Progress in

Computing KS3
KS 3
SAMPLE
CHAPTER

Ben Barnes # Mark Clarkson # Graham Hastings #

Tristan Kirkpatrick # Lorne Pearcey # George Rouse
Series editors: Lorne Pearcey, George Rouse
 Progress in
Computing KS3
KS 3
Series editors:
Lorne Pearcey,George Rouse
Authors: Ben Barnes, Mark Clarkson, Graham Hastings,
Tristan Kirkpatrick, Lorne Pearcey and George Rouse
This sample chapter has been taken from the ISBN: 9781398323452
Price: £21.99
upcoming Student Book.
Published: May 2021

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 Progress in
Computing KS3

Ben Barnes # Mark Clarkson # Graham Hastings #

George Rouse # Tristan Kirkpatrick # Lorne Pearcey
Series editors: George Rouse, Lorne Pearcey

9781398323452_Progress_Computing_KS3_BP_V3_Sample.indd 1 1/13/21 12:15 PM

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 Contents
Introduction to Progress in Computing

Getting started
Introducing spreadsheets
Computing: past, present and future
Programming in Scratch
Computing components
Programming in Python: sequence
Advanced spreadsheets
Algorithms
Programming in Python: selection
Internet safety, cyber security and encryption
Binary and computer logic
Video and sound editing
Designing websites
Networking and the Internet
Programming in Python: iteration
The ethics of computing
End of KS3 assessment: GCSE
Glossary
Answers to check-in questions
Acknowledgements
Index

Section heading iii

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 Introducing
Introducing spreadsheets
spreadsheets
Spreadsheets are 1 Formulae, replication and referencing
Æ
incredibly useful and
powerful tools. They A spreadsheet is a type of electronic document used to store data and
are used every day by information. The data can be used to perform calculations, analyse
people in all sorts of ways, trends, model different scenarios and produce graphs and charts.
from storing information
about products and stock The main elements of a spreadsheet
levels to managing multi- A spreadsheet consists of a grid of cells.
million-pound budgets. A cell is a box on a spreadsheet into which you can place
Column B
They can be used to store numbers, text or calculations. A spreadsheet
data, perform complex is divided into rows and columns and
calculations and to create these are used to provide each
graphs and charts. They cell with a unique cell reference. Row 2
are often used to model For example, the unique cell reference
what might happen in for cell B2 tells us the cell is in column B Cell B2
different situations. This and row 2.
chapter is focused on using
spreadsheets efficiently Writing formulae using cell references
and effectively to perform
Spreadsheets are often used to perform calculations. This is done
a range of activities.
by writing a formula. Most formulae use cell references. This means
that you can change a value in a cell and the formula automatically
recalculates the answer.
Formulae must always start with an equals sign, for example: =A1+B2.
The following operators are used to write formulae:
plus sign + for addition
minus sign − for subtraction
asterisk * for multiplication
forward slash ⁄ for division

Basic formulae
Look at this
spreadsheet and
write formulae for
column D to work
out the sums. The
first one has been
done for you.

Replicating data and data series

Replication is where you copy information from one cell to another using
the fill handle. This is a great time-saving feature of spreadsheets.
Click on the cell you want to replicate and move the cursor down to the
bottom right of the cell. The cursor should change from a white cross to

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 Functions using SUM,1 Formulae,
AVERAGE, MAX
replication andand MIN
referencing

a black cross; this is the fill handle. Now click, hold

and drag down over the cells you want to fill.
The fill handle can also be used to extend and
Cell references
complete a series of numbers, dates or formulae if The table below gives the cost of different
you enter the first couple of items in a series: coloured pencils.
1 Write formulae for column D to calculate the
cost of the coloured pencils.
2 Write formulae for column E using an
absolute cell reference, to calculate the cost
of the coloured pencils plus delivery.
3 Write a formula for cell E22 to calculate the
total cost of all the pencils, plus one delivery
charge.

