Intellectual Competencies: Purposive 3.

Truthful
Communication English 4. Efficient in using information
5. Watchful on falsified information.
CHAPTER 1. UNDERSTANDING 21ST CENTURY 6. Respectful of the rights of others to information.
COMMUNICATION

Lesson 1: Communication Processes, Principles Lesson 2: Communication and Globalization

and Ethics
Globalization - is not only the mobility and
Components of the Communication Process trade of goods across countries, but all that go
with it such as people, services, knowledge,
Communication - systematic process
culture, etc.
Communication process is important
Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication
particularly among professionals because of
the following notable reasons according to 1. Language
Bhasin (2021): 2. Stereotypes and prejudices
3. Behaviors and beliefs
 It develops coordination of thoughts, and 4. Norms and values
ideas of one another. 5. Ethnocentrism
 smooth and proper functioning of each 6. Body language and gestures
member of the organization.
 It contributes to effective and efficient Strategies to become an effective global
decision making communicator.
 It increases the managerial efficiency and
leader potentials in organizations. 1. Mindful Presence
 It promotes peace and cooperation 2. Mindful Listening
 It boosts the morale and healthy working 3. Mindful Speech
environment. 4. Unconditional Friendliness
5. Mindful Responsiveness
Principles of Effective Communication 9
communication principles into operation as Lesson 3: Local and Global Communication
suggested by Kapur (2020): Communication in Multicultural Settings
1. Trustworthiness Multicultural refers to a society that contains
2. Effective Speaking Skills
several cultural or ethnic groups. People live
3. Active Listening
4. Good Writing Skills alongside one another, but each cultural group
5. Good Reading Skills does not necessarily have engaging
6. Objective Judgement interactions with each other.
7. Value Difference
8. No Assumptions Socio-Cultural Aspects of Communication
9. Authenticity (Dapat, et al, 2016)
1. Cultural identity
Ethical Considerations in Communication
2. Gender role
1. Respectful of their audiences. 3. Age identity
2. Considerate of the consequences of their 4. Social class
communication. 5. Religious identity
Cultural Factors in Multicultural Settings 1. People should be mindful of the other
(Cotton, 2013) communicators who have different culture.
2. People should mindfully choose the suitable
1. Mother tongue and secondary languages words and actions that are culturally acceptable to
2. Race others.
3. Ethnicity 3. People should be skillful and tactful in
4. Gender communicating in multicultural settings.
5. Local culture 4. People should be observant on the connection
6. Religion among communication patterns.
7. Regional attire 5. People should open their minds to dissimilar
8. Ancestry, Parents and Families culture because it can give them fresh options to
9. Teachers try a new approach in life.
10. Friends
11. Neighborhood Lesson 4: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and
12. Education Written Language
13. Profession
14. Experience - Varieties of Spoken and Written Language
15. Politics
16. Physical features Written language is carefully organized and
17. Media explanatory. Word of choice is deliberate and
follow a particular structure.
Intercultural Communication
Spoken language is spontaneous and
People from different backgrounds often momentary; it is mostly maintained in the form
encounter difficulties in processing meanings of a dialogue.
and understanding messages due to the
difficulties in understanding certain factors of Characteristics of Written English and Spoken
communication such as language, context, and English:
meaning. Communication problems often
occur when there is a lack of understanding
about how certain cultures "work."

- Forms of Intercultural Communication

a. Interracial communication – communicating Different Registers in different Forms and
with people from different races Functions
b. Interethnic communication – interacting with
1. Frozen or “static” register
people of different ethnic origin
2. Formal register
c. International communication – communicating
3. Consultative register
between representatives from different nations.
4. Casual register
d. Intracultural communication – interacting with
5. Intimate register
members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-
culture
Lesson 5: Evaluating Messages and/or images
- Improving Intercultural Communication of different types of texts reflecting different
Competence (Dapat, et al, 2016) cultures

