Booklet: Curse: 4º 1 (Economics)

Booklet
Curse: 4º 1ª
(Economics)
Compilation of compulsory materials
for the English classes
Teacher: Norma Quesada

Curso: 4º 1ª - Economics - Profesora Norma Nieves Quesada
UNIT 1: WHAT IS ECONOMY?
Economic activities. An introduction to Economics.

Look at the pictures. What do they have in common?
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2. Finding a good definition for economics.
Read the following definitions of economy and make a list of the most frequent words:
B-Economics is a science that deals with the study

A-Economics is a social science that deals with the
of the production and distribution of a country’s
study of the use of a country’s natural resources.
resources.
C- Economics is the social science that examines

how people choose to use limited or scarce D- Economics is the study of how a person or society
resources in order to satisfy their unlimited wants. meets its unlimited needs and wants through the
effective allocations of resources.
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3. In pairs, establish the differences between these two words ECONOMY AND ECONOMICS (en
español, ambas son ECONOMÍA).
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Speaking: DO YOU NEED IT, OR DO YOU WANT IT?
Human beings have a series of needs that we must meet to survive. We have to eat, drink, we need
warm clothes and we need to maintain hygienic conditions. If we do not meet these needs, we may
die. If we don’t cover these needs, our life will be shorter and our quality of life will be lower.
However, in addition to basic needs, human beings want to have other goods that are not critical for
survival. We call them wants or wishes.
Work with your partner, look back at the pictures in the previous page and decide whether they
are needs or wants. Below, there are some useful sentences and structures to help you talk about
them:
- I think that picture “a” shows.....

- I agree with... about picture... because...
- I don’t agree with... about picture... because...
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Have a look at these sentences:

Goods are material objects or things manufactured by people.
The economic decisions are made by the governments.
Services are provided to people by companies or other people.
What do they have in common?
Who performs the actions in these sentences?
Are the people who perform the action at the beginning of the sentences? Why (not)?
Passive voice
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I WANT / I WISH... I NEED...
ROLE PLAY:
Your teacher is the President of the Nation and the country is having problems. It is time to prepare
the budget for next year. The economic crisis has reduced the money available for public services.
The President can’t increase the taxes because he has promised it to the citizens and wants to keep
his promise.
You will be the President’s advisers and will think how to solve the nation’s problems. Some tips are
included, but you have to add more ideas.
After thinking about these matters, the President will call for a meeting to receive your advice. All
Advisers 1 are going to join, and the same will do Advisers 2, 3 and 4, and you all are going to take
part in a debate at which you will have to defend the arguments that support your advice.
Adviser 1. You must reduce Health Care expenses. People must pay part of the bill
when they are in hospital.
Adviser 2. You must reduce Defence and Army expenses. We are not in a war and
we want to establish peaceful relations with the rest of the world.
Adviser 3. You must reduce Education expenses. We will have to have more
students in a class and parents will have to pay some school fees.
Adviser 4. You must reduce Public Works expenses. We don’t need more roads
and trains. We have already built too many of them.
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Great economic problems.
3. Then, in groups of four, try to ‘rebuild’ five ideas from the text.
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Go on working!
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND SECTORS
 LOOK AT THE FOLLOWING INTERACTIVE PHOTOGRAPH. You have to click in the numbers in order
and read or watch the videos with the information.
https://view.genial.ly/5ed6a54d3101b20d7a19cb42/interactive-image-economic-activities-and-economic-
sectors
ANSWER:
1. What is the difference between economic activities and non-economic activities?

_________________________________________________________________________
2. Name 2 economic activities and 2 non-economic activities not mentioned in the text.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. How are economic activities divided?
_________________________________________________________________________
4. What does the Primary sector involve?
_________________________________________________________________________
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5. What does the Secondary sector include?

