Importance of Subject

 Data communication, which is the transmission of digital data

through a network or to a device external to the sending device,
is the cornerstone of modern telecommunications.
 Data Communication is the exchange of data i.e. 0’s and 1’s
between devices via some form of transmission medium.
 When using a network, people can communicate efficiently with
a group of people through instant messaging, video
conferencing, social media, chat rooms, etc.
 It is easy to share files, data, and information. this can be
beneficial for large organizations to maintain their data in an
organized manner and easily sort based on preference.
 The files and programs on a network can be protected using
passwords. the protected files cannot be accessed by any
unauthorized users.
 Applications of Subject
Telecommunication.
Education and Research.
Sharing information.
Sharing Resources : Hardware / Software.
Facilitating Centralized Management.
Improve the security.
Centralized software management.
Electronic mail.
Flexible access.
 Course Outcomes
Analyse the functioning of data communication
and computer network.

Select relevant transmission media and

switching techniques as per need.

Analyse the transmission errors with respect to

IEEE standards.

Configure various networking devices.

Configure different TCP/IP services.

 List of Reference Books
 Data Communication and networking by Forouzan
Behrouz A

 Computer networks by Tanenbaum Andrew S.

 Data Communication and networks by Godbole

Achyut

 Internetworking with TCP/IP Principles, Protocols

and Architecture by Comer Douglas E.

 Computer Networking by T. M Bansod

 List of Learning Resources

 en.wikipedia.org

 www. schoolofpe.com

 www.tutorialspoint.com

 www.geeksforgeeks.org

 www.javapoint.com

 www.guru99.com
 Unit wise Weightage of Marks
Unit Unit Title Teaching Distribution of Theory
No. Hours Marks
R U A Total
Level Level Level Marks

1 Fundamentals of Data 10 04 04 04 12
Communication and
Computer Networks
2 Transmission Media and 14 04 06 06 16
Switching
3 Error Detection, correction 14 02 04 06 12
and wireless Communication
4 Network Topology and 10 02 04 04 10
Network Devices
5 Reference Models 16 06 06 08 20
Practical List, Microporjects and PDF
• Practical List

• Micro project List

• List of PDF:
– Computer-Networking-Principles-Bonaventure
– Computer Networks
– Computer Networks - A Tanenbaum
– Data communication computer network tutorial
– Networking The Complete Reference, Third Edition -
Bobbi Sandberg
– Computer networks
 Unit 1 (12 Marks)
Fundamental of data Communication
Contents :
1.1 Process of data communication and its components :
Transmitter, Receiver, Medium, Message, Protocol.
1.2 Protocols, Standards, Standard Organizations.
Bandwidth, Data Transmission Rate, Baud Rate and Bits per
seconds.
1.3 Modes of Communication(Simples, Half duplex, Full
duplex).
1.4 Analog signal and Digital Signal, Aanalog and Digital
Transmission : Aanalog to Digital Conversion , Digital to
analog Conversion.
1.5 Fundamental of Computer Network : Definition and
Need of Computer Network, Applications, Network Benefits.
1.6 Classification of Network : LAN,MAN,WAN.
1.7 Network Architecture : Peer to Peer, Client Server
Network.
Fundamental of data Communication

Data :
Data is defined as information which is stored in
the digital form.

Types of Data:
- Data can corresponds to alphabets, numeric or
symbols and it consists of any one or the combination of
the following:
1. Microprocessor Opcode
2. Control Codes
3. Program data or data base information.
Introduction to data communication

• Definition :

• Data communication is the process of exchanging the

digital information between two nodes/hosts.

• Data communication can also be defined as the

exchange of data between a source and destination
over some kind of transmission medium such as
wired or wireless communication.