Key Concepts of Media Literacy

Media refers to all electronic or digital means  The information they handle must be
and print or artistic visuals used to transmit represented digitally
messages.  The interface to the final presentation of
media is usually interactive
Literacy is the ability to encode and decode
symbols and synthesize and analyze messages. Steps in Making Effective Communication
Presentations
Media literacy is the ability to encode and
decode the symbols transmitted via media and Elements to consider:
the ability to synthesize, analyze and produce
 Create visual aids with purpose.
mediated messages.  Strive for quality.
 Developing Effective Visuals
Media education is the study of media,
 Visual aids are clearly integrated with the
including ‘hands-on’ experiences and media content of the presentation
production.  Photographs and illustrations suit the
overall tone of the presentation
Media literacy education is the educational
 Images and text are large and clear enough
field dedicated to teaching the skills associated for the viewer to see or read
with media literacy.  Images are shown with explanatory text or
a caption
Skills as Media Literate Communicator
 Informational graphics include clear, easy-
1. Understand and respect the power of mass to-read labels and headings
communication messages.  Text within informational graphics is easy to
2. Understand content by paying attention and read (Watch out for wordiness and crowded
filtering out noise. text or a font that is too small and hard to
3. Understand emotional versus reasoned reactions read.)
to mass communication content in order to act  Formatting choices (color, different fonts,
accordingly. etc.) organize information effectively
4. Develop heightened expectations of mass  Any text within graphics is free of errors
communication content.  Hyperlinks within slides function properly
5. Understand genre conventions and recognize  Display text for hyperlinks is concise and
when they are being mixed. informative (Never paste a link into a slide
6. Think critically about mass communication without modifying the display text.)
messages, no matter how credible their source.
7. Understand the internal language of mass Lesson 2: Preparing Pecha Kucha Presentation
communication to understand its effects, no matter
how complex. Pecha Kucha - a presentation method that
calls for telling a story using images rather than
CHAPTER 2 COMMUNICATION AIDS AND reading text from slides during a PowerPoint
STRATEGIES USING TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY presentation. 20 slides and allow only 20
seconds of commentary per slide. That keeps a
Lesson 1: Preparing Multimedia Presentation
total presentation to just 6 minutes and 40
Characteristics of Multimedia Presentations seconds.

 must be computer controlled. Steps on how to make a Pecha Kucha

 Integrated Presentation
1. Topic in a Sentence Memorized - rote recitation of a written
2. Keep Slide text to a Minimum message that the speaker has committed to
3. Find the story in your topic
memory.
4. Tell story with images
5. Use just few points Extemporaneous Speaking - carefully planned
6. Timing and rehearsed speech, spoken in a
7. Visual Cues
conversational manner using brief notes
Lesson 3: Blogging Impromptu - presentation of a short message
without advance preparation.
What is Blog - (a shortened version of
“weblog”) is an online journal or informational 3. Making Inquiries
website displaying information in reverse
Inquiry Letter - mainly about requesting,
chronological order, with the latest posts
asking, or obtaining a specific information to
appearing first, at the top. It is a platform
another party whom it addresses. This letter
where a writer or a group of writers share their
intended to pose a request or question to the
views on an individual subject.
reader and persuading it to respond. There are
Effective ways of introducing a Blog three types of inquiry letter, the solicited,
1. Be Short and Direct unsolicited and inquiries asking for a favor.
2. Quirky/Funny Opening Sentence or Paragraph Solicited letter of inquiry is a letter used
3. Ask a Thought-Provoking Question
when a business is advertising its product or
4. Ask a Multiple-Choice Question
5. Share a Shocking Fact or Statistic services, unsolicited letter of inquiry is a letter
6. Share Something Personal that inquiring regarding something thus it is a
7. Withhold a Compelling Piece of Information formal letter if the sender doesn’t know the
8. Debunk Conventional Wisdom receiver, and the latter is seeking information
9. Lead With a Success Story
with or without commercial proposition and
10. Start With a Reader’s Question
must be clear with their objectives. It is very
CHAPTER 3 COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS useful when seeking information but be
PURPOSES mindful of asking too much information
especially if that information you can obtain
Lesson 1: Informative, Persuasive, and easily.
Argumentative Communication
Context and Organization of Letter of Inquiry
1. Write the sender’s name and address, you may
also include phone number and email if it is
required.
2. Leave one space below the address then write
the date.
3. Include the receiver’s address.
Lesson 2: Public Speaking 4. Subject of the letter; state what is your main
reason in writing this letter.
Reading from a Manuscript - word-for-word 5. Below the subject, write a salutation to address
iteration of a written message the person being written to. If not sure on the
gender of the recipient, you may write Sir/Madam.
6. The body of the letter, it is divided into three (3) 7. Be natural, optimistic, focused, confident,
paragraphs; candid, and precise.
First Paragraph – Introduce yourself and include 8. Flaunt your sensibility by asking insightful
the purpose of the letter; questions.
Second Paragraph - Inform the recipient about the 9. Illustrate confidence by positively selling
details of your inquiry and the other information yourself.
you wanted to know; Third 10. Exemplify social graces by thanking the
Paragraph - Conclusion and end of the paragraph, interviewer for his or her time.
you may include here that you are expecting or
waiting to have their response. And don’t forget to CHAPTER 4 COMMUNICATION FOR WORK
include gratitude in the letter. PURPOSES
7. Below the body of the letter, write the sender’s
name and signature, include also the designation of Lesson 1: Communication for Nurses: Writing
the sender. Basic Patient Notes

