ENGINEERING

GRAPHICS & DESIGN

PRADEEP JAIN

KHANNA BOOK PUBLISHING CO. (P) LTD.

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ISBN: 978-93-91505-06-6
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 Acknowledgement

T he author grateful to AICTE for their meticulous planning and execution to publish the technical
book for Engineering and Technology students.
I sincerely acknowledge the valuable contributions of the reviewer of the book Prof. B.S. Pabla,
for making it students’ friendly and giving a better shape in an artistic manner.
This book is an outcome of various suggestions of AICTE members, experts and authors who
shared their opinion and thoughts to further develop the engineering education in our country.
It is also with great honour that I state that this book is aligned to the AICTE Model Curriculum
and in line with the guidelines of National Education Policy (NEP) -2020. Towards promoting
education in regional languages, this book is being translated in scheduled Indian regional
languages.
Acknowledgements are due to the contributors and different workers in this field whose
published books, review articles, papers, photographs, footnotes, references and other valuable
information enriched us at the time of writing the book.
Finally, I like to express my sincere thanks to the publishing house, M/s. Khanna Book
Publishing Company Private Limited, New Delhi, whose entire team was always ready to cooperate
on all the aspects of publishing to make it a wonderful experience.

Pradeep Jain

(v)
 Preface

T he traditional engineering graphics course has undergone significant change due to emergence
of computer-aided drafting and design (CAD) tools and the revision of engineering graphics
curriculum to include computer based 2D and 3D modeling. The emphasis has shifted from
drawing board based engineering graphics to CAD based modeling which has the advantages of
speed, flexibility and convenience of drawing. In spite of these the focus on free hand sketching
and development of ability to visualize the objects in 2D and 3D frame has been retained in the
revised curriculum. The text book on “Engineering Graphics & Design” addresses the challenges
of integrating computer aided drawing and design to develop the drafting manual skills and
to integrate the computer based drafting without losing focus on the basic drawing skills. The
book has been aligned to outcome based education to focus on the learning outcomes leading to
attainment of program outcomes. Course outcomes and unit outcomes have been defined for each
unit of the curriculum. COs have been mapped with the POs to enable the students to appreciate
and work for attainment of program outcomes. The text matter has been reduced to make it easier
to students. Each chapter is followed by a set of questions and the references for further reading.
The first part of the book covers the conventional aspects of engineering drawing and the second
part is devoted to the use of computer aided drafting.
It is sincerely hoped that the book will redefine the learning of engineering graphics and
design with focus on development of visualization of engineering objects and use of computer
software in developing 2D and 3D models.
Author will thankfully acknowledge the comments and suggestions for the future
improvements of the book.

Pradeep Jain

(vii)
 Outcome Based Education

For the implementation of an outcome based education the first requirement is to develop an outcome
based curriculum and incorporate an outcome based assessment in the education system. By going
through outcome based assessments evaluators will be able to evaluate whether the students have
achieved the outlined standard, specific and measurable outcomes. With the proper incorporation of
outcome based education there will be a definite commitment to achieve a minimum standard for all
learners without giving up at any level. At the end of the programme running with the aid of outcome
based education, a student will be able to arrive at the following outcomes:
PO-1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO-2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO-3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO-4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO-5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
PO-6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
PO-7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
PO-8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO-9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

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PO-10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
PO-11.
Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO-12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

(x)
 Course Outcomes

After completion of the course the students will be able to:

CO-1: Demonstrate the visual understanding of engineering drawing.
CO-2: Create working engineering drawings.
CO-3: Apply computer aided drafting for 2 D and 3 D modeling.
CO-4: Apply the modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.
CO-5: Read and communicate through engineering drawings.

Mapping of Course Outcomes with Programme Outcomes

Course Expected Mapping with Program Outcomes
Outcomes (1- Weak Correlation; 2- Medium correlation; 3- Strong Correlation)
PO-1 PO-2 PO-3 PO-4 PO-5 PO-6 PO-7 PO-8 PO-9 PO-10 PO-11 PO-12
CO-1 3 2 1 - - 1 - - - - - -
CO-2 3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - -
CO-3 3 2 3 1 3 2 - - - - - -
CO-4 3 2 1 1 3 2 - - - - - -
CO-5 3 2 2 - - 2 - - - 3 - -