Relative and absolute cell references

When you replicate cells with formulae in, you have
two options. You can use relative cell references or
absolute cell references.
Relative cell references are used when you want
the formula to change to match the row or column it
applies to, across several columns or rows of data;
for example: =A1+B1.
An absolute cell reference is used when you do not
want a cell reference to change when replicating
cells. An absolute reference is created by adding a Checking in
dollar sign ($) in front of the column reference, the ➊ What is replication? Describe how you would
row reference, or both; for example: =$A$1+$B$1. use replication to extend and complete a
series of numbers.
➋ Explain what is meant by a relative cell
Any times table reference.
Look at the following spreadsheet. ➌ Explain what is meant by an absolute cell
reference.
1 Write a formula with absolute cell references
to copy the multiplier in cell G9 to cells C7
to C11.
2 Write formulae with relative cell references
for column E.
3 Think about what happens to the values in
column E when the multiplier changes.

Section heading 5

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 Introducing spreadsheets

2 Functions using SUM, AVERAGE, MAX and MIN

Æ
Functions The AVERAGE function
Functions are pre-programmed into spreadsheets. The AVERAGE function works in much the same way
They allow us to perform longer or more complex as the SUM function.
calculations with ease. The following formulae To work out the average mark use the formula
both perform the same calculation, but the second =AVERAGE(B4:B7).
formula, which makes use of a function, is shorter
and mistakes are less likely when typing it.
=A3+B3+C3+D3+E3+F3+G3
=SUM(A3:G3)
All functions start with an equals sign followed by
the function name.
The data to be used by the function is referenced
using individual cell references or a cell range
enclosed within parentheses ( ); for example:
=SUM(A3:G3).
Cell range
Function name

The SUM function

The SUM function adds up the values in a range The MAX and MIN functions
of cells.
To find the largest value in a range, use the MAX
To add up the total score for the group use the
function. To find the smallest value in a range, use
formula =SUM(B4:B7).
the MIN function.
The highest exam mark is found using the formula
=MAX(B4:B7). The lowest exam mark is found
using the formula =MIN(B4:B7).

6 Chapter heading

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 2 Functions using SUM, AVERAGE, MAX and MIN

Cinema tickets

Look at this spreadsheet. It shows the weekly ticket 2 Write functions for row 18 to calculate the
sales for various films at a cinema. average ticket sales each day.
1 Write functions for column I to calculate the total 3 Write formulae for the shaded cells in column F
weekly sales for each film. to work out the answers to the questions.

Checking in
➊ Give an example of a cell range.
➋ Why would you use the SUM function rather
than writing a formula?
➌ Which function would you use to find the
largest value in a set of data?

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 Introducing spreadsheets

3 Boolean operators and the IF and COUNT functions

Æ
The IF function The COUNTIF function
The IF function is used to make choices. It has the The COUNTIF function counts the number of cells
following structure: in a selected range that meet a specific criterion.
=IF( Question, Do this if True, It has the following structure:
Do this if False ). =COUNTIF( Range, Criterion ).
There are three elements that need to be included The range selects the cells to be checked and the
inside the parentheses and they are separated by criterion is the condition that determines which cells
commas. will be counted. It can be a number, a mathematical
1 A question: this is a logical test or logical expression or text that needs to be matched.
expression to which the answer can be either Here is an example of a COUNTIF function that
True or False. counts how many students got a B-:
2 What is to happen or be displayed if the outcome
of the logical test, or ‘condition’, is True.
3 What is to happen or be displayed if the outcome
of the logical test, or ‘condition’, is False.
The logical test in an IF function uses Boolean
operators:
> greater than
< less than
= equal to
>= greater than or equal to
<= less than or equal to Test marks
<> not equal to Look at the following spreadsheet. It gives the
Here is an example of an IF function that tells you marks achieved by students in three tests.
if a student has passed or failed a test with a pass 1 Write formulae for column E to calculate the
mark of 60. total of the three test marks.
Value to be returned if the condion is True 2 Write IF functions for column F to decide
whether each student has passed or failed.
Logical test Value to be returned if Use absolute cell references.
the condion is False
3 Write functions in the green cells to count the
number of students who have passed and failed.