_________________________________________________________________________
6. What kind of activities are part of the Tertiary sector?
_________________________________________________________________________
Primary Sector
A nation’s economy can be divided into different sectors. These sectors can help us to determine how
many people are working in a specific sector.
The primary sector includes any economic activity related to the use of raw material from the earth.
The primary sector involves extracting raw materials, rearing animals and growing crops. In
developed countries around 5% of workers are employed in primary sector. The key areas of
employment in this sector are:
 Farming involves growing crops and rearing animals (cattle), providing food, wool and skins.
 Mining consists in extracting raw materials – oil and coal, for example – from the earth or
from under the sea.
 Fishing involves catching sea products (fish, octopus, shrimp, mussels, etc.)
In developed and developing countries, a decreasing proportion of workers are involved in the
primary sector.
1. Label the pictures below. Use the following words:
MINING – FISHING – CATTLE – AGRICULTURE
What are they doing? Can you briefly describe these activities?
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__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Secondary Sector
_______________________________:
The secondary sector involves improving raw materials and turning them into something different.
In developed countries a significant percentage of workers are employed in the secondary sector. The
key areas of employment in this sector are:
 Processing raw materials (from the primary sector), such as refining oil into petrol.
 Manufacturing, making products from raw materials or other manufactured products, such as
cars.
 Construction, for example using raw materials such as wool, or manmade materials, such as
plastic.
________________________________:
Industries are found in the places where the resources come from, for example, mills are near the
places where wheat is cropped. The following factors influence the location of manufacturing
industry:
- Labour supply (many people willing to work)
- Transport, by road, rail, sea and air to move goods and workers
- Site. Is the land flat or dry? Is there enough space for expansion?
- Raw materials – being close to raw materials will help reduce transport costs
- Power supply – most modern industry need electricity, or gas and light
- Government aid – are there grants, loans, training or other kinds of help in the area?
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refining oil
electricity transport costs taxes
labour supply building houses grants and loans
making clothes gas making shoes packaging
light machines marketing publishing
making cars
 economic activities  factors needed for production
2. Write a title for each of the paragraphs taking into account their contents and main ideas.
3. Write down questions for the following sentences:
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Tertiary Sector
What do you think the tertiary sector relates to?
Retailing: __________________________________________________________________________
Education: _________________________________________________________________________
Health: ____________________________________________________________________________
Tourism: ___________________________________________________________________________
Banking: ___________________________________________________________________________
The tertiary sector involves providing services. In developed countries most of the workers are
employed in the tertiary sector. The key areas of employment in this sector are:
 Retail: selling goods produced by the secondary sector in shops.
 Tourism: providing services to people who are travelling for fun.
 Education: teaching people new skills in schools and colleges.
 Health: providing services to sick people.
 Banking: providing financial services, such as lending people money and helping them to
invest their money.
In most developed and developing countries, a growing proportion of workers are devoted to the
tertiary sector.
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FINAL TASK
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The list of survivors is in the following page. You will have to choose the 10 members of the
government from that list and explain the reasons for your choices
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Prepare yourselves to present your case to the class orally

You will prepare a PowerPoint, or a video, or posters with images to support your presentation-
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UNIT 2: COMPANIES
NINTENDO Co. Ltd.

• What do you know about NINTENDO company?
• How important do you think this industry is in the world of economy? Why?
• Why do you think NINTENDO is a successful company?
A- Now, you are going to listen to the history of the company.

While listening, try to write a number next to the letters in the order you listen to them.
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B- Read the text
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B1. Answer these questions with complete sentences
a. How did Satoshi get the nickname of Dr. Bug?

_______________________________________________________
b. Why did Satoshi have to stop collecting bugs?
_______________________________________________________
c. When he was 17 years old, what did Satoshi create?
_______________________________________________________
d. What did Satoshi see in the park that gave him the idea of Pokémon?
_______________________________________________________
B2. Read each cause on the left. Match them with their effects on the right.
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B3. Read the questions and circle the best answer
1. Which of the following statements is true about Tokyo, Japan, where Satoshi Taijiri was
born?
a. Tokyo is a small town with many farms.
b. Tokyo is the largest city in Japan.
c. Less than 8 million people live in Tokyo.
d. All of the above.
2. How did Ken Sugimori help with the first Pokémon games?
a. He cooked food when Satoshi got hungry.
b. He made all the music and sound effects.
c. He drew all of the Pokémon.
d. He paid Satoshi to make the games for him.
3. Why did Satoshi decide to release two versions of the Pokémon games?
a. He wanted players to trade Pokémon with their friends.
b. He couldn’t decide which Pokémon to put on the cover.
c. He couldn’t fit everything in one game.
d. None of the above.
4. Which of the following statements shows that Satoshi Tajiri is a hard worker?
a. He wrote Game Freak magazine by hand.
b. He studied programming for 2 years to learn how to make games.
c. He worked on Pokémon Red and Green for 6 years.
d. All of the above.
3-2 A LETTER OF COMPLAINT
This type of formal letter is written when you receive a product or a service that doesn’t meet the
specifications of the manufacturer or the server and that makes you feel offended, defrauded,
aggrieved or cheated.
Tips to write an effective complaint:
Be clear and concise. Describe the item or service you bought and the problem. Include serial
or model numbers, and the name and location of the seller. If you’re following up on a
conversation, be sure to say who you spoke with and confirm the details of your discussion.
 State exactly what you want done and how long you’re willing to wait for a response. Be
reasonable.
 Don’t write an angry, sarcastic, or threatening letter. The person reading your letter
probably isn’t responsible for the problem, but may be very helpful in resolving it.
 Include copies of relevant documents, like receipts, work orders, and warranties. You also
may want to send copies of emails and notes from conversations you’ve had with the seller
about the problem. Keep your originals.
 Include your name and contact information. If an account is involved, be sure to include the
account number.
You may want to send your letter by certified mail and request a return receipt. That way, you’ll have
proof that the company got your letter and who signed for it.
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Read this letter of complaint and look carefully to its structure:
Imagine this situation:

For Christmas, a member of your family gave you a Parabot, a robotic parrot, which has been the most popular
gift for teenagers last year. The Parabot costs €135. All your friends have one and yours is not working well.
The advertised features of the Parabot announced by the producer are:
 It can fly elegantly

 In ‘flight mode’ your Parabot can fetch things for you and it can deliver messages to
your friends who live up to 5 km away
 It can imitate up to 300 different voices exactly
 It can be programmed to give you reminder; for example, ‘Don’t forget your English
homework’, or ‘Remember your piano lesson at 5 pm’
 Your Parabot can play your favourite music on command
 If you get several Parabots together they will organize a dancing and singing
extravaganza for you and your friends
 In ‘flight mode’ you can also organize a Parabots race
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But… after a few days of using it, you discover that your Parabot is faulty.
1. Think of 3 reasons why your Parabot might be faulty, and write a list.
Here is an example:
You programmed your Parabot to give you weekly reminders on particular days during the school
term, but it started shouting at you to pack your bag, do your homework and study for our English
lessons.
2. Write a letter of complaint to the manufacturer of the Parabot using the correct format and style for
a formal letter of complaint.
(The manufacturer is Rekkit Robots Inc., and its address is: Unit 1, Market Industrial Estate, Robin
Way, Feathertown, FYI 2RP)
The story of Silicon Valley
If old America was made in New York or Detroit, modern America is made in Silicon Valley. But
what is "Silicon Valley", where is it? And why is it where it is?
San José, in the heart of Silicon Valley
It is not made of silicon; and it is not a river

valley; but forgetting that, Silicon Valley is
probably the most famous valley in the world.
Although it is not the place where the first
computer was built (that was Manchester,
England), Silicon Valley, near San
Francisco, was the birthplace of the modern
computer industry.
For this, we can say thank you to scientists at
the universities in California, and to the
Hippies of the 1960's.
It was in the nineteen-sixties that
American "youth culture" really began. California, of course, already existed; but the Sixties Generation
rediscovered it.
At the time there were really two different forms of youth culture; the "Beach Boy" culture on the one hand,
and the anti-establishment hippies and radical students on the other hand; and they all dreamed of
California.
For the Beach Boys, that meant southern California, where they could sing about surfing and cars; for the
Hippies and radicals, it meant San Francisco, "flower power" and revolutionary new ideas. The campuses at
Berkeley and Stamford, near San Francisco, were hot-beds of new ideas, new technology, new culture, and
new ways of living.
When they finished university, many of the best students did not look for jobs with big companies like Ford
or Exxon. Instead they wanted to be free and run their own operations.... and stay in California, not far from
San Francisco. Silicon Valley is thus a group of small towns, including Palo Alto and San José, a few miles
south of San Francisco.
The high-technology industry was already present around San Francisco. Intel had been founded in 1968, and
in the same year the first computer mouse was built at Stamford University. In 1970, Xerox opened a
research center in Palo Alto. There were also other electronics companies, like Hewlett Packard, and
Fairchild, the world's first "semiconductor" company.
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Then, in 1976, an electronics student called Steve Jobs started a small computer company in his garage; he
gave it the same name as the Beatles' record company: Apple.
Very soon, more companies, like Seagate and Google appeared. "Silicon Valley" had arrived. There was even
a sort of primitive Internet connecting many addresses in Silicon Valley, called the Arpanet.
Today, Silicon Valley is still the home of the computer industry; it is still full of high technology, but it is not
the only center for high-tech in the USA. Today here are computer firms all over the USA.... and all over the
world; but Silicon Valley still has the largest concentration of high-tech companies and research centers.
Microsoft, the world's biggest high-tech company, is not based in Silicon Valley. It is further north, near
Seattle in the state of Washington.
WORDS
birthplace: the place where a person is born - youth: young people - on the one hand: on
one side - anti-establishment: people who reject the "established" system of society -
radical: very different, revolutionary - run: organise - company: firm.
Silicon valley... Where is it, and why is it where it is ?
A. Here are the answers to some questions. Using information from the text, make up possible
questions to fit the answers. As you will notice, some of the questions use question words, others
do not.
1) Where....................................................................................................?
In Manchester, England
2) Where....................................................................................................?
In Silicon Valley, near San Francisco.
3) Who........................................................................................................?
The Beach Boys.
4) Did the best students..............................................................................?
No, they preferred to stay in California.
5) When......................................................................................................?
In 1968
6) Where.....................................................................................................?
In Palo Alto
7) When......................................................................................................?
In 1976.
8) What.......................................................................................................?
It was a sort of primitive Internet.
9) Is.............................................................................................................?
No, there are high-terch firms all over the USA now.
10) Where.....................................................................................................?
Further north, in Seattle.
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B. Write 5 more OPEN QUESTIONS on the text.
1. ____________________________________________________________ ?
2. ____________________________________________________________ ?
3. ____________________________________________________________ ?
4. ____________________________________________________________ ?
5. ____________________________________________________________ ?
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Ringing in the Millions