(xi)
 Abbreviations

2D Two Dimensional
3D Three Dimensional
Aux Auxiliary
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
CAD Computer-aided design
CO Course Outcome
CUI Customize User Interface
FV Front View
GUI Graphical User Interface
HP Horizontal plane
HT Horizontal trace
IS Indian standard
ISO International Organization for Standardization
LOS Line of Sight
OSNAP Object SNAP
PO Programme Outcomes
PP Profile Plane
RF Representative Fraction
THK Thick
TL True Length
TV Top View
UCS User Coordinate System
UO Unit Outcomes
VP Vertical Plane
VT Vertical Trace

(xii)
 List of Figures

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING DRAWING

Figure 1.1: Standard Sizes of Drawing Sheets 3
Figure 1.2: Drawing Sheet Layout 3
Figure 1.3: Drawing Sheet Title Block 4
Figure 1.4: Drawing Board 4
Figure 1.5: Mini Drafter 5
Figure 1.6: T–Square 6
Figure 1.7: French Curves 7
Figure 1.8: Grade of pencil leads 7
Figure 1.9: Lettering Features used in Engineering Drawing 8
Figure 1.10: Vertical Lettering 9
Figure 1.11: Inclined or Italic Lettering 9
Figure 1.12: Roman lettering 9
Figure 1.13: Plain scale 10
Figure 1.14: Diagonal Scale 11
Figure 1.15: Vernier scale 11
Figure 1.16: Comparative Scale 12
Figure 1.17: Scale of chords 12
Figure 1.18: Construction of an Angle by Scale of Chords 13
Figure 1.19: Plain Scale R.F. 1/5 13
Figure 1.20: Diagonal scale R.F. 1/300 14
Figure 1.21: Vernier Scale with R.F. =1/25 15
Figure 1.22: Ellipse 15
Figure 1.23: Generation of Ellipse 16
Figure 1.24: Parabola 17
Figure 1.25: Generation of Parabola 18
Figure 1.26: Hyperbola 18
Figure 1.27: Generation of Hyperbola 19
Figure 1.28: Generation of Cycloid 20
Figure 1.29: Generation of Epicycloids 21
Figure 1.30 Construction of Hypocycloid 22
Figure 1.31: Generation of Involutes 22
UNIT 2: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Figure 2.1: Theory of Projection 32
Figure 2.2: Types of Projection 32
Figure 2.3: Isometric, Dimetric and Trimetric Projections 33
Figure 2.4: Oblique Projections 34
Figure 2.5: Theory of Perspective Projection 34
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Figure 2.6: Orthographic Multi-view Projection 35
Figure 2.7: Principal Planes 36
Figure 2.8: Orthographic Projection Views 36
Figure 2.9: Symbol of First Angle Projection 37
Figure 2.10: Symbol of Third Angle Projection 37
Figure 2.11: Projection of a Point in First Quadrant 39
Figure 2.12: Projection of a Point in Third Quadrant 39
Figure 2.13: Projection of Point A 40
Figure 2.14: Projection of Point P 40
Figure 2.15: Projection of point B 41
Figure 2.16: Projection of Point B 41
Figure 2.17 : Projection of Line Parallel to both the Planes 42
Figure 2.18: Projection of line Perpendicular to HP and Parallel to VP 43
Figure 2.19 : Projection of line perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP 43
Figure 2.20: Projection of Line Inclined to HP and Parallel to VP 44
Figure 2.21: Projection of Line Inclined to VP and Parallel to HP 44
Figure 2.22: Projection of Line Contained by HP and Parallel to VP 45
Figure 2.23: Projection of Line Contained by VP and Parallel to HP 45
Figure 2.24: Projection of Line Contained by VP and HP 45
Figure 2.25(a): Projection of a Line inclined to both HP and VP 46
Figure 2.25 (b): Projection of a Line inclined to both HP and VP 46
Figure 2.25 (c): Projection of a Line Inclined to both HP and VP 47
Figure 2.25 (d): Projection of a Line Inclined to both HP and VP 47
Figure 2.26: Projection of a Line Contained by one or both Planes 48
Figure 2.27: Projection of Line AB 48
Figure 2.28: Projection of Line AB Inclined to both the Planes 49
Figure 2.29: Projection of Line for Given FV and TV 50
Figure 2.30: Different Shapes of Plane 50
Figure 2.31: Projection of Planes Perpendicular to H.P. and Parallel to V.P. 51
Figure 2.32: Projection of Planes Perpendicular to V.P. and Parallel to H.P. 52
Figure 2.33: Projection of Planes Perpendicular to H.P. and V.P. 53
Figure 2.34: Projection of Planes Perpendicular to H.P. and Inclined to V.P. 53
Figure 2.35: Projection of Planes Perpendicular to V.P. and Inclined to H.P. 53
Figure 2.36: Projection of Hexagonal Plate 54
Figure 2.37: Projection of a Circle of 5 cm Diameter 54
Figure 2.38: Projection of a Rhombus 55
Figure 2.39: Projection of Pentagonal of 25 mm Side 55
Figure 2.40: Projection of Rectangular Plate 56
UNIT 3: PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
Figure 3.1: Tetrahedron 64
Figure 3.2: Cube or Hexahedron 64