8 Chapter heading

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 3 Boolean operators and the IF and COUNT functions

The COUNT and COUNTA functions The COUNTA function counts the number of cells
in a selected range that contain a value (text or a
The COUNT function counts the number of cells in a
number).
selected range that contain a number.
Here is an example of a COUNTA function. The
Here is an example of a COUNT function. The answer
answer is 3 because cells B2, B4 and B5 contain a
is 4, because cells B2 to B5 all contain numbers.
value.

Ifcity Zoo
Open the Ifcity Zoo spreadsheet. It lists
the different species of animal found at
Ifcity Zoo.
1 Write a function in column D to calculate
the total number of each type of animal.
2 Write an IF function in column H to
work out each animal’s popularity. If
they have more than 30 visitors per
hour they are ‘Popular’. Otherwise, they
are ‘Standard’.
3 Write COUNTIF functions in cells B36 to
B39 to calculate the number of different
species for each type of habitat.
4 Write COUNTIF functions in cells B42 to
B44 to calculate the number of different
species for each conservation status. 6 Write COUNTIF functions in cells G38 and G39
5 Write a COUNTA function in cell G35 to calculate to calculate the number of ‘Popular’ species and
the number of different species at the zoo and the number of ‘Standard’ species.
a COUNT function in cell G36 to calculate the 7 Write functions in cells G41 and G42 to
number of different species at the zoo with determine the most visitors per hour and the
young. least visitors per hour for any species.

Checking in
➊ What are the three elements needed to write ➌ Which function would you use to find out how
an IF function? many cells in a range contain a specific value?
➋ What does the COUNT function tell you?

Section heading 9

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 Introducing spreadsheets

4 Formatting, graphs and charts

Æ
Formatting cells You can apply conditional formatting by selecting
‘Conditional Formatting’ and ‘Highlight Cells Rules’
Formatting cells helps to make a spreadsheet
from the ‘Home’ tab.
easier to read. You can change the:
„ font, text size and text colour
„ fill colour
„ number format
„ text alignment
„ border.
You can format cells using the tools in the ribbon on
the Home tab.

Formatting practice
Recreate this spreadsheet, with all the formatting
shown. Can you make your spreadsheet look
exactly like the screenshot?

Picture
Create the following spreadsheet and add
conditional formatting to reveal a picture. The
key tells you the fill colours to use for different
cell values.
Remember to select all of the cells in the grid
Conditional formatting before applying each conditional formatting
Conditional formatting allows you to alter the rule.
appearance of a cell depending on the value it
contains. This enables you to quickly identify
patterns in your data. For example, in the below
spreadsheet, conditional formatting has been
applied to column C so that any cell containing
a number greater than 10 has a green fill and
any cell containing a number less than 8 has a
red fill.

10 Chapter heading

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 4 Formatting, graphs and charts

Graphs and charts

Graphs and charts give a visual representation of Height
data and presenting data in graphs or charts can
Copy the data in the table below into a
make data easier to understand or interpret.
spreadsheet and use the data to insert a line
There are several different types of graph and graph to show a person’s height compared
chart and each is designed to display different to their age. Make sure your chart includes a
types of data. suitable title and labels for each axis.
„
Bar charts and column charts allow you to Age (years) Height (cm)
compare categories of data that are not
0 45
directly related to identify similarities and
differences. 1 68
2 85
„
A pie chart shows the individual parts that make
up a whole. They are useful to show percentages. 3 94