In this age of the Internet, e-mail and electronic
communication, the telephone continues to be one of the
most important business tools. Ninety per cent of all sales
enquiries begin on the telephone, so from the start, it is vital
to project a company image which is friendly and
professional. At the same time, poor ineffective telephone
behavior can cost millions of dollars in terms of lost sales
opportunities. For example, in the insurance business, failure
to answer a call promptly and respond efficiently could result
in a valuable policy going straight to the competition. The
average telephonist can answer as many as 300,000 calls in
a year, so in many companies, this is a vital role.
Although good receptionist have a certain amount of

natural ability, companies need to train staff in specific skills
of telephone use: transferring a call, placing a call on hold,
dealing with angry callers, answering correspondence by
phone, using a caller’s name and taking messages correctly.
Callers should not hear informal expressions like “oh, she’s
just gone out” or “sorry, he’s not with us anymore”. Surveys
show that customers want a prompt response from a real
person (not a machine) who can take a decision, and so
answering systems will often be a false economy.
More business is lost through poor service than by poor

product performance, and the quality of a firm’s response to a
call is one of the chief factors in creating a perception of good
or bad service.
Source: www.brendan.com
Read the text and decide if the sentences are true or false
a. Nowadays telephone communications is less important than Internet and e-mails. T F
b. It’s very important for a business to create a friendly and professional image. T F
c. Bad telephone communication can result in reducing sales. T F
d. When an insurance company’s communication is slow, the competitors win the clients. T F
e. The cost of telephonists is a good inversion for many companies. T F
f. Receptionist skills are adequate to answer the telephone. T F
g. Informal expressions are not appropriate in business communications. T F
h. Customers prefer a real person than a machine answering the telephone. T F
i. Poor communication is worse than poor quality in the goods. T F
j. Telephone communications can create a good or a bad service perception. T F
How to make polite requests in English

A request is when we ask someone for something. Since we are asking someone for help, it is important to be
polite.
We must avoid being too direct.
Here are examples of being too direct:

“I want help.”
“Pass me the salt.”
“I will call you later.”
These are not polite requests. They are in fact quite rude. People will be offended because they will think that
you are giving them orders.
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Polite requests in spoken English

 Could you .. ?
Form: Could you + base form of verb ….. ?
Examples:
Could you carry my bags?
Could you give me some advice?
Could I call you later?
 Would you mind .. ?

Form: Would you mind + ing form of verb … ?
Examples:
Would you mind carrying my bags?
Would you mind giving me some advice?
Would you mind helping me?
Would you mind taking my photograph?
I wonder if you could .. ?

Form: I wonder if you could + base form of verb … ?
Examples:
I wonder if you could mind my bag?
I wonder if you could give me some advice?
I wonder if you could help me?
Polite requests in written English