Emails- Communication Internal operational A patient note is the primary communication

communication is a system where members of tool to other clinicians treating the patient, and
an organization communicate with one another a statement of the quality of care.
to implement the business goals which has Patient Notes
become increasingly important. It has many
forms such as supervisors giving orders, oral Initial notes: first or earliest assessment
exchanges among employees about work Interim or progress note: refer to the
matters, assembling and distributing reports, assessment reports done in order to monitor
and composing and sending the condition of the patient
E-mail- messages to other workers within the Discharge notes: are the reports given once
company, other companies in and outside the medication is discontinued or the patient is
country. release from the hospital
Interview - conversation which occurs between Way of Organizing Patient Notes
a potential employer and a job applicant.
Subjective (assessment given by the family
Tips in Conducting an Interview member or patient himself)
1. Display sense of responsibility by coming to the Objective (assessment seen by you or reflected
scheduled interview on time and prepared.
in laboratory or other medical reports)
2. Exhibit research skills by conducting a study
about the employer, hiring manager and job Assessment (diagnosis) Plan (procedures to be
opportunities. done to address the diagnosis)
3. Suggest sense of loyalty by verbalizing intention
to stay longer with the company. Firming up: it becomes clearer, stronger, or
4. Insinuate leadership skills by articulating that more definite.
you can work with less supervision.
5. Show creativity by answering difficult questions Concretizing: make something concrete,
with style and ease, Become specific; "the idea concretized in her
6. Demonstrate professionalism and proper work mind"
ethic by dressing up corporately during the
interview.
Introspecting: Consider one's own internal story based on previous media coverage. Write
state or feelings. To look into or examine (one's in a way that speaks to these realities and adds
own mind, feelings, etc.). relevant, useful information.

Lesson 2: Communication for Journalists: Be Honest: Never mislead the reader. If you
Writing a Lead promise a certain type of information with your
lead, you should be ready to deliver.
Writing opening paragraph of a News
Article or Lead Types of Lead

The Five W’s and H: News writing strives to Summary Lead or Straight Lead - brief
answer “The Five W’s and H:” that is, Who, summary, containing most of the Five W’s and
What, When, Where, Why and How. Good leads H in one sentence.
answer as many of these questions as possible
Question Lead - ask a question. Although they
in a single sentence. When writing a lead, it
are effective in sparking interest, use them
helps to think about which of these facts is the
sparingly because they generally do not
most vital for readers to know.
provide the main points of a story as concisely.
Keep It Short: A good lead provides all the
Quotation Lead - use direct quotation used in
information the reader requires in just a few
first paragraph
words. Ideally, a lead should be between 25
and 40 words. Funny Lead - lead written in a funny way