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Figure 3.3: Octahedron 65
Figure 3.4: Dodecahedron 65
Figure 3.5: Icosahedrons 65
Figure 3.6: Regular Prisms 66
Figure 3.7: Right pyramids 66
Figure 3.8: Cylinder 66
Figure 3.9: Sphere 67
Figure 3.10: Cone 67
Figure 3.11: Frustum 67
Figure 3.12: Truncated 68
Figure 3.13: Projection of a Cylinder with Axis Perpendicular to HP 69
Figure 3.14: Projection of a Cylinder with its Axis Perpendicular to VP 70
Figure 3.15: Projection of a Cone with Axis Parallel to both HP and VP 70
Figure 3.16: Projection of a Pentagonal Prism Axis parallel to HP and Inclined to VP 71
Figure 3.17: Projection of a Hexagonal Pyramid Axis Inclined to HP and Parallel to VP 72
Figure 3.18: Projection of a right circular cylinder 73
Figure 3.19: Projection of a Pentagonal Prism 74
Figure 3.20: Projection of a Cylinder 74
Figure 3.21: Projection of a Cube 75
Figure 3.22: Projection of a Pentagonal Pyramid 75
Figure 3.23: Projection of a Square Pyramid 76
Figure 3.24: Drawing of Floor Plan 77
UNIT 4: SECTIONAL VIEWS OF SOLIDS
Figure 4.1: Full Section View 84
Figure 4.2: Half Section View 85
Figure 4.3: Offset Section 85
Figure 4.4: Revolved Section 86
Figure 4.5: Removed Section 86
Figure 4.6: Broken-out Section 87
Figure 4.7: Representation of Sectional Plane 87
Figure 4.8: Section Lining 88
Figure 4.9: Section Plane Perpendicular to V.P. and Parallel to H.P. 88
Figure 4.10: Section Plane Perpendicular to H.P. and Parallel to V.P. 88
Figure 4.11: Section Plane Perpendicular to H.P. and Inclined to V.P. 89
Figure 4.12: Sectional Plane is Perpendicular to V.P. and Inclined to H.P. 89
Figure 4.13: Sectional Views of Prism 90
Figure 4.14: Sectional Views and True Shape of Square Pyramid 91
Figure 4.15: Sectional Views and True Shape of Right Circular Cone 92
Figure 4.16: Sectional Views of a Cylinder 93
Figure 4.17: Development of Right Regular Prism 94

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Figure 4.18: Development of Right Regular Cylinder 95
Figure 4.19: Development of Right Regular Pyramid 95
Figure 4.20: Development of Right Circular Cone 96
Figure 4.21: Development of Hexagonal Prism 97
Figure 4.22: Development of Cylinder 98
Figure 4.23: Development of Pentagonal Pyramid 99
Figure 4.24: Development of Truncated Cone 99
Figure 4.25: Transition pieces 106

UNIT 5: ISOMETRIC PROJECTION

Figure 5.1: Principle of Isometric Projection 110
Figure 5.2: Front View of Cube 111
Figure 5.3: Construction of Isometric Scale 112
Figure 5.4: Isometric View of Square 113
Figure 5.5: Isometric View of Triangle 114
Figure 5.6: Isometric View of Circle 114
Figure 5.7: Isometric View of Circle Using Centre Method 115
Figure 5.8: Isometric View of Pentagon 115
Figure 5.9: Isometric View of a Irregular Shape 116
Figure 5.10: Isometric View of a Pentagonal Prism 117
Figure 5.11: Isometric View of a Cylinder 118
Figure 5.12: Isometric View of a Cone 119
Figure 5.13: Isometric View of a Sphere 119
Figure 5.14: Isometric View of a Pentagonal Pyramid 120
Figure 5.15: Isometric View of Compound Solid 121
Figure 5.16 (a): Orthographic Views 121
Figure 5.16 (b): Isometric Axes 122
Figure 5.16 (c): Drawing Line Parallel to Isometric Axes 122
Figure 5.16 (d): Locate the Principal Corners 122
Figure 5.16 (e): Isometric Drawing 122
Figure 5.17: Conversion of Isometric View to Orthographic Projections 123