Here is a good expression for formal emails and letters:
 I would be grateful if you could….
Form:
I would be grateful if you could + base form of verb …
Example:
I would be grateful if you could send me your price list.
1. Rewrite these sentences as polite requests. (Use the words given)
E.g.: I want your telephone number. (give) Could you give me your telephone number?
a. I don’t understand you. (speak more slowly) __________________________________________
b. I need your signature in this document. (sign) ___________________________________________
c. I need two chairs for my table. (share) ___________________________________________
d. I don’t have time to speak now. (talk later) ___________________________________________
e. I need your pen to sign this book. (borrow) ___________________________________________
2. Make polite requests
a) Where did you spend your last holiday? ___________________________________________
b) How much does this product cost? ___________________________________________
c) Why did you choose this course? ___________________________________________
d) How many people did you phone this morning? ___________________________________________
e) Did you sell your products on e-Bay last year? ___________________________________________
Oral discussion:
Nowadays the Internet plays an important role in business communication. Merchandising, publishing,
marketing, purchase and sale of supplies and products, business management, business e-mails, banking
interactions, etc., are some of the things that need the Internet to function.
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1) The words and phrases (a-h) are from a text on the future of the Internet. Match them to the
explanations (1-8)
a. Devastating attack 1. Lesson where the students are not physically in a classroom.
b. Computing devices 2. A large group of different people.
c. Government and business 3. Software, DVDs, mp3 music, etc.
Surveillance 4. Electronic chips which can control things and communicate.
d. Virtual classes 5. Difficulties looking after people who are ill.
e. A wide public 6. Groups of people who have friendship, relationships or interest in
f. Digital products common.
g. Healthcare problems 7. Companies and the state watching what people do.
h. Social networks 8. A violent action which completely destroys something.
a. ____ b.____ c. ____ d._____ e. ____ f. ____ g. ____ h.____
2) A group of technology experts have answered a survey about the future of the Internet in year 2000.
They were asked their opinion on the following statements. Work with a partner and say if they have
already become true () or not (). Give examples of the predictions that have become true.
a. At least one devastating attack will collapse the Internet in the next ten years.
b. Manufacturers will use computing devices in appliances, cars, phones and even clothes. As a result, there
will be more government and business surveillance. The authorities will arrest more people using this
evidence.
c. In the next years, most students will spend at least part of their ‘school days’ in virtual classes.
d. Telework and home-schooling will grow, and the barriers between work and leisure time will be less clear.
Everyday family life will change as a result.
e. The Internet will make people more creative. They will collaborate with others to make more music, art,
and literature. Their work will circulate freely online and will command the attention of a wide public.
f. All media, including audio, video, print and voice will stream in and out of the home or office via the
Internet. Computers that control video games, audio and video will become the centre of the living room.
They will link to networked devices around the house, replacing the television’s central place in the home.
g. Internet users will continue to easily copy and distribute digital products freely through anonymous peer-
to-peer networks. It won’t be possible to stop this.
h. The number of dangerous fanatics in politics, in religion and in groups which believe in using violence will
increase as their networks grow online.
i. Online medical resources will help solve healthcare problems such as rising costs, poor customer service
and lack of access to medical care.
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j. The size of people’s social networks will grow. People will have a much wider range of information abour
job opportunities, personal services, common interests and products.
k. The people will vote in elections online without problems of security. More people will participate in
elections as a result.
MAKING PREDICTIONS
1. Look at this sentence from the survey in the previous page:
At least one devastating attack will collapse the Internet in the

next ten years.
This is a prediction. You express predictions about the future
using WILL. Underline other predictions in the article.
What other predictions can you make about the Internet in the
future?
E.g.: In ten years, all banking will be online.
2. Discussion:
Look at the chart. Tick Y (yes) or N (no) against the predictions
so that they are true for you. Then write a dialogue with your
partner.
E.g.:
A: Do you think you’ll change your school in the next two
years?
B: Yes, I do. I don’t really like this school. How about you?
A: No, I don’t think I will. I am doing well at school and I like the teachers.
Next year Y N In five years Y N In the next ten years Y N
My life I’ll change school. I’ll leave I’ll make a million and retire.
Argenintan and
go to live abroad.
My school Our director will sign All the teachers Most teachers will be replaced
his resignation. will work at by computers.
home most of the
time.
The world There will be an The USA will have There will be a world
economic boom a black president government.
again.
3. Each of the sentences below expresses an opinion. Complete them and say if you agree or not and
why.
a. People should be allowed to share ……………………………………………… like music and films.
b. ………………………. in cars will make them safer and more ecological.
c. I like the idea of children being at home and studying in …………………………………….. .
d. ……………………… will increase as the average age of the population goes up.
e. State-funded television should appeal to …………………………………. and not just people who want to
watch documentaries.
f. As people spend more time online they spend less time with their friends and their ………………………. are
getting smaller.
g. One day terrorists will use a very harmful computer virus to make …………………………………….. on all our
communication systems.
h. You don’t need to worry about ………………………………… if you haven’t done anything wrong.
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Final task
In groups, choose a company of your interest and prepare a presentation about it, its history, products and
its performance in the market. Be creative!
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UNIT 3: COMPANIES AND THEIR PEOPLE
True or False:
a. Michael Welch was eighteen when he left school and started work in a garage.
b. He learnt about the car-tyre business and set up delivering service.
c. He went to college to learn more about business management.
d. He started his own company at the age of 20.
e. His clients order tyres on the Internet and go to garages to get them fit.
Go to the site of the company https://www.blackcircles.com/ and answer these questions:
1. How many garages do they have across the UK?

