

𝐵𝑦 𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑍(𝐺) = ⋂𝑎 ∈ 𝐺𝑁(𝑎).

______***______

Q#16

Show that centralizer 𝐶 (𝐺 ) of subgroup H of a group G is a subgroup of G.

Solution:

WANIA IQBAL 9
 𝐶 (𝐻 ) = {𝑥 ∈ 𝐺|𝑥ℎ = ℎ𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℎ ∈ 𝐻 }
𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐶 (𝐻 )𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝.
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎𝑒.
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐶(𝐻) 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑥ℎ = ℎ𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦ℎ = 𝑎ℎ

(𝑥𝑦)ℎ = 𝑥(𝑦ℎ) = 𝑥(ℎ𝑦) = (𝑥ℎ)𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥𝑦)

⇒(𝑥𝑦)ℎ = ℎ(𝑥𝑦)

𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥𝑦 ∈ 𝐶(𝐻).

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆; 𝑖𝑓 𝑐 ∈ 𝐶(𝐻) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐ℎ = ℎ𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜
𝑐ℎ = ℎ𝑐
⇒ 𝑐−1 𝑐ℎ = 𝑐−1 ℎ𝑐

ℎ = 𝑐 −1 ℎ 𝑐
ℎ𝑐 −1 = 𝑐 −1 ℎ 𝑐𝑐 −1
⇒ ℎ 𝑐−1 = 𝑐−1 ℎ

⇒ 𝑐 −1 ∈ 𝐶(𝐻) 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.

______***______

Q#17

Prove that two right cosets are either equal or have no element in common.

Solution:

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐻 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑎𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝐻 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠.

𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡.
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑐, 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛.
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑐 = 𝑎ℎ, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑎𝑠 𝑐 = 𝑎ℎ′ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ′ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐻.

⇒ 𝑎ℎ = 𝑏ℎ′
′ –1
𝑎 = 𝑏ℎ ℎ ∵ ℎ′ ℎ–1 ∈ 𝐻, 𝐻 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝

𝐿𝑒𝑡 ℎ′ ℎ–1 = ℎ′′ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑏ℎ”.

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝐻 = (𝑏ℎ”)𝐻
⇒ 𝑎𝐻 ⊆ 𝑏𝐻
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑏𝐻 ⊆ 𝑎𝐻

WANIA IQBAL 10
 ⇒ 𝑎𝐻 = 𝑏𝐻
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡.

𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝐻 ∩ 𝑏𝐻 = 𝜙 𝑜𝑟 𝐻 = 𝑏𝐻
𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠.

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Q#18

If 𝑜(𝐺 ) = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻 ≠ 𝐾are subgroups of G each of order 2 then show that HK cannot
be a subgroup of G. Show also that G cannot have two subgroups of order 3.

Solution:

If 𝑜(𝐺 ) = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻 ≠ 𝐾are subgroups of G each of order 2 then

𝑜(𝐻 ∩ 𝐾) = 1 ∵ 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛.
𝑜(𝐻). 𝑜(𝐾) 2.2
𝑜(𝐻𝐾) = = =4
𝑜(𝐻 ∩ 𝐾) 1

Using Lagrange Theorem

|𝐻𝐾| | |𝐺| ⇒ 4 ∤ 6

𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝐻𝐾 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝐺.

Let G be the group |G| = 6 = 3𝑛=1 2. Let H be a subgroup of G.

Now, Using Lagrange Theorem

|𝐻| | |𝐺| ⇒ |𝐻| | 6 ⇒ |𝐻| = 1,2,3,6

𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑰𝒇 𝒏 = 𝒑𝒒 𝒘𝒉𝒓𝒆 𝒑 < 𝒒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒 ≢ 𝟏 (𝒎𝒐𝒅 𝒑),

𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒏 , 𝒊. 𝒆 𝑪𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒏 − 𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒊𝒂𝒏 𝒈𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑.

𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 6 = 2.3 , 2 < 3, 3 ≢ 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 2), 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝐺 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐.

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 6𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒.

𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ′ 𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑦 𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 have two subgroups of order 3.

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WANIA IQBAL 11
Q#19

𝐻 = {𝐼, (12)}𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾 = {𝐼, (23)} are subgroups of 𝑆3 then show that HK is not a
subgroup of 𝑆3 .
Solution:

𝐻𝐾 = {ℎ𝑘 |ℎ ∈ 𝐻 𝑘 ∈ 𝐾 }𝐻𝐾 = {𝐼, (12), (23), (123)} ∵ (12) (23) = (123)

We have to show that for given H and K in𝑆3 , HK is a subgroup of 𝑆3 .
|𝑆3 | = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐻𝐾| = 4 .
According to lagrange |𝐻| | |𝐺| ⇒ 4 ∤ 6
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑆3 cannot have a subgroup of 4 order.
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Q#20

Show by an example that we can have an infinite subset H in a group G where H is

closed under multiplication but does not form a subgroup of G.
Solution:

Consider ℤ with addition and the H be the subset {0,1,2,3…} of ℤ

ℤ is a group, H is infinite and closed under multiplication but does not form a group
because inverse of elements not exists.

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WANIA IQBAL 12