UNIT 6: OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Figure 6.1: Computer Graphic System 133
Figure 6.2: CAD Workstation 133
Figure 6.3: AutoCAD Workspace Selection 135
Figure 6.4: GUI of AutoCAD 136
Figure 6.5: Layout of Application Menu 136
Figure 6.6: Layout of Pull-down Menus 137
Figure 6.7: Layout of Short Cut Menu 137
Figure 6.8: Layout of Standard Tool Bars 138
Figure 6.9: Coordinate System Icon 138
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Figure 6.10: Cartesian coordinate system 139
Figure 6.11: Polar Coordinate System 139
Figure 6.12: Polar Coordinate System Angle Direction 139
Figure 6.13: Relative Coordinate System 140
Figure 6.14: Crosshairs, Pickbox, and Cursor Icon 140
Figure 6.15: Command Window 141
Figure 6.16: Navigation tool bar 141
Figure 6.17: Quick Access Toolbar 141
Figure 6.18: Status Bar 142
Figure 6.19: A typical Text Window 142
Figure 6.20: Point Selection 143
Figure 6.21: Object Selection Using Window 144
Figure 6.22: Object selection using crossing window 144
Figure 6.23: Selecting Objects with a Crossing Line 144
Figure 6.24: Graphics standards 148

UNIT 7: CUSTOMIZATION & CAD

Figure 7.1: Startup Dialog Box 154
Figure 7.2: Drawing Units 155
Figure 7.3: Customize User Interface 156
Figure 7.4: Geometric constraint options 157
Figure 7.5: OSNAP Toolbar 160
Figure 7.6: Snap and Grid in Drafting Setting 161
Figure 7.7: Grid Setup 162
Figure 7.8: Grid Spacing 162
Figure 7.9: Snap On 163
Figure 7.10: Ortho Mode (ON / OFF) 163
UNIT 8: ANNOTATION LAYERS AND 3D MODELLING
Figure 8.1: Text Pallet Window 194
Figure 8.2: MTEXT Command 194
Figure 8.3: Single Line TEXT Command 195
Figure 8.4: Deviation Type Tolerance 196
Figure 8.5: Tolerance Format Panel 196
Figure 8.6: Layer Properties Manager 198
Figure 8.7: Section style manager 199
Figure 8.8: Plot Panel AutoCAD 200
Figure 8.9: Wireframe Model 203
Figure 8.10: Surface Modeling 203
Figure 8.11: Solid primitives 204
Figure 8.12: EXTRUDE in AutoCAD 204
Figure 8.13: REVOLVE Command in AutoCAD 205
(xvii)
Figure 8.14: Sweep Command in AutoCAD 206
Figure 8.15: UNION of Objects 206
Figure 8.16: Subtraction of Objects 207
Figure 8.17: Intersection of Objects 208

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 List of Tables

Table 1.1: Standard sizes of drawing sheets 2

Table 1.2: Description of the size of standard drawing boards 5
Table 1.3: Standard sizes of ‘T’ square 6
Table 1.4: The letter sizes recommended for various items 8
Table 1.5: Types of lines 26
Table 2.1: Difference between parallel and perspective projection 35
Table 2.2: Difference between first angle and third angle projection 38
Table 5.1: Difference between isometric view and isometric projection 113
Table 7.1: Geometric Constrained and Description 157
Table 7.2: OSNAPS Modes 160

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 Guidelines for Teachers
To implement Outcome Based Education (OBE) knowledge level and skill set of the students
should be enhanced. Teachers should take a major responsibility for the proper implementation of
OBE. Some of the responsibilities (not limited to) for the teachers in OBE system may be as follows:
• Within reasonable constraint, they should manipulate time to the best advantage of all
students.
• They should assess the students only upon certain defined criterion without considering
any other potential ineligibility to discriminate them.
• They should try to grow the learning abilities of the students to a certain level before they
leave the institute.
• They should try to ensure that all the students are equipped with the quality knowledge as
well as competence after they finish their education.
• They should always encourage the students to develop their ultimate performance
capabilities.
• They should facilitate and encourage group work and team work to consolidate newer
approach.
• They should follow Blooms taxonomy in every part of the assessment.