„
Line graphs are used when you want to show 4 101
how something has changed over time. They are 5 108
useful for plotting the results of experiments. 6 115
To create a graph or chart, select the data on 7 121
the spreadsheet, go to the ‘Insert’ tab and then 8 127
choose the type of chart you require from the
9 133
‘Recommended Charts’ drop-down list.
10 138
11 144
12 151
Temperature 13 157
Copy the data in the table below into a 14 160
spreadsheet and use the data to insert a
15 162
clustered column chart to show the temperature
across the year. Make sure your chart includes a 16 163
suitable title and labels for each axis.
Month Temperature (°C)
Jan 6 Checking in
Feb 8 ➊ Identify three ways in which the appearance
Mar 12 of a cell could be formatted.
Apr 13 ➋ When might we use conditional formatting?
May 17 ➌ What chart should we use to show the
Jun 21 percentage of students in the class who own
Jul 25 a pet?
Aug 22
Sep 15
Oct 10
Nov 6
Dec 1

Section heading 11

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 Introducing spreadsheets

5 Modelling
Æ
Using spreadsheets for modelling Modelling is also used in financial decision making
Modelling allows us to predict what is likely to to work out, for example, how much profit will be
happen when something changes. It is used for made if prices change. It is also used by engineers
many different purpose, for example, for weather designing roller coasters to work out, for example,
forecasting, to predict what the weather will be like how variations in the design will affect the speed of
in the future. the roller coaster.
Spreadsheets are excellent for modelling because
it is easy to set them up and perform calculations
on data. It is also possible to try out lots of different
scenarios to find the best result.

Goal Seek
Goal Seek is a spreadsheet tool that allows you to
see how changing one value in a formula affects
another. It enables you to ask ‘what-if’ questions to
achieve a specific goal. For example, you can use it
to find out the price you need to sell an item for to
make a certain amount of profit.
To use Goal Seek, go to the ‘Data’ tab, click on
‘What-If Analysis’ and select ‘Goal Seek…’ .

Sweet shop
This spreadsheet allows us to set a budget (in this
case, £5) and then model how we can best spend
the money to buy a wide range of different sweets.
Look at the spreadsheet.
1 Think about how to format cells D13 to D21, cell
D23 and cell D25 as currency.
2 Write formulae for column D to calculate the
cost of whatever quantities of sweets are
entered into column C.
3 Write a function for cell D21 to calculate the
total cost of all the sweets selected.
4 Write a formula for cell D23 to calculate the
budget remaining, by subtracting the total cost 6 Think about how you would use Goal Seek to
from the budget amount. work out how many grams of Jelly Snakes you
5 Think about how to add conditional formatting can buy for your budget. In Excel, you need
to cell D21 so that the background colour is to open the Goal Seek dialogue box, enter
green if the total is less than or equal to the D21 in the ‘Set cell’ box, 0 in the ‘To value’ box
budget amount and red if the total is more than because you want your budget to end up at
the budget amount. zero, and C15 in the ‘By changing cell’ box.

12 Chapter heading

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 5 Modelling

Cupcake challenge
You have decided to hold a charity cake sale. You
are going to use the cake and icing recipes below
to make 12 cupcakes.
Open the Cupcake challenge spreadsheet and
then follow the instructions below.
1 Enter a formula in cell E14 to calculate the cost
of 1 g of butter. Replicate this down to cell E20 to
calculate the unit cost of the other ingredients.
Make sure the cells are all formatted as
currency. Note that the cell value will show
£0.00 if the cost of 1 g or 1 ml of the ingredient is
less than 1p.
2 Enter a formula in cell E24 to calculate the
cost of the butter needed for the cake recipe,
making sure the cell is formatted as currency.
Then enter similar formulae in cells E25 to E28
to calculate the cost of the other ingredients
needed for the cake recipe, again making sure
the cells are formatted as currency.
3 Enter similar formulae in cells E32 to E35 to
calculate the cost of the ingredients needed for
the icing recipe. Make sure the cells are
formatted as currency.
4 Enter a function in cell C37 to calculate the total
cost of the ingredients needed to make 12 iced
cupcakes.
5 Enter a formula in cell C39 to calculate the total
cost of the ingredients needed to make one iced
cupcake.
8 Enter a formula in cell C55 to calculate the total
You now want to work out how much profit you will
profit/loss for the number of cupcakes sold. Add
make if you sell each cupcake for 50p.
conditional formatting to cell C55 so that the fill
6 Enter the number of cupcakes sold (12) into cell colour is light green if there is a profit, and pale
C49 and the selling price (50p) into cell C51. red if there is a loss.
7 Enter a formula in cell C53 to calculate the 9 Use Goal Seek to work out how many cupcakes
profit/loss per cupcake. You will need to you will need to sell if you want to make £25
subtract the cost price per cupcake from the profit for charity. Enter the number of cupcakes
selling price. in cell D59.