Keep It Simple: Don’t clutter up the lead with Anecdotal Lead - quick, relevant story to draw
unnecessary adjectives or adverbs. Also make in the reader. The anecdote must help enhance
sure that your lead only discusses one idea to the article’s broader point, and you must
avoid confusion. explain the connection to that point in the first
few sentences following the lead.
Write in Active Voice: Avoid all forms of the
verb “to be.” Common exceptions including Descriptive Lead - describe how an event
writing about fatalities (“two people were killed happened rather than simply telling what the
Thursday”) and when discussing police activity event is about
(“two people were arrested”). Passive voice is
Lesson 3: Tour Guiding
often theresult of incomplete reporting.
Tourism - To inform, remind and advise
Structure Your Lead Properly: Put your most
crucial information at the very beginning of the Communication Tasks for Tour Guides
sentence. Important secondary information can  giving directions and commentaries;
go in subsequent sentences. Not following this  explaining procedures and itineraries;
practice is called “burying the lead.” If you need  providing advice on safety and security; and
attribution in your lead, make sure it goes describing tourist attractions.
toward the end of the sentence because it is
Communication Techniques in Dealing with
less important than the information itself.
Complaints
Understand the Context: Keep in mind what
1. Set a complaints handling policy
your readers may already know about your
2. Respond quickly to complaints 3. List your business's strengths
3. Be patient, empathetic, and fair with customers 4. List your business's weaknesses
4. Research the customer’s situation 5. List potential opportunities for your business
5. Involve customers in the solution 6. List potential threats to your business
6. Keep customers updated 7. Establish priorities from the SWOT
7. Touch base with the customer afterward 8. Develop a strategy to address issues in the SWOT