Bloom’s Taxonomy
Teacher should Student should be Possible Mode of
Level Check able to Assessment
Students ability to
Creating Design or Create Mini project
create
Students ability to
Evaluating Argue or Defend Assignment
Justify
Students ability to Differentiate or Project/Lab
Analysing
distinguish Distinguish Methodology
Students ability to use Operate or Technical Presentation/
Applying
information Demonstrate Demonstration
Students ability to
Understanding Explain or Classify Presentation/Seminar
explain the ideas
Students ability to
Remembering Define or Recall Quiz
recall (or remember)

Guidelines for Students

Students should take equal responsibility for implementing the OBE. Some of the responsibilities
(not limited to) for the students in OBE system are as follows:
• Students should be well aware of each UO before the start of a unit in each and every
course.
• Students should be well aware of each CO before the start of the course.
• Students should be well aware of each PO before the start of the programme.
• Students should think critically and reasonably with proper reflection and action.
• Learning of the students should be connected and integrated with practical and real life
consequences.
• Students should be well aware of their competency at every level of OBE.

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 Contents

Foreword iii
Acknowledgement v
Preface vii
Outcome Based Education ix
Course Outcomes xi
Abbreviations xii
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xix
Guidelines for Teachers xx
Guidelines for Students xx

1. Introduction to Engineering Drawing .................................................. 1-30

Unit Specific 1
Rationale 1
Prerequisite 1
Unit Outcomes 1
Introduction 2
1.1 Drawing Instruments 2
1.1.1 Drawing Sheets 2
1.1.2 Drawing Board 4
1.1.3 Mini Drafter 5
1.1.4 T-Square 6
1.1.5 French Curves 7
1.1.6 Drawing Pencils 7
1.1.7 Instrument Box 7
1.2 Lettering 8
1.2.1 Size of Letters 8
1.2.2 Single Stroke Lettering 8
1.2.3 Roman Lettering 9
1.3 Scales 10
1.3.1 Plain Scale 10
1.3.2 Diagonal Scale 11
1.3.3 Vernier Scale 11
1.3.4 Comparative Scale 12
1.3.5 Scale of Chords 12
1.4 Curves and Conic Sections 15
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 1.4.1 Ellipse 15
1.4.2 Parabola 17
1.4.3 Hyperbola 18
1.4.4 Cycloid 20
1.4.5 Epicycloids 20
1.4.6 Hypocycloid 21
1.4.7 Involutes 22
Unit Summary 23
Exercises 23
Know More 26
Design Project/Activities 27
Interesting Facts 28
Applications (Real Life / Industrial) 28
Inquisitiveness and Curiosity Topics 28
Case Study 28
Suggested Readings / Video Recourses / Learning Websites 29
2. Orthographic Projection ...................................................................... 31-62
Unit Specific 31
Rationale 31
Prerequisite 31
Unit Outcomes 31
2.1 Theory of Projection 32
2.2 Types of Projection 32
2.3 Parallel Projection 33
2.4 Perspective Projection 34
2.5 Difference Between Parallel and Perspective Projection 35
2.6 Orthographic Multi View Projection 35
2.6.1 Principal Planes 35
2.6.2 Orthographic Projection Views 36
2.6.3 Orthographic Projection Methods 37
2.6.4 Difference between First Angle and Third Angle Projection 38
2.7 Projection of Points 38
2.7.1 Projection of a Point in First Quadrant 38
2.7.2 Projection of a Point in Third Quadrant 39
2.8 Projection of Lines 42
2.8.1 Projection of a Line Parallel to both the Planes 42
2.8.2 Projection of a Line Perpendicular to HP and Parallel to VP 42
2.8.3 Projection of a Line Perpendicular to VP and Parallel to HP 43
2.8.4 Projection of a Line Inclined to HP and Parallel to VP 44
2.8.5 Projection of a Line Inclined to VP and Parallel to HP 44