Q. Define Data and Data Communication (2M)

Characteristics of Data Communication
system
There are three important characteristics of
a data communication system are:
• Delivery : A data communication system must
deliver data only to the user who is intended to use it
and not to any one else.
• Accuracy : the data communication system must be
designed in such a way that the delivered data is
accurate and free form any errors that occurs due to
noise.
• Timelines : The data communication system should
deliver the data without any time delay, called as
real time transmission of data.

Q . Describe Characteristics of Data Communication (4M)

 Components of Data Communication
System
• There are following five components.
• Message
• Sender
• Medium
• Receiver
• Protocol

Q. State Components of Data Communication (4M)

• Message :
Message is nothing but information of data which is
to be sent from sender to the receiver.
• Sender :
Sender is a device or host or workstation which sends
the message over the medium.
• Receiver :
It is a host which receives the message and
reproduces it.
• Medium :
Video
The message originating from the sender needs a
path over which it can travel to the receiver, such path is called as
the medium.
• Protocol :
The Protocol is defined as the set of rules agreed by
the sender and receiver.
A set of such rules is known as a protocol of the data
communication. PDF
 Composite signals and transmission
medium
• The data is generally in the form of pulses and
pulse is a composite signal which contains many
frequencies.
• The shape of a pulse is due to the sum of specific
frequencies at specific amplitudes and phases.
• If there is any changes in the amplitudes or
phases of these frequency components then the
shape of the pulse will not remain the same.

Q. Explain Composite Signals (2M)

 Bandwidth of the signal

• The bandwidth is defined as the

portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum occupied by a signal.

• It can also defined as the bandwidth Video

is the frequency range over which an
information signal is transmitted.

Q. Define Bandwidth(2M)
 Frequency Spectrum
• Frequency spectrum is the representation of a
signal in the frequency domain.
• It consists of the amplitude and phase
spectrum of the signal.

Effect of pulse width of data on the Bandwidth

• When the data is transmitted the bandwidth is

depends on the pulse width of data.
• The signals having higher data rates need
larger bandwidth.
Q. What is frequency Spectrum(2M)
 Digital Signals

• A digital signal is a discrete time

signal having finite number of
amplitudes.

Video

Q. Define Digital Signals? (2M)

• Bit Interval :
The bit Interval is the time corresponding
to one single bit i.e. 0 or 1.
• Bit Rate :
Bit rate is defined as the number or bits
transmitted or set in one second. It is expressed in
bits per second(pbs).
Bit rate = 1/Bit Interval
The bit rate is also called as signalling rate.
• Baud Rate :
Baud rate is defined as the unit of
signaling speed or modulation rate or the rate
of symbol transmission per second.

Video

Q. Define bit rate, baud rate and bit intervals? (2/4M)

 Transmission of Digital Signals

• The digital signals can be transmitted from

one point other using one of the following two
approaches:

• Baseband Transmission
• Bandpass transmission

Q. List types of digital data transmission (2M)

 Baseband Transmission

• Baseband refers to the original frequency range of a

transmission signal before it is converted, or
modulated, to a different frequency range.

• For example, an audio signal may have a baseband

range from 20 to 20,000 hertz. When it is transmitted
on a radio frequency (RF), it is modulated to a much
higher, inaudible, frequency range.

Q. Explain Baseband Transmission (2M)

 Broadband
• This refers to high-speed data transmission in
which a single cable can carry a large amount
of data at once.
• The most common types of Internet
broadband connections are cable modems
(which use the same connection as cable TV)
and DSL modems (which use your existing
phone line). PDF
• Because of its multiple channel capacity,
broadband has started to replace baseband,
the single-channel technology originally used
in most computer networks

Video
Q. State Broadband data transmission. (2M)
 Modes of Communication

• The communication system can be classified

based on whether the given communication
system communicates only in one direction or
both direction.