Checking in
➊ What is meant by modelling? ➌ What does Goal Seek enable you to do?
➋ Why are spreadsheets good to use for
modelling?

Section heading 13

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 Introducing spreadsheets

6 Theme park challenges

Æ

Theme park challenge 1

You have been engaged by a
local theme park to help them
calculate their costs and ticket
prices. The theme park is open
365 days per year, for 8 hours per
day.
Open the Theme park challenge
spreadsheet, which contains data
about the rides that you will need
to complete the activity.
1 Enter a formula in cell C31 to
calculate how many minutes
the park is open each day.
2 Enter a formula in column E to
calculate the number of times
each ride runs per day. Each
run takes the length of the ride
plus 2 minutes for changeover.
Use absolute cell references
to link to the park opening time
per day and the time between
each ride in your formula.
3 Enter a formula in column F to
calculate the total number of
guests who can go on each ride
in a day.
4 Enter a formula in column G to
calculate the cost of operating
each ride for one day. This
is the total number of guests
multiplied by the thrill factor
multiplied by the cost per ride
(50p). Make sure that the cells
are correctly formatted as
currency.
5 Enter a function to work out the
total cost of operating all the
rides for one day.
6 Format the table so that the
column headings are bold, use
a font size of 14pt and have a
light grey fill colour.

14 Chapter heading

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 6 Theme park challenges

The Theme Park usually has 5000 guests per day 11 Add conditional formatting to cell C58 so that
and the entrance ticket costs £15. As well as the the background fill is light red if the profit is less
cost of the entrance ticket, each guest spends an than £50,000 and light green if it is higher than
additional £5 on food and drink. £50,000.
7 Format cells C48, C50, C52, C54, C56, C58 and 12 Work out the ideal ticket price the theme park
C62 as currency. should charge if it wants to make £75,000 profit
8 Enter a formula in cell C52 to work out the total per day. Enter the figure in cell C62.
income each day. The theme park is creating some new publicity
9 As well as the cost of running the rides, the materials. It would like to include a chart to show
theme park has staffing costs each day (£7500). what percentage of rides have each thrill factor.
Enter a formula in cell C56 to work out the total 13 Use functions to count how many rides there
expenditure each day. are for each thrill factor (cells B69 to B73).
10 Enter a formula in cell C58 to work out how 14 Insert a suitable chart to show the percentage
much profit the park will make each day. of rides for each thrill factor. Make sure that the
This is the total income minus the total chart has a suitable heading and shows the
expenditure. percentage of rides for each thrill factor.

Theme park challenge 2

Now that you have completed the main theme park 3 If the income from food/drink per guest
challenge, use your knowledge and skills to model decreases to £4.25, how much profit will the
some new situations and answer the following park now make each day?
questions. 4 What should the park change the ticket price to
1 The number of guests per day increases to in order to make £65,000 profit each day?
6,000. If the ticket price is £15, how much profit 5 A new queueing system allows the time
will the park make each day? between each ride to decrease to 90 seconds.
The cost per ride increases to 75p. If the cost per ride is 55p, how much will it cost
2 If the ticket price is £15 and there are 6,000 to operate all the rides for one day?
guests, how much profit will the park make
each day?

Checking in
➊ Name three things you now know how to do
on a spreadsheet.
➋ Describe the three things you now know how
to do on a spreadsheet.

Section heading 15

9781398323452_Progress_Computing_KS3_BP_V3_Sample.indd 15 1/13/21 12:22 PM

 Glossary
absolute cell reference a cell reference that does not formatting cells helps to make a spreadsheet easier to
change when it is replicated to several columns or rows read. You can change the font, text size, text colour, fill
of data in a spreadsheet (for example =$A$1) colour, number format, text alignment and borders
AVERAGE in spreadsheets, a function which calculates formula a calculation; most formulae in spreadsheets
the mean of the values in a range of cells use cell references so you can change a value in a cell
bar charts allow you to compare categories of data that and the formula automatically recalculates the answer
are not directly related in order to identify similarities and function in spreadsheets; functions are pre-programmed
differences calculations that can be used to simplify formulae (for
Boolean operators logical tests use Boolean example =SUM(A3:G3))
operators: function name the name of a function
> greater than IF in spreadsheets, a function which is used to make
< less than choices
= equal to Goal Seek a built-in spreadsheet tool that enables you
>= greater than or equal to to ask ‘what-if’ questions to achieve a specific goal
<= less than or equal to line graphs used when you want to show how
<> not equal to something has changed over time. They are useful for
cell a box on the spreadsheet, into which you can place plotting the results of experiments
numbers, text or calculations logical test (also logical expression) a question to
cell range two or more cells next to each other in a row which the answer can be either True or False
or a column in a spreadsheet (for example A1:A10) MAX in spreadsheets, a function which finds the largest
cell reference a unique reference used to identify a value in a range
cell in a spreadsheet. Cell references can be relative MIN in spreadsheets, a function which finds the smallest
(for example =A1) or absolute (for example =$A$1) value in a range
column charts allow you to compare categories of data modelling allows us to predict what is likely to happen
that are not directly related in order to identify similarities when something changes
and differences parentheses in spreadsheets; the individual cell
columns a spreadsheet is divided into rows and references or range of cells used by a function are
columns enclosed in parentheses ( )
conditional formatting allows you to alter the pie charts show the individual parts that make up a
appearance of a cell depending on the value it contains whole. They are useful to show percentages
COUNT in spreadsheets, a function which counts the relative cell reference a cell reference that needs to
number of cells in a selected range that contain a change to match the row or column it applies to when
number it is replicated to several columns or rows of data in a
COUNTA in spreadsheets, a function which counts the spreadsheet (for example =A1)
number of cells in a selected range that contain a value replication copying information from one cell to another
(text or a number) in a spreadsheet using the fill handle
COUNTIF in spreadsheets, a function which counts the rows a spreadsheet is divided into rows and columns
number of cells in a selected range that meet a specific spreadsheet a grid of cells; Excel and Google Sheets
criterion are spreadsheet programs
criterion in a spreadsheet, the condition that determines SUM in spreadsheets, a function which adds up the
which cells will be counted in a COUNTIF function. It can values in a range of cells
be a number, a mathematical expression or text
fill handle the spreadsheet tool that enables you to
replicate information from one cell to another

16

9781398323452_Progress_Computing_KS3_BP_V3_Sample.indd 16 1/13/21 12:22 PM

Disscuss requirements with your local friendly Sales Consultant
Your local Hodder Education Sales Consultant will be happy to Natalie Ellis
discuss your Computing department’s needs and ensure that you Email: [email protected]
receive the best offer for your school. You can either invite the Sales Tel: 07834 901379
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Manchester, Oldham, Salford, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan,
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Areas covered: Barking and Dagenham, Newham, Camden,
Redbridge, City of London, Tower Hamlets, Enfield, Waltham Forest,
Hackney, Haringey, Islington.
 SAMPLE
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