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 2.8.6 Projection of Line Contained by HP and Parallel to VP 45
2.8.7 Projection of Line Contained by VP and Parallel to HP 45
2.8.8 Projectin of Line Contained by VP and HP 45
2.8.9 Projection of a Line Inclined to both HP and VP 46
2.8.10 Projection of a Line Contained by one or both the Planes 48
2.9 Projection of Planes 50
2.9.1 Types of Projection Planes 51
2.9.2 Projection of Planes Perpendicular to H.P. and Parallel to V.P. 51
2.9.3 Projection of Planes Perpendicular to V.P. and Parallel to H.P. 51
2.9.4 Projection of Planes Perpendicular to H.P. and V.P. 52
2.9.5 Projection of Planes Perpendicular to H.P. and Inclined to V.P. 52
2.9.6 Projection of Planes Perpendicular to V.P. and Inclined to H.P. 53
Unit Summary 57
Exercises 57
Interesting Facts 60
Know More 60
Applications 61
Activity 61
Case Study 61
Suggested Readings / Video Recourses / Learning Websites 62
3. Projection of Solids ............................................................................... 63-82
Unit Specific 63
Rationale 63
Prerequisite 63
Unit Outcomes 63
Introduction 64
3.1 Classification of Solids 64
3.1.1 Polyhedral 64
3.1.2 Solids of Revolution 66
3.2 Terminology 68
3.3 Projection of Solids in Different Positions 68
3.3.1 Projection of a Solid with its Axis Perpendicular to HP 69
3.3.2 Projection of a Solid with its Axis Perpendicular to VP 69
3.3.3 Projection of a Solid with its Axis Parallel to both HP and VP 70
3.3.4 Projection of a Solid with its Axis Inclined to the VP and Parallel to the HP 71
3.3.5 Projection of a Solid with its Axis Inclined to the HP and Parallel to the VP 71
3.3.6 Projection of a Solid with its Axis Inclined to the HP and VP 72
3.4 Floor Plan 76
Unit Summary 78
Exercises 78

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 Know More 81
Design Activity 81
Interesting Facts 81
Applications 82
Case Study 82
Suggested Readings / Video Resources / Learning Websites 82
4. Sectional Views of Solids .................................................................... 83-108
Unit Specific 83
Rationale 83
Prerequisite 83
Unit Outcomes 83
4.1 Introduction to Section of Solids 84
4.2 Types of Sectional Views 84
4.2.1 Full Sections 84
4.2.2 Half sections 85
4.2.3 Offset Sections 85
4.2.4 Revolved Sections 86
4.2.5 Removed Sections 86
4.2.6 Broken-out Sections 87
4.3 Sectional Planes 87
4.3.1 Representation of Sectional Plane 87
4.3.2 Section lining 88
4.3.3 Types of Sectional Plane 88
4.4 True Shape of the Section 89
4.5 Sectioning Techniques 90
4.6 Development of Surfaces of Solids 93
4.6.1 Principle of Development 93
4.6.2 Methods of Development 93
4.6.3 Development of Right Regular Solids 94
Unit Summary 100
Exercises 100
Know More 106
Design Project/Activities 106
Interesting Facts 106
Applications (Real Life / Industrial) 106
Case Study 107
Suggested Readings / Video Resources / Learning Websites 107
5. Isometric Projection ......................................................................... 109-130
Unit Specific 109
Rationale 109
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 Prerequisite 109
Unit Outcomes 109
Introduction 110
5.1 Principle of Isometric Projection 110
5.2 Terminology of Isometric Projection 111
5.3 Construction of Isometric Scale 112
5.4 Isometric View 112
5.5 Difference Between Isometric Projection and Isometric View 113
5.6 Isometric Views of Plane Figures 113
5.6.1 Isometric View of a Square 113
5.6.2 Isometric View of Triangle 114
5.6.3 Isometric View of Circle 114
5.7 Isometric Views of Solids 116
5.7.1 Box Method 116
5.7.2 Off-set Method 117
5.8 Conversion of Orthographic Views to Isometric Views 121
5.9 Conversion of Isometric View to Orthographic Projections 123
Unit Summary 124
Exercises 124
Interesting Facts 128
Know More 128
Applications 128
Activity 128
Case Study 129
Suggested Readings / Video Resources / Learning Websites 130
6. Overview of Computer Graphics ...................................................... 131-152
Unit Specific 131
Rationale 131
Prerequisite 131
Unit Outcomes 131
6.1 Computer Aided Design (CAD) 132
6.2 Computer Graphics System 133
6.3 AutoCAD Software 134
6.4 AutoCAD User Interface 135
6.4.1 Application Menu 136
6.4.2 Pull-Down Menus 137
6.4.3 Shortcut Menus 137
6.4.4 Standard Toolbar 138
6.4.5 Coordinate System 138
6.4.6 Crosshairs, Pick-box and Cursor 140