2. What kind of tyres do they sell?
3. Where will you have your tyres fixed once you buy them online?
4. What type of security do they offer?
5. What will you have to pay on your appointment date?
Look at the sentences in the last paragraph of the text

When do the actions take place, in the past or in the present?
Are the sentences written in past simple?
Do you know what the verb tense that predominates in this paragraph is?
How is it formed?
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Read the text carefully
I have worked for this company for ten years, but I

haven’t always worked in the same department. I
have worked in sales, marketing and accounts, so I
have gained a lot of experience. In fact, I have just
been promoted to Assistant Manager. I now report
directly to Mr Grey, the Managing Director.
Our new head office is in London. We have been

here for one year. Before that, we were based in a
small town. We also have a new fleet of cars. We have had these Renaults for five
months.
Our main clients are the Ritz and Murdoch business groups. They have been our clients
for a long time. Over the years, we have worked hard to satisfy our clients, although we
haven’t always succeeded!
We have made many changes in the company in order to remain competitive. Some
people have had difficulties adjusting to the new procedures because they haven’t had
enough training. Business had been a little slow recently due to the recession, but we
managed to achieve our objectives last year. Hopefully, we will increase our sales again
this year.
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1- Say if the sentences are true(T) or false(F).
a) He is presently working in three departments. ______

b) He has been in his present job for a very long time. ______
c) The company has made some big investments lately. ______
d) All the employees have adjusted to the new procedures without difficulty. ______
e) They only have two clients.
f) Their clients aren’t always pleased with their service. ______
g) Their results were good last year. _______
2 – Answer the questions.
a) When did he start working for the company?

He _________________________________________________________________
b) When did they buy the new cars?
They _______________________________________________________________
c) Why have they made many changes?
They _______________________________________________________________
d) What do the employees need to overcome their difficulties at work?
They _______________________________________________________________
e) Why has business been a little slow recently?
Business ____________________________________________________________
Past simple vs. present perfect

PAST SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT
USE  for finished actions in the  to describe past
past experiences
 for habits in the past  for something which
 for past facts started in the past and is
 for periods of time in the still true
past.  to describe changes.
We can use the past simple When we use the present perfect
tense to talk about a specific tense we cannot say when
time or a period of time. something happened. It is used
to talk about non-specific time or
a period of time.
Example 1: I lived in Hong Kong for 17 years. I have lived in Hong Kong for 17
years.
In both examples, the period of time is 17 years.
In sentence 1, we use past simple, therefore the action is finished.
The person lived in Hong Kong for 17 years but now lives somewhere
else.
However, in sentence 2, because we use present perfect, we know
that the action continues. The person still lives in Hong Kong.
35
Example 2: Peter went to India in 1992 and Peter has been to India twice.
in 2004.
Sentence 1 tells us specifically when he went to India.
Sentence 2 talks about Peter's experiences. We know that he has
visited India twice, so far.
Example 3: Tom and Sue started working at Tom and Sue have worked at the
the company 13 years ago. company since 2001.
Sentence 1 uses past simple with ago. "Ago" is like saying "before": it
is used to show how long before the time of speaking the action
happened. So, "two years ago" = "two years before". But we say
"ago" not "before".
Sentence 2 uses present perfect with since. We know that they
started working there in 2001 and continue to work there.
Both sentences tell us when Tom and Sue started working at the
company, but in different ways.
Expressions of time
Expressions of time with the present perfect tense:

We use "since" + a specific moment in time:
"since"
 since 1963, since last year, since the holidays, since my childhood, etc.
This means "at any time":
"ever"
 Have you ever seen a wild dolphin?
The action is done by or before a stated or implied time or the action is done earlier than
"already" expected:
 We have already sold the house.
The action was completed a short time before:
"just"
 I have just eaten dinner.
Up to that point in time:
"yet"
 He hasn't started work yet.
This shows that a situation continues, usually when we expect it not to
"still"
 I still haven’t received the letter.
Expressions of time with the past simple tense:
"ago"
"yesterday"
"last Monday"
"last week"
"last month" etc
a date
a year
Expressions which can be used with both tenses:

We use "for" + a period of time:
 for six weeks
"for" + period of time  for 2 months
 for ten years
 for the weekend, etc.
"recently"
This means "not at any time":
"never"  I have never seen a wild dolphin.
 I never visited the Taj Mahal when I lived in India.
36
1. Complete the sentences using the verbs in parentheses. Use the present perfect where possible.
Otherwise use the past simple.
1. I can’t log onto the site. I __’ve forgotten_______ (forget) my password.
2. The box is empty now. Somebody _______________________ (eat) all the chocolates.
3. I was supposed to bring the movie yesterday, but I _____________________________ (leave) it at
home.
4. Beverly _______________________________ (go) to the store for some bread, but she’s back at work
now.
5. “Is everything ok?”
“Yes. I ________________________________ (stub) my toe earlier, but it’s fine now.”
6. Can you call an ambulance? I _________________________________ (break) my leg.
2. Are the underlined parts of the sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.
1. Here’s some news! Ben’s closed his store. __OK_________________________________
2. Where has Rachel gone to school as a child? _____________________________________
3. Who has made the first TV? _____________________________________
4. Corruption has become a big issue in Brazil. _____________________________________
5. His math book isn’t here. He’s forgotten it at school. ________________________________
6. My great grandfather has worked in a paper mill. ___________________________________
7. The internet has gone down so I can’t send emails. __________________________________
8. Elvis has been the singer who has sold the most albums. ______________________________
More practice:
37
HOW TO NEGOTIATE
38
Task: read this negotiation. Is it going to be successful?
A. We’re very interested in your offer, however there are some details we need to think about more
carefully.
B. Such as?
A. We are a little concerned about the delivery dates. Can you give us some guarantees?
B. As I understand it you want 50 vehicles over 6 months; 10 in month one, then 8 per month over the
rest of the 6 month period.
A. That’s right. If you could guarantee those delivery dates, we would be able to recommend the deal
to our MD.
B. I’m confident that we can make the delivery dates.
A. So, would you be willing to accept a penalty clause for late delivery? If you are confident about the
delivery dates, that will be no problem. You see timing is everything for us and we can’t risk not
having these vehicles on time.
B. OK. So, if I agreed to a penalty clause for late delivery, you would recommend the deal to your
MD?
A. I think so, yes.
B. What sort of penalty clause?
A. Enough to cover the costs of hiring a vehicle if you deliver late.
B. I understand. I’ll have to discuss that with my boss.
A. Fine, I’ll go and get a coffee and you can phone and check with him. If you get the go ahead, we’ll
agree in principle.
Read the negotiation again. Highlight the conditional sentences used in the text.
Which are first conditional, which are second conditional?
Why do you think they are using the different forms?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
39
Fill in the blanks to create second conditional sentences.

1. If I had my boss’s job, ________________________________________.
2. If we had fewer meetings, _____________________________________.
3. ________________________________________ if I could work from home.
4. ____________________________________ if I were a recent college graduate.
5. ______________________________________, I’d be more productive.
6. ____________________________________, I might start my own business.
7. ________________________________________, I could relax a little more.
8. If the retirement age were 70, _____________________________________.
9. _________________________________________________, I could retire.
10. If I took a career break, ______________________________________.
Pair Work: Practising language for negotiating.

One of you is going to be the supplier and the other is going to be the customer. Both of you want different
things, so you have to negotiate. Complete the dialogue and prepare to role-play it.
Supplier wants:
payment in dollars
customer to pay a 20% deposit immediately
recommendation to other customers!
Customer wants:
a discount for bulk purchase
delivery earlier
to extend the 1 year warranty period
Supplier: I would like you to pay in dollars.

Customer: If I paid in dollars, would you give me a discount for bulk purchase?
Supplier: Yes, that’s possible.
Customer: __________________________________________________________
Supplier: ___________________________________________________________
Customer: __________________________________________________________
Supplier: ___________________________________________________________
Customer: __________________________________________________________
Supplier: ___________________________________________________________
Customer: __________________________________________________________
Supplier: ___________________________________________________________
40
41
In the text underline the sentences in present perfect tense.
42
Indirect Speech
* Direct speech * Reported speech

She says: "I like tuna fish.” She says that she likes tuna fish.
She said: "I'm visiting Paris tomorrow. “ She said that she was visiting Paris the following
day.
Direct speech is the exact words Reported speech is the exact meaning of what
someone
someone said. said but not the exact words.
We use quotation marks in Direct speech.
REPORTING STATEMENT (AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE SENTENCES)
1. To report statements we use a reporting verb

(say, tell, advise, explain, promise, admit, claim, confirm, deny, insist, remind)
2. Verb tenses change.
3. Pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the meaning and the people involved.
4. Certain adjectives, verbs and adverbs also change.
Direct speech: He said, "I can't fix it by myself." Reported speech: He said he couldn't fix it by
himself.
Direct speech: "This is my book," he said. Reported speech: He said that was his bookDirect
speech: this/these, here, come Reported speech: that/those, there, go
43
44
Later that day… Nicola is complaining, telling her mother about what happened at the office:
“That was not fair! He said my shoes weren’t high enough. I told him I had too much work and I
am too many hours standing, so high-heeled shoes are not comfortable enough for me. He told I’m
not tall enough to use flat shoes! There are too many rules for women at the office; the dress code is
too strict!
When he sent me home, I went directly to the police station and made the complaint. The police
officer offered me a glass of water because I was shaking with anger and too nervous to speak.”
Too Enough
To indicate degree, it's too + adjective: We put enough before a noun.