Lesson 4: Communication for Teachers: Lesson 6: Writing Business and Technical

Storytelling Reports

Storytelling - interactive art of using words Report - a specific form of writing that is
and actions to reveal the elements and images organized around concisely identifying and
of a story while encouraging the listener’s examining issues, events, or findings that have
imagination. happened in a physical sense, such as events
that have occurred within an organization, or
Image Description - a detailed explanation of
findings from a research investigation.
an image that provides textual access to visual
content; most often used for digital graphics Characteristics of a Report
online and in digital files; can be used as alt
 Clear, concise, accurate and well organized
text in coding to provide access to more with clear section headings.
complete information.  Easy for the audience to understand.
 Formatting, revising and proof reading are
Lesson 5: Communication for Business and important process for good report writing.
Trade  Should have an executive summary that
presents the essential elements of the
SWOT analysis is a compilation of your
report from the introduction through to the
company’s strengths, weaknesses, recommendations and outcomes.
opportunities and threats.  Visually appealing and easy to read.
Diagrams, figures, charts, tables and graphs
Benefits of SWOT Analysis
can all add interest to a report.
1. It is a source of information for strategic
planning. Report Categories
2. Builds organization’s strengths.
3. Reverse its weaknesses. Formal Report - reports that are prepared in
4. Maximize its response to opportunities. prescribed forms
5. Overcome organization’s threats.
Form of the report: Formal report is highly
6. It helps in identifying core competencies of the
firm. structured and is prepared in a prescribed
7. It helps in setting of objectives for strategic format. Most Formal report is always written in
planning. a manuscript (narrative style) format.
8. It helps in knowing past, present and future so
that by using past and current data, future plans Purpose: Formal report is written to help
can be chalked out. management in making long term and
strategic decisions.
How to make SWOT Analysis
1. Decide on the objective of your SWOT analysis
2. Research your business, industry and market
Objective: Objective of the formal report is to managers in making thy-to-thy business
assist decision making by providing an effective decisions.
recommendation.
Objective: Conveying routine messages and to
Length: It is long in size, large. It generally help routine functions are the basic objectives
includes some particular pages (e.g. prefatory of the informal report.
page) that do not appear in short reports.
Length: It is short in size. An informal report is
Distribution: In most cases, formal reports are short in size. This report writing is generally
circulated to top-level executives and outside complete in a page or two.
parties.
Distribution: Short report is usually circulated
Nature of problem: Formal report deals with within the organization.
complex and non-recurring problems. It is
Nature of problem: Informal report deals with
analytical and systematic in nature. It deals with
less complex and recurring problems. It is not
key complex problems.
methodical in nature. This report deals with the
Frequency of writing: Formal report is written schedule matters.
very infrequently.
Frequency of writing: It is written very
Writing responsibility: This type of report is frequently even daily a weekly.
usually written by internal or external experts.
Writing responsibility: These reports are
Use of visual aids: This type of report makes usually written by a subordinate.
extensive use of visual aids to present the facts
Use of visual aids: This type of report seldom
and findings.
uses visual aids.
Writing Style: This report follows inductive
Writing Style: This report follows deductive
(indirect) and impersonal writing style. A formal
(direct) and personal writing style. Informal
report on the other hand, after analyzing and
reports follow deductive writing styles. A short
interpreting the conclusion of the draw and
report highlights facts and specific
makes recommendations.
recommendations. It avoids analysis and
Recommendation: Recommendation is an inclusion of supporting information.
essential part of a formal report.
Recommendations: Recommendations are not
Informal report - prepared not by following required in an informal report.
any prescribed rule or formality.
Lesson 7: Communication for Employment: The
Form of the report: Informal report is less Resume
structured and it is less important to follow the
Resume - where you can display your top skills
prescribed format. Most Informal reports are
and qualities it consists of one to two pages. It
written in memorandum and letter formats.
is the most required tool to every company
Purpose: The main purpose of an informal when looking for a job because it will be a way
report is to present the facts that help to help you get your interview and it will be
easy for the employer in hiring decisions.
Characteristics that must include in your taking adequate time to provide valuable and
resume: relevant information that this is really
important for a good first impression to be
 communication skills, openness,
made. When applying for a position, the cover
creativity, commitment and etc. To have
letter is something that introduces the
a good resume, it must include the same
applicant and their resume, which is
keywords that can be seen to the job
responsible for a first impression. The cover
description.
letter is a prospective employer’s first
Formats that are using when writing impression of the applicant. This single