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 6.4.7 Command window 140
6.4.8 Navigation Bar 141
6.4.9 Quick Access Toolbar 141
6.4.10 Status bar 142
6.4.11 Text window 142
6.5 Function Keys 143
6.6 Select Command 143
6.7 Erase Command 145
6.8 Zoom Command 145
Unit Summary 146
Exercises 146
Know More 148
Design Project/Activities 149
Interesting Facts 149
Applications (AutoCAD Software) 149
Inquisitiveness and Curiosity Topics 150
Case Study 150
Suggested Readings / Video Resources / Learning Websites 151
7. Customisation & CAD ...................................................................... 153-192
Unit Specific 153
Rationale 153
Prerequisite 153
Unit Outcomes 153
7.1 Creating Basic Drawings Using AutoCAD 154
7.1.1 Start AutoCAD Program 154
7.1.2 Setup Layout 154
7.1.3 Set Drawing Units 155
7.1.4 Customize User Interface 155
7.1.5 Set Drawing Limits 156
7.2 Geometrical Constraints 156
7.3 Objects snaps (OSNAP) 159
7.4 Snap and Grid 161
7.5 Ortho Mode 163
7.6 Draw Commands 164
7.6.1 Line Command 164
7.6.2 Circle Command 165
7.6.3 Arc Command 168
7.6.4 Rectangle Command 168
7.6.5 Draw Ellipse and Elliptical Arc Command 169
7.6.6 Polygon Command 170

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 7.6.7 Polyline Command 170
7.7 Modify Commands 171
7.7.1 Move command 172
7.7.2 Copy Command 172
7.7.3 Offset Command 173
7.7.4 Scale (SC) Command 173
7.7.5 Rotate Command 174
7.7.6 Fillet Command 175
7.7.7 Chamfer Command 176
7.7.8 Trim Command 176
7.8 Dimesioning 177
7.8.1 Linear Dimensions 178
7.8.2 Radial Dimensions 178
7.8.3 Angular Dimensions 178
7.8.4 Ordinate Dimensions 179
7.8.5 Arc Length Dimensions 179
7.8.6 Baseline and Continued Dimensions 179
7.9 Dimension Style manager 182
7.10 Dimension Associate 183
Unit Summary 186
Exercises 187
Know More 189
Design Project/Activities 190
Interesting Facts 190
Inquisitiveness and Curiosity Topics 190
Applications (Real Life / Industrial) 191
Case Study 191
Suggested Readings / Video Resources / Learning Websites 191
8. Annotation Layers and 3D Modelling .............................................. 193-216
Unit Specific 193
Rationale 193
Prerequisite 193
Unit Outcomes 193
8.1 Annotation 194
8.1.1 TEXT Pallet 194
8.1.2 Multiline TEXT (MTEXT command) 194
8.1.3 Single Line (TEXT command) 195
8.2 Tolerance in AutoCAD 195
8.3 Layers 197
8.3.1 Create a Layer 197

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 8.3.2 Rename a Layer 197
8.3.3 Remove a Layer 197
8.3.4 Set the Current Layer 197
8.3.5 Change the Properties Assigned to Layers 197
8.3.6 Layer Properties Manager 198
8.4 Orthographic Projection Views 198
8.5 Section views 199
8.6 Plot Command 200
8.7 Wireframe Modeling 202
8.8 Surface Modeling 203
8.9 Solid Modeling 203
8.9.1 Create Solid Object using EXTRUDE Command 204
8.9.2 Create Solid Objects using REVOLVE Command 205
8.9.3 Create solid objects using SWEEP Command 205
8.9.3 Create solid composites 206
8.10 Parametric modeling and Non parametric modeling 208
Unit Summary 209
Exercises 209
Know More 211
Design Project/Activities 211
Interesting Facts 214
Applications (Real Life / Industrial) 214
Inquisitiveness and Curiosity Topics 214
Case Study 215
Suggested Readings / Video Resources / Learning Websites 215
9. Projects .............................................................................................. 217-220
Project 01 217
Objective 217
Prerequisites 217
Procedure 217
Project 02 217
Objective 220
Reference 221
CO and PO Attainment Table 223
Index 224

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