Ionic bonding results from the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. Metals form cations by losing electrons, while nonmetals form anions by gaining electrons to achieve a full outer shell. These ions pack together in a giant lattice held together by ionic bonds. Covalent bonding occurs when atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell. Polar covalent bonds form when electrons are shared unequally between atoms of different electronegativity. Molecules with polar bonds can have an overall dipole if their shape is asymmetrical. Intermolecular forces include hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces. Metallic bonding is the attraction between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons that
Ionic bonding results from the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. Metals form cations by losing electrons, while nonmetals form anions by gaining electrons to achieve a full outer shell. These ions pack together in a giant lattice held together by ionic bonds. Covalent bonding occurs when atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell. Polar covalent bonds form when electrons are shared unequally between atoms of different electronegativity. Molecules with polar bonds can have an overall dipole if their shape is asymmetrical. Intermolecular forces include hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces. Metallic bonding is the attraction between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons that
Original Description:
A summary of the different bonding in molecules, compounds, and elements.
Ionic bonding results from the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. Metals form cations by losing electrons, while nonmetals form anions by gaining electrons to achieve a full outer shell. These ions pack together in a giant lattice held together by ionic bonds. Covalent bonding occurs when atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell. Polar covalent bonds form when electrons are shared unequally between atoms of different electronegativity. Molecules with polar bonds can have an overall dipole if their shape is asymmetrical. Intermolecular forces include hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces. Metallic bonding is the attraction between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons that
Ionic bonding results from the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions. Metals form cations by losing electrons, while nonmetals form anions by gaining electrons to achieve a full outer shell. These ions pack together in a giant lattice held together by ionic bonds. Covalent bonding occurs when atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell. Polar covalent bonds form when electrons are shared unequally between atoms of different electronegativity. Molecules with polar bonds can have an overall dipole if their shape is asymmetrical. Intermolecular forces include hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces. Metallic bonding is the attraction between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons that
Ionic bond ELECTROSTATIC FORCE OF ATTRACTION - +ve (cations) and -ve (anions) ions are attracted to each other and form a continuous giant ionic lattice.
Ions are formed from elements by loss (metals) or gain (non-metals) of electrons to attain a full outer shell.
The easier atoms are to ionise, the more reactive they will be because less energy is required to ionise them, and so they react more easily. The transitions metals (elements from Ti to Cu, ignore Sc and Zn) can form multiple ions due to close proximity (energetically) of 4s and 3d shells which means that they can lose both 's' electrons but they can also lose variable numbers of 'd' electrons Factors affecting lattice energy
● as the charge of the ions increases, the lattice energy increases
● as the size of the ions increases, the lattice energy decreases
Lattice energies are also important in predicting the solubility of ionic solids in H2O. Ionic compounds with smaller lattice energies tend to be more soluble in H2O
Naming simple ions
Positive ions take the same name as the metals they come from, but negative ions use the name of the element as a basis and change the ending to -ide (for binary compounds) .
Covalent bonds are where two atoms each donate 1 electron to form a pair held between the two atoms.
Non-metal atoms bonded to other non-metal atoms
● electronegativity Difference in electronegativity between the two bonded atoms causes the bond to be polar and the electron pair will be held closer to the more electronegative atom (there is charge separation producing partial positive and negative charges with the partial negative beinbg on the more electronegative atom)
The shape of molecules with 4 electron pairs depends on the number of lone pairs.
The polarity of a molecule depends on both the shape and the polarity of the bonds...
1) if there are no polar bonds, it's not polar.
TOPIC 4 BONDING
2) if there are polar bonds, but the shape is symmetrical, it's not polar (think about it like 3D vector addition...if they add to zero, then it's not polar).
3) if there are polar bonds, and it's not symmetric, then the molecule is polar.
4.3 - Intermolecular forces
Van der Waal's forces -- Electrons will not be evenly spread around an atom/molecule at any given time, meaning the molecule will have a slight +ve charge on one end, and a -ve at the other. this temporary state may cause attraction between two molecules, pulling them together (also known as London dispersion forces). The magnitude pof Van der Waals force depends on
1. the relative molecular mass, high mass produces a larger force.
2. branching in the alkanes (the more branching the lower the b.p)
Boiling points of the alkanes data and alkenes data
Dipole-dipole forces -- Polar molecules, when properly oriented, will attract each other as a result of this. Stronger than van der Waal's forces.
Hydrogen bonding -- When hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine, a very
strong dipole is formed, making the hydrogen very strongly positive. This hydrogen is then attracted to the lone pairs on other similar molecules (nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine all have lone pairs) forming a hydrogen bond, which is stronger than van der Waal's or dipole-dipole, but weaker than covalent bonding.
Order of priority
1. Hydrogen bonding strongest
2. Dipole -dipole interactions 3. Van der Waals forces
Hydrogen bonds result from hydrogen bonded as described above. This results in molecules with hydrogen bonding exhibiting stronger intermolecular forces, ie higher boiling/melting points etc. eg H2O has a higher bp then H2S due to hydrogen bonding, and so on down the strength list.
Water
Water has a very high melting and boline point due to extensive hydrogen bonding. Having two hydrogen it can form two H- bonds per molecule allowing a lattice diamond-like structure to be built up, as shown below in ice: TOPIC 4 BONDING
Polar molecules: There are dipole-dipole forces that arise from polar bonds and asymmetry in molecules.
Non-polar molecules: These have only Van der Waal's forces (induced dipole dipole interactions) which are also present in all other molecules, though the strength of the intermolecular force may be insignificant compared to the other forces although this depends on the relative molecular mass.
4.4 -Metallic bonding
Metallic bondingATTRACTION BETWEEN POSITIVE METAL IONS/CATIONS AND A SEE OF delocalised ELECTRONS. These negative delocalised electrons hold the metal cations together strongly. Since these electrons can flow, atoms with metallic bonding exhibit high electrical conductivity. Unlike ionic bonding, distorting the atoms does not cause repulsion so metallic substances are ductile (can be stretched into wires) and malleable (can be formed into shapes). The free moving electrons also allow for high thermal conductivity, and the electrons