Resume. document offers the initial insight into who the
applicant is as a professional and a person to
Chronological, Functional and Combination.
potential employers.
Lesson 8: Communication for Employment: The
Writing a letter for an application letter is
Application Letter
somewhat different from a short email to a
Application letter - a clear link between the friend or a message of thanks to a parent.
position the applicant is searching for and the When it comes to the letter 's presentation and
qualifications mentioned in the resume. To put appearance, potential employers and
it another way, the letter fits those credentials prospective interviewers have some standards,
with the specifications of the position, from length (no more than a page) to font size
illustrating how correct an applicant is for that and design to letter spacing.
role. It addresses details in the resume
Length in an application letter - no longer
selectively, as needed. Working with
than one page long.
information, examples, information about
relevant aspects of your educational and job Style and page margins - single-spaced
history is one of the best ways to make an application letter must have a space between
application letter perfect. However, so little each line that uses margins of around one and
interest might be created by a letter that is too match the text to the left, which for most
general and ambiguous that the reader may documents is the standard layout. Font varies
not even want to turn to the resume. on a conventional font such as Times New
Roman, Arial, or Calibri and the font size must
Working in a selective detail in the application
be around ten to twelve.
text, which makes the person stand out, makes
it unforgettable, and completes the statements The rules for the parts used in the letter are
making about their abilities and experience. also laid down, from greeting to sign-off, to
how the letter is arranged.
It is very important for an applicant to design a
successful cover letter before applying for a Key parts used in a letter demanding a job:
new job and make adjustments to their resume
In the heading, both the applicant’s name and
to accommodate the organization to which
the employer's contact details (name, address,
they are applying. People searching for jobs
phone number & email) accompanied by the
too often overlook their cover letters, leaving
date should begin with a letter of application.
them until the last minute, particularly not
Include your contact information at the end of
the message, after the applicant's signature. administrators, and subordinates or may suffice
For the salutation, the applicant must have a subordinates coordinating with co-employees
friendly greeting for this. The most frequent to carry out a task or activity. This
salutation is "Dear Mr./Ms." followed by the last communication is an interoffice tool.
name of the user. The applicant must find out
Basic Principles and Characteristics of
all about acceptable cover letter greetings, and
Memorandum according to Sharma, 2014:
what to do if the applicant does not know the
name of the recipient, or are uncertain of the  Necessary and Sufficient Information
gender of a communication.  Do not Assume that Everyone knows
Everything related to the issue discussed in
The applicant should note the position he or the Memo
she is applying for in the first line and where  Be Clear, Concrete and Specific
 Easy-to-Understand
the applicant has seen the job description. The
 Explain with Ease and Co-operation
most critical part of the applicant’s letter is the  NO Emotional Appeal
next paragraph. This is where the applicant can
share the related knowledge about his or her The following are the uses of Memorandum
experience and achievements. The applicant according to Sharma, 2014:
must show gratitude to the employer will be
 To Provide Information
the third and last portion of the body of the
 To Issue Instruction
letter; the applicant may also provide follow-up  To Convey Policy Decision
information. For the complimentary close: With  To Offer/Invite Suggestion
a friendly close, such as "Favorite" or  To Record/Report an Agreement
"Sincerely," followed by the applicant’s  To Establish Accountability
 Helps you to avoid meeting personally,
signature, signing off the applicant’s account.
when necessary
Lastly, for the signature, the applicant must
Guidelines in making Memorandums:
finish with its handwritten signature followed
by the name of the applicant that must be  Short as possible and concise.
 Use simple English.
typed, lastly followed by the applicant’s contact
 Avoid using jargons.
details.
 Use a captivating Heading by bolding or
Lesson 9: Communication within a Company: using different colors for the heading.
 Be aware of the important information that
The Memorandum
needs to be included in the memorandum.
Memorandum, or commonly known as a  Be aware of the grammars and spelling.
memo, is a short concise message or record  Anticipate any questions your readers might
have.
that is used for internal communication in a
Lesson 10: Writing Minutes of Meeting
business, administration, or an institution. A
note, document or a form of communication Meetings are set and conducted in different
intended to issue a directive, execute a policy, ways by different companies and organizations
present an information report, provide convey to discuss different agendas and matters that
information, rebuke errors, give warnings, solve affect the surrounding area and the people
problems or make requests. This involved.
communication can be between or among
Being in a meeting, one must keep record of needed second opinion do not hesitate to ask
the meeting’s agendas, suggestions, and to fully verify your work. Submit it to the