• Simplex Communication
• Half Duplex Communication
• Full Duplex Communication

Q. Explain modes of data communication. (4M)

 Simplex Communication
• In Simplex mode, the communication is
unidirectional, as on a one-way street. Only one of
the two devices on a link can transmit, the other can
only receive. The simplex mode can use the entire
capacity of the channel to send data in one direction.
Example: Keyboard and traditional monitors. The
keyboard can only introduce input, the monitor can
only give the output.
 Half Duplex
• In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit
and receive, but not at the same time. When one
device is sending, the other can only receive, and
vice versa. The half-duplex mode is used in cases
where there is no need for communication in both
direction at the same time. The entire capacity of the
channel can be utilized for each direction.
 Full Duplex
• In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and
receive simultaneously. In full_duplex mode, signals
going in one direction share the capacity of the link
with signals going in other direction, this sharing can
occur in two ways:
• Either the link must contain two physically separate
transmission paths, one for sending and other for
receiving. Or the capacity is divided between signals
PDF
travelling in both directions. Full-duplex mode is
used when communication in both direction is
required all the time.

Video
 Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog
Conversion
• Encoder :
The Encoder converts Digital or Analog
signals into Digital Signals.
• Modulation :
The Modulation converts Digital or Analog
signals into Analog signals.
Analog/ Analog/
Digital Digital Digital Signal
signal signal
ENCODER Modulation
Digital Signal

Q. Define Modulation? (2M)

Digital to Analog Conversion

Q. Describe Digital to Analog conversion (4M)

Digital to Analog Conversion

Q. State Modulation and demodulation process. Video

Types of Digital to Analog Conversion

Q. List techniques of digital to analog conversion. (2M)

 Amplitude Shifting Keying
• ASK is the simplest type of digital carrier wave modulation,
here the carrier is a sine wave of frequency fc we can
represent the carrier signal mathematically as follows:
ec = sin(2Π fc t)
• The ASK modulator is nothing but a multiplier followed by a
band pass filter.
• In this conversion technique, the amplitude of analog
carrier signal is modified to reflect binary data.

Q. Explain amplitude shifting keying (4M)

• The ASK signal can be mathematically
expressed as follows:
Vask (t) = d sin(2Π fc t)
where d = Data bit which takes value
0 or 1

Vask (t) = d sin(2Π fc t) when d= 1

Vask (t) = 0 when d = 0
• When binary data represents digit 1,
the amplitude is held; otherwise it is
set to 0. Both frequency and phase
remain same as in the original carrier
signal. PDF

Video
 Bandwidth of ASK

Bandwidth B = fb/log2M

…But log2M = N

B = fb/N
In ASK N=1
B = fb (Hz)

Q. What is bandwidth of ASK (2M)

 Merits and Demerits of ASK
Merits :
• The advantage of using ASK is its simplicity. It is
easy to generate and detect.
Demerits :
• The disadvantage is that it is very sensitive to
noise, therefore it finds limited application in data
transmission.
• Application :
– It is used in very low speed telemetry circuits.
Q. State advantages and disadvantages of ASK (4M)
 frequency Shifting Keying
• FSK is the type of digital modulation in which,
the frequency of sinusoidal carrier is shifted
between two discrete values, in response to the
value 0 or 1 of the digital input signal.
• The FSK generator is basically a Voltage
Controlled Oscillator(VCO) which product sine
waves at frequency f0 and f1
• This technique uses two frequencies, f0 and f1.
One of them, for example f0, is chosen to
represent binary digit 0 and f1 is used to
represent binary digit 1.
Q. Explain FSK (4M)
• In this conversion technique, the frequency of the
analog carrier signal is modified to reflect binary
data.