This restaurant's too crowded. Let's go somewhere It's enough + noun in positive sentences and questions
else. or not + enough + noun in negative sentences.
Do we have enough money to go abroad this year?
There aren't enough knives and forks for all the
guests.
Or too + adverb: Sentences with enough are sometimes followed by to +
You're walking too fast! Slow down! verb infinitive.
She's definitely smart enough to become director.
There aren't enough players to make a team.
To talk about an amount or number of something We use enough to express that something is or isn't the
which is more than what we want or need, it's too right degree or amount. We put
much or too many + noun. Use too it after an adjective or verb.
much before uncountable nouns and too It's adjective + enough in positive sentences and
many before countable nouns. questions or not + adjective + enough in negative
Ugh! You've put too much sugar in my tea! (sugar = sentences.
uncountable) Is it warm enough for you in here?
I ate too many biscuits. (biscuit = countable) He doesn't sleep enough. That's why he's always
You can also use too much on its own after a verb. tired.
Sarah drinks too much.
Complete with TOO+ADJ / NOT+ADJ+ENOUGH:
Complete with TOO MUCH /TOO MANY:
45
FINAL TASK
In groups, prepare a dialogue between members of two companies. You are going to act it out.
Show you learned:

- how to negotiate using first and second conditionals
- how to use Reported Speech
- how to use Too and Enough
- how to make polite requests
- the correct use of verb tenses (Past Simple, Past Continuous, Present Perfect, etc.)
46

Booklet: Curse: 4º 1 (Economics)

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Booklet: Curse: 4º 1 (Economics)

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Teacher: Norma Quesada

UNIT 1: WHAT IS ECONOMY?

Economic activities. An introduction to Economics.

2. Finding a good definition for economics.

B-Economics is a science that deals with the study

C- Economics is the social science that examines

Speaking: DO YOU NEED IT, OR DO YOU WANT IT?

- I think that picture “a” shows.....

Have a look at these sentences:

I WANT / I WISH... I NEED...

Great economic problems.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND SECTORS

1. What is the difference between economic activities and non-economic activities?

5. What does the Secondary sector include?

electricity transport costs taxes

labour supply building houses grants and loans

making clothes gas making shoes packaging

light machines marketing publishing

 economic activities  factors needed for production

What do you think the tertiary sector relates to?

Prepare yourselves to present your case to the class orally

NINTENDO Co. Ltd.

• Why do you think NINTENDO is a successful company?

A- Now, you are going to listen to the history of the company.

B- Read the text

B1. Answer these questions with complete sentences

a. How did Satoshi get the nickname of Dr. Bug?

B3. Read the questions and circle the best answer

3-2 A LETTER OF COMPLAINT

Tips to write an effective complaint:

Read this letter of complaint and look carefully to its structure:

Imagine this situation:

 It can fly elegantly

The story of Silicon Valley

San José, in the heart of Silicon Valley

It is not made of silicon; and it is not a river

Silicon valley... Where is it, and why is it where it is ?

B. Write 5 more OPEN QUESTIONS on the text.

Ringing in the Millions

Although good receptionist have a certain amount of

More business is lost through poor service than by poor

How to make polite requests in English

Here are examples of being too direct:

Polite requests in spoken English

 Would you mind .. ?

I wonder if you could .. ?

Polite requests in written English

1. Rewrite these sentences as polite requests. (Use the words given)

a. ____ b.____ c. ____ d._____ e. ____ f. ____ g. ____ h.____

At least one devastating attack will collapse the Internet in the

Next year Y N In five years Y N In the next ten years Y N

UNIT 3: COMPANIES AND THEIR PEOPLE

Go to the site of the company https://www.blackcircles.com/ and answer these questions:

1. How many garages do they have across the UK?

Look at the sentences in the last paragraph of the text

Read the text carefully

I have worked for this company for ten years, but I

Our new head office is in London. We have been

a. __ b. c. d._ e. f. g. h.__