actions requested by the group; a list of what person who ran the meeting unless instructed
happened during the meeting, the Minutes of to do another way or otherwise.
the Meeting.
CHAPTER 5 COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC
A written record of the meeting that lets the PURPOSES
attendees be reminded, and the absentees be
Lesson 1: Avoiding Plagiarism
informed of what happened in the meeting. A
written record that serves as detailed notes - Quoting
reflecting all actions done within the meeting;
- Plagiarism
A record that also serves as a reminder to the
task that must be completed after the - Paraphrasing
discussion. - Summarizing
Before the meeting: Choose your recording Lesson 2: Writing a Research Proposal: The
tool. One may choose to use it in recording the Topic Proposal
meeting, from a pen and paper to a laptop or a
recorder. Always check your tools as one will Research - involves a scientific method which
need it for future references. uses logical and systematic procedure for the
acquisition of new knowledge or for the
Reading the meeting’s agenda may also help verification or confirmation of previews and
your outlining of the meeting where one can existing knowledge to answer problems and to
easily pinpoint what are the important points apply in practical life.
within the meeting.
Types of Research
During the meeting:
Pure Research
Passing the attendance is a sign that the
meeting is starting, know who is involved ● The researcher tries to find the truth
● The research meant to seek knowledge simply for
within the meeting to know who they are and
knowledge’s sake
what their main point is. One may not include ● Also termed as library or desk research
all comments instead the important notes are
enough. Write all motion and who made them, Applied Research
and its results. Always remember to keep your
● Practical application of knowledge to everyday
own biases. situations.
After the meeting: Encode the notes you have ● Also termed as action research
taken during the meeting. Include the
Quantitative Research
participants and the different key points they
added. Add to your final record the ● Associated with positivist tradition (there is
organization, the title of the committee, the reality out there that can be studied and known)
● Gathers numerical values as its data
type of meeting, and the purpose of it. Always
● Investigates concepts, constructs, variables
proofread your record and avoid lapses of ● Use deductive reasoning
important discussion within the meeting, if
● Use control (imposing condition so that biases articulating the research problem. Thus, the
are minimized and validity and precision are introduction provides a background that
maximized)
establishes the status of the problem in
● Gather empirical evidence (from objective reality
collected through senses) Qualitative Research context.
● Associated with Naturalistic inquiry (reality is not The background of the study that functions
a fixed entity but rather a construction of
in terms of the following:
individual participating in research.)
● Gathers narrative description as its data 1. It establishes the problem by describing its
● Investigates phenomena, and concepts nature, and narrating its development, occurrence
● Use inductive process or existence.
● Use subjectivity that enriches the analytical 2. It situates the problem by describing the setting
insights where the problem is conceived. This actually
● Gather information, insights that lead to search refers to the local setting where the respondents
for further evidence (subjective) takes place in the have directly experienced the problem. It sets the
field status of the problem.
Lesson 3: Writing a Research Proposal: The 3. It explains the rationale of the problem by
Introduction justifying the necessity for conducting the study.
Study the following sample introduction to
How to Write Research Introduction determine how they are developed.
The introduction is a generalized discussion
Lesson 4: Writing a Research Proposal: The
which should lead to actually stating and
Method
clearly articulating the research problem. Thus,
the introduction provides a background that The Questionnaire - a form prepared and
establishes the status of the problem in distributed to secure responses to questions
context. that are intended to obtain information about
conditions or practices on which the
The background of the study that functions
respondent is presumed to have knowledge;
in terms of the following:
can be provided as paper-and-pencil device, a
1. It establishes the problem by describing its telephone survey, or a structured document
nature, and narrating its development, uploaded onto the internet
occurrence or existence.
The questionnaire format could be:
2. It situates the problem by describing the
o Dichotomous (yes/no)
setting where the problem is conceived. This o Multiple choice
actually refers to the local setting where the o Cafeteria
respondents have directly experienced the o Rank order
problem. It sets the status of the problem. o Forced choice ratings
o Checklists
3. It explains the rationale of the problem by o Calendar
justifying the necessity for conducting the o Visual analogue
study. Study the following sample introduction
Two Types of Questionnaire Items
to determine how they are developed. The
introduction is a generalized discussion which 1. The free response questions or “open-
should lead to actually stating and clearly ended” or unstructured Questionnaire
● The questions frequently asked are why, what ● Is the most direct means of studying the subjects
and how when the researcher is interested in their behavior
● Perceiving the data through the senses
2. The “close-ended” or structured form of
Questionnaire Recording the Results of Observation

● Has the response already prepared, the ● Checklist: a device which contains the items
respondents merely checks, underlines or ranks to be observed and a space for number or
the responses as directed checkmarks or short verbal entries

The Interview ● Rating scale: a checklist with an evaluation

standard
● second most common method for data collection
● It is a purposeful face to face relationship ● Anecdotal forms: a checklist that provides
between two persons, one of whom called the for less breakdown of dimensions or factors
interviewer who asks questions to gather
hence, much space is provided for writing
information and the other called interviewee or
respondent who supplies the information asked for ● Mechanical Recording

Purposes and Uses of Interview ● Stenographic Recording

1. to gain insight into his problem Records: Provide a readily available and
2. the proper construction and validation of valuable source of data
questionnaire
3. In case when the subject has some signs of Three major criteria necessary to establish
abnormality, the interviewer may wish to gain authenticity and accuracy of records:
physical and emotional reactions of the subjects
4. To gathering data or just to supplement data ◦ Authorship- the identity of the person who
collected by other techniques conceived the material
◦ Body- the outward form of the material
◦ Function- purpose for which it was complied
What to Avoid in Interviews
1. Avoid exerting undue pressure upon a Lesson 5: Writing Literary Analysis
respondent to make him participate in an interview
2. Avoid disagreeing or arguing with or Review of related literature - a written
contradicting the respondent summary of the existing knowledge base on a
3. Avoid unduly pressing the respondent to make a research problem obtained from an in-depth
reply search on non-research references and
4. Avoid using a language well over and above the
research references. The review includes a
ability of the respondent to understand
5. Avoid talking about irrelevant matters statement indicating what the present study
6. Avoid placing the interviewee in embarrassing will add to what is already known. It is a
situations written, analytic summary of research findings
7. Avoid appearing too high above the respondent on a topic of interest It is a comprehensive
in education, knowledge and social status compilation of what is known about the
8. Avoid interviewing the respondent in an unholy
phenomenon. It provides the background and
hour
the context on which the research is conducted
Observation 1. Conceptual Literature/Related Literature
  It is composed of discussions of facts and ● start from the premise that politics does not
principles to which the present study is consist merely of human actions and interaction
related ● involves rational planning, motives, principles
 These materials are usually printed and and beliefs
found in books, encyclopedias, professional Requirements for a decent political analysis
journals, magazines, newspapers, and other paper
publications
 Also referred to as non-empirical references 1. Topic and research question.
 Are classified as local and foreign 2. Preliminary research
2. Research Literature/Related Studies 3. Substantial research
4. Thesis
 These are studies, inquiries, or 5. Impartiality
investigations already conducted to which 6. Quotations and references
present proposed study is related or has
some bearing or similarity 1. Remember to cite all references you used, with
 These are usually unpublished materials either the MLA (Modern Language Association) or
such as manuscripts, theses, and the APA (American Psychological Association)
dissertations writing style.
 Also referred to as empirical references 2. Use a minimum of three (3) scholarly sources:
 Are classified as local and foreign e.g., Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Political
Issues, academic books, journals, newspapers and
Sources of Literature magazines, etc.
3. Use subheadings as you begin each section.
Empirical References may be of primary and 4. Have a separate title or cover page, and just
secondary sources: staple all the pages together
1. Primary Source
Lesson 7: Academic Presentation
● Description of studies written by the researchers
who conducted them Academic Presentation
● It is ideal to rely heavily on primary sources of 1. Determine the purpose for presenting your
data research at the forum.
● The researcher’s oral discussion of his study in 2. Focus on Forecasting what you want to share
research forums, seminars, conferences, and even with the audience about your research; on
competitions, may also be considered primary Explaining the key findings of your study;
sources Synthesizing your research in relation to the
statement of the problem
2. Secondary Source 3. Know your audience in terms of their
background knowledge, research interests or
● Studies prepared by someone other than the
experience.
original researcher
4. Get ready with your outline and cue cards.
● A good way to start a literature review with
because they provide a quick summary and a good
bibliography The Three P’s of an Academic Presentation
1. Prepare- Organize one’s content. Relevant to
Lesson 6: Writing Political Analysis Paper audience’s needs
2. Practice - Great delivery of the presentation
Political Science analysis paper
3. Present - Well thought speech; Must be
comfortable when presenting