0 1 0 1 0

0 = f0
1 = f1
 Bandwidth for FSK
• For FSK bit rate is equal to baud rate.
• The expression for bandwidth is given by,

B = Nb / 2 + (f1 – f0) + Nb / 2
= (f1 – f0) + Nb
Where Nb = baud rate = bit rate= fb
Minimum bandwidth will corresponds to the
situation in which (f1 – f0) = Nb
B(min) = Nb + Nb =2 Nb
= 2 fb
Q. What is bandwidth of FSK (2M)
 Merits and Demerits of FSK
Merits :
• FSK is relatively easy to implement.
• It is better noise immunity than ASK.
Demerits :
• The major disadvantage is its high bandwidth
requirement.
• FSK extensively used in low speed modems
having bit rates below 1200 bits/sec.
• FSK increase the channel bandwidth required to
transmit the FSK signal.
 Applications

• Rarely used for high performance digital radio

systems.
• It is used in low performance, low quality
asynchronous data modems which used for data
communication over analog voice band
telephone line.

Q. Which are merits and demerits and applications of FSK (4M)

 Bandwidth of PSK
• The bandwidth of a PSK signal is given by,

B = Highest frequency – Lowest frequency

= ( fc + fb) – (fc – fb )
= 2 fb
 Phase Shifting Keying

• PSK is another type of digital carrier wave modulation.

• The input is a binary digital signal an the number of output
phases available is finite (2,4,8…).
• The number of output phases is,

M = 2N
Where,
M is number Output phases.
N is number of Input Phases.

Q. Describe PSK (4M)

 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
• BPSK is a type of digital modulation in which the
phase of sinusoidal carrier is switched between
two distinct values 0 degree to 180 degree.
• PSK is most efficient of the three modulation
methods.
• Therefore it is used for high bit rates.
Mathematical Expression :
VBPSK (t) = sin(2Π fc t) when binary “0” is to be represented.
VBPSK (t) = -sin(2Π fc t) when binary “1” is to be represented.
Combining the two conditions we can write,
VBPSK (t) = d sin(2Π fc t) where d = ± 1
Q. Describe BPSK (4M)
 Phase Shifting Keying
• In this conversion scheme, the phase of the original
carrier signal is altered to reflect the binary data.

• When a new binary symbol is encountered, the

phase of the signal is altered. Amplitude and
frequency of the original carrier signal is kept intact.
Video
 Merits and Demerits of PSK
Merits :
• PSK has a bandwidth which is lower than that of
a FSK signal.
• PSK has very good noise immunity.
• It gives minimum possibility of error.
Demerits :
• Signal generation is quit complicated than all
others.

Q. State merits and demerits of f PSK (4M)

 Application of PSK

• PSK is the most efficient of the three

modulation methods and it is used for high bit
rates.
• Due to low bandwidth requirement the PSK
modems are preferred over the FSK modems at
higher operating system.

Q. State applications of PSK (2M)

 Analog to Digital Conversion

• The process of converting the analog data to

digital signal is known as digitization.
• This process is essential in all the digital
communication process such as Pulse Code
Modulation(PCM) and Delta Modulation(DM)
 Analog to Digital Conversion
• The process of converting the analog data to digital
signal is known as digitization.
• This process is essential in all the digital
communication process such as Pulse Code
Modulation(PCM) and Delta Modulation(DM).
• In order to carry out this transformation it follows
operation such as sampling, quantization and
encoding.

Q. Describe process of analog to digital conversion (2M)

 Pulse Code Modulation
• PCM is one of the digital modulation system.
• The PCM system consists of a PCM
Encoder(transmitter) and PCM decoder
(receiver).
• The essential operations in PCM transmitter are
sampling, quantizing and encoding.
• All these operations are performed in the same
circuit called as Analog to Digital converter.

Q. Explain Pulse Code Modulation in details (4M)

 P C M Transmitter

Q. Draw the neat sketch diagram of PCM (2M)

• SAMPLING

To sample a continuous signal, a sampler is

required. A sampler is a system that extracts
samples from a continuous signal. Sampling is a
process of measuring the amplitude of a
continuous-time signal at discrete instants. It
converts a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time
signal.
• QUANTIZATION
Quantization is a method of representing the
sampled values of the amplitude by a finite set of
levels. It converts a continuous-amplitude sample to
a discrete-amplitude sample. Quantization is used
to limit the amplitude of these samples.
• The difference between an input value and its
quantized value (such as round-off error) is referred
to as quantization error. A device that performs
quantization is called a quantizer. An analog-to-
digital converter is an example of a quantizer.
Video
 PCM Receiver

Clear PCM

PCM
Serial to
+ Regeneration Decoder Low Pass Analog
Parallel
Noise Circuit (A/D) Filter Signal
Converter

N – Digit Quantized
Pulse
PCM word PAM
Generator

Q. Draw the neat sketch diagram of PCM Receiver (2M)

 PCM Advantages
• Very High Noise immunity.
• Due to digital nature of the signals, repeaters
can be placed between the transmitter and
receivers.
• It is possible to store the PCM signals due to its
digital nature.
• There is a uniform format used for the
transmission of different types of base band
signals.
 PCM Disadvantages

• The encoding, decoding, qunatizing circuitry of

PCM is complex.
• PCM requires large bandwidth than other ones

Q. State advantages of disadvantages of PCM (4M)

 PCM Applications
• In Telephony (with fiber optic cable).
• In the space communication , space craft
transmits signals to earth.

Q. State applications of PCM (2M)

 Other A to D Conversion systems

• Delta Modulation(DM)
• Differential PCM(DPCM)
• Adaptive Delta Modulation(ADM)

Q. List types of analog to digital conversion. (2M)

Fundamentals of Computer Network
• Network :
Network is communication system.
The interconnection of one station to more
stations is called as networking
• Node :
Each station in a communication
network is called as a Node.

Q. Define network communication (2M)

 Computer Network
• Definition :
A Computer Network is a group of
computers and other computing devices are linked
together through communication channels to facilitate
communication and resource sharing among wide
range of users.

Q. Define Computer N/W

(2M) Video
 Need of Computer Network
• Following are the needs of computer network:
– For sharing the resources such as printer among all
the users.
– For sharing of expensive software's and databases.
– To facilitate communication from one computer to
the other.
– To have exchange of data and information amongst
the users through network.
– Sharing information over geographically wide area.
– For educational purpose.
Q. State need of Computer network. (4M)
Components of Computer Network
• Following are some of important components
of a computer network :
– Two of more computers
– Channels or media
– NIC
– Switch or other network device
– A software called network operation system.

Q. List of components of Computer network (2M)

 Benefits of Computer Network
• Sharing information:
• Sharing Resources : Hardware / Software
• Facilitating Centralized Management
• Reduce the Cost
• Increase the speed
• Improve the security
• Centralized software management
• Electronic mail
• Flexible access

Q. List benefits of computer network. (4M) Video

Disadvantages of Computer Network

• High Cost of Installation

• Requires time for administration
• Failure of server
• Cable faults

Q. State disadvantages of computer network. (2M)

 Network Services
• Services provided by the Network for
Organizations :
– Resource sharing
– High reliability due to alternative sources of data
All files could be replicated on more than
one machines
– Cost
– Communication Medium
 Network Services
• Services provided by the Network peoples :
– Access to remote information
Home shopping, electricity bills, e-banking,
online share market
– Person to person communication
Video Conferencing ,Emails.
– E- commerce
E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the
activity of electronically buying or selling of products on
online services or over the Internet.
– Interactive entertainment.
Online games, videos, movies etc.
 Computer Network Criteria

• A Network must be able to meet certain criteria,

the most important if them are :
– Performance
– Reliability
– Security
– Recovery
– Consistency

Q. State network selection criteria. (4M)

Q. List network selection criteria (2M)
 Performance
• Performance is the defined as the rate of
transferring error free data.
• It is measured by the Response Time. Response
Time is the elapsed time between the end of an
inquiry and the beginning of a response.
• Number of Users: More users on a network -
slower the network will run
• Transmission Speed: speed that data will be
transmitted measured in bits per second (bps)
• Media Type: Type of physical connection used to
connect nodes together
Q. Describe network criteria: Performance (2M)
 Reliability
• Reliability is the measure of how often a
network is useable.
• MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures) is a
measure of the average time a component is
expected to operate between failures.
• A network failure can be: hardware, data
carrying medium and Network Operating
System.

Q. Describe network criteria: Reliability (2M)

 Security
• Security is the protection of Hardware, Software
and Data from unauthorized access.
• Restricted physical access to computers,
password protection, limiting user privileges
and data encryption are common security
methods.
• Anti-Virus monitoring programs to defend
against computer viruses are a security
measure.
Q. Describe network criteria: security (2M)
 Recovery
• Recovery is the Network's ability to return to a
prescribed level of operation after a network
failure.
• This level is where the amount of lost data is
nonexistent or at a minimum.
• Recovery is based on having Back-up Files.

Q. Describe network criteria: Recovery (2M)

 Consistency
• Consistency is the predictability of response
time and accuracy of data.
• Users prefer to have consistent response times,
they develop a feel for normal operating
conditions.
• For example: if the "normal" response time is 3
sec. for printing to a Network Printer and a
response time of over 30 sec happens, we know
that there is a problem in the system!
Q. Describe network criteria: Consistency (2M)
 Network Scale
Interprocessor Processor are located in Example of Network
distance
0.1 m Same Circuit Board Data flow machine
1m Same System Multicomputer
10 m Same Room LAN
100 m Same Building LAN
1 km Same Campus LAN
10 km Same City MAN
100 km Same State WAN
1000 km Same Continent WAN
10000 km Same Planet Internet
 Network Classification
• Computer Network can be classified base on the
geographical area is shown below,

Q. Classify Computer Network (2M)

 Local Area Network

• The Local Area Network is a network which is

designed to operate over a small physical area
such as office, factory or buildings.
• LAN are easy to design and troubleshoot.
• LAN will be implemented by using different
types of topologies.
• LAN ‘s are widely used for resources sharing.

Q. Draw and explain LAN with its advantages (4M)

 Characteristics of LAN

• Very high degree of interconnection between

computers.
• High rate of data transmission.
• Physical connection of computer in LAN is easy.
• The medium used for data transmission is
inexpensive.

Q. State characteristics of LAN. (2M)

 Advantages of LAN

• High Reliability. Failure of individual computer

does not affect the entire LAN.
• It is possible to add a new computer easily.
• The transmission of data is at a very high rate.
• Sharing peripheral devices is easily possible.
• Traditional LANs run at speeds of 10 Mbps to
100 Mbps. Newer LANs operate at up to 10
Gbps.
Q. List advantages of LAN (2M)
 Applications of LAN
• File transfer and file access.
• Personal computing.
• Office automation.
• Distributed computing.
• Word and text processing.
• Document distribution.
• Remote access to database.
• Electronic message handling
Q. List applications of LAN. (2M)
 Ethernet
• Definition : Ethernet is a way of connecting
computers together in a LAN.
• It is most widely used method of linking
computers together in LAN.
• IEEE 802.3 standard is popularly called as LAN.
• Computers on an Ethernet can transmit data
anywhere they wants.

Q. Describe Ethernet . (2M)

 Metropolitan Area Network
• Covers a larger geographical area than is a LAN,
ranging from several blocks of buildings to
entire cities.
• The MAN can be in the form of a single network
such as cable network or it can be a
combination of multiple LAN’s.
• The MAN may be wholly owned and operated
by a private company.
• Metropolitan Area Networks can span up to
50km.
Q. Explain Metropolitan Area Network.(4M)
Q. Draw neat sketch to implement MAN (2M)
 Wide Area Network
• A Wide Area Network is a network that extends
over a large geographical area such as states or
countries.
• A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than
the LAN.
• A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single
location, but it spans over a large geographical area
through a telephone line, fiber optic cable or
satellite links.
• The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the
world.
• A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of
Business, government, and education.
Q. Describe WAN with neat sketch diagram. (4M)
Advantages Of Wide Area Network
• Geographical area: A Wide Area Network provides a large
geographical area. Suppose if the branch of our office is in a different
city then we can connect with them through WAN. The internet
provides a leased line through which we can connect with another
branch.
• Centralized data: In case of WAN network, data is centralized.
Therefore, we do not need to buy the emails, files or back up servers.
• Get updated files: Software companies work on the live server.
Therefore, the programmers get the updated files within seconds.
• Exchange messages: In a WAN network, messages are transmitted
fast..
• Sharing of software and resources: In WAN network, we can share
the software and other resources like a hard drive, RAM.
• Global business: We can do the business over the internet globally.
• High bandwidth: If we use the leased lines for our company then this
gives the high bandwidth. The high bandwidth increases the data
transfer rate which in turn increases the productivity of our company.

Q. State advantages of WAN.(2M)

 Personal Area Network
• A Personal Area Network(PAN) is a computer
network designed for and organized around an
individual person.
• A PAN generally consists of a mobile computer such
as laptop, a cell phone or Personal Digital
assistant(PDA).
• PAN can be constructs using cables or it can be a
wireless.
• PAN generally covers a range upto 10 meters.
• Developments in the area of Personal Area
Networks (PANs) are largely overseen by the IEEE
802.15 working group
Q. Describe Personal area network with neat sketch. (4M)
 Personal Area Network

Q. Draw Personal area network with neat sketch. (2M)

 Campus Area Network
• The Campus Area Network is made up of an
interconnection of LAN within a limited
geographical area.
• The network equipments such as switches,
routers, and the transmission media i.e. optical
fiber etc are almost entirely owned by the
campus owner.
• The range of CAN is 1 km to 5 km.

Q. Describe Campus area network with neat sketch. (4M)

 Campus Area Network

Q. Draw Campus area network with neat sketch. (2M) Video

 Difference Between LAN,MAN & WAN
LAN MAN WAN
The transmission speed of LAN While the transmission speed Whereas the transmission
is high. of MAN is average. speed of WAN is low.

The propagation delay is short There is moderate Whereas there is long

in LAN. propagation delay in MAN. propagation delay.

There is less congestion in While there is more Whereas there is more

LAN. congestion in MAN. congestion than MAN in WAN.

LAN’s design and maintenance While MAN’s design and Whereas WAN’s design and
is easy. maintenance is difficult than maintenance is also difficult
LAN. than LAN as well MAN.

There is more fault tolerance While there is less fault In WAN, there is also less fault
in LAN. tolerance. tolerance.

Q. Describe Campus area network with neat sketch. (4M)

 Network Architecture
• Computer Network Architecture is defined as
the physical and logical design of the software,
hardware, protocols, and media of the
transmission of data. Simply we can say that
how computers are organized and how tasks are
allocated to the computer.
• The two types of network architectures are
used:
• Peer-To-Peer network
• Client/Server network
Q. List types of network architecture. (4M)
 Peer-To-Peer network
• Peer-To-Peer network is a network in which all
the computers are linked together with equal
privilege and responsibilities for processing the
data.
• Peer-To-Peer network is useful for small
environments, usually up to 10 computers.
• Peer-To-Peer network has no dedicated server.
• Special permissions are assigned to each
computer for sharing the resources, but this can
lead to a problem if the computer with the
resource is down.
Q. Describe Peer to Peer network with neat sketch. (4M)
Q. Draw Peer to Peer network with neat sketch. (2M)
Advantages of Peer to Peer Networks
• It is less costly as it does not contain any dedicated
server.
• Use less expensive computer H/W.
• Easy to Administer.
• No Network Operating System required.
• More Built in Redundancy.
• No extra investment in server hardware or software
is requires.
• It is easy to set up and maintain as each computer
manages itself.
• Users can control resources sharing.
Q. Describe advantages of peer to peer network. (2/4M)
Disadvantages of Peer to Peer Networks

• Individual performance is affected.

• Less security.
• Backup is difficult.
• Hard to maintain version control.
• As there is no centralized management it makes
large peer networks hard to manage.

Q. Describe disadvantages of peer to peer network. (2/4M)

 Client –Server Network
• A Client is a computer running a program that
requests services from a server. The individual
workstation in a network is called as client.
• A Server is simply a computer that makes the
network resources available and provides
services to other computers in a network.
• A server performs all the major operations such
as security and network management.
• A server is responsible for managing all the
resources such as files, directories, printer, etc.
Q. Describe client server architecture of computer network. (4M)
Q. Draw client server network. (2M) Video
Advantages Of Client/Server Network
• Network is Secures
• Better performance
• Centralized backup
• Higher reliability
• A Client/Server network has a dedicated server
that improves the overall performance of the
whole system.
• It also increases the speed of the sharing
resources.
Q. Describe advantages of client server network. (4M)
Disadvantages Of Client/Server Network

• Professional administration is required to

manage all resources.
• Client/Server network is expensive as it requires
the server with large memory.
• A server has a Network Operating System(NOS)
to provide the resources to the clients, but the
cost of NOS is very high.

Q. Describe disadvantages of client server network. (4M)

Applications Of Client/Server Network
• E-mail clients
• Web browsers
• FTP

Q. List application of client server network.(2M)

 Types of Servers
• The commonly used servers are as follows :

• File Server
• Print Server
• Application Server
• Message Server
• Database Server

Q. List commonly used server in computer network.(2M)

 Comparison between Client / Server
Sr.No. Peer to Peer Client - Server

1 It is much like company uses It is much like company uses centralized

decentralized management management
2 In this each machine has same access In this Server has more access rights than
rights Client.
3 Uses less expensive computer It has to use expensive hardware's.
Hardware
4 Easy to setup and administer Complex to setup and require professional
administrator

Q. Differentiate peer to peer and client server network.(4M)

 Question Bank
Two Marks Questions
Sr.No. Questions Bloom Level
1 Define data communication system. Remember
2 Define Protocol. Remember
3 Define bit rate, baud rate and bit interval. Remember
4 Define digital and analog signals. Remember
5 List modes of communication. Apply
6 Define computer network. Remember
7 List types of computer network. Apply
8 List advantages of computer networks. Apply
9 List need of computer network. Apply
10 List benefits of computer network. Apply
 Question Bank
Four Marks Questions
Sr No Questions Bloom Level
1 State components of data communication. Understand
2 Describe conversion of D to A FSK. Remember
3 With neat sketch explain ASK. Understand
4 With neat sketch explain PSK. Understand
5 State need of computer network. Apply
6 Describe benefits of computer network. Apply
7 Differentiate LAN,MAN,WAN. Apply
8 Explain Peer to peer network with its Understand
advantages.
 Question Bank
SIX Marks Questions
Sr No Questions Bloom Level
1 Describe modes of data communication. Understand

2 Describe conversion of D to A FSK. Understand

3 With neat sketch explain PCM. Understand

4 Describe benefits of computer network. Remember

5 Differentiate LAN,MAN,WAN. Apply

6 Explain client server network with its Understand

advantages and disadvantages
 Assignments
Sr No Questions
1 Define Data Communication?
2 Explain Components of data Communication.
3 Define Bit rate, Baud Rate and bit interval.
4 Explain FSK
5 Explain ASK
6 Explain PSK
7 Define Computer Network
8 Explain Benefits of Computer Network.
 Achievement of unit
• Basic knowledge of data communication.
• Modes of data communication.
• Conversion of analog to digital and digital to
analog conversion.
• Fundamentals of computer network.
• LAN,MAN and WAN with its advantages,
disadvantages and applications.
• Classification depending on architecture : peer
to peer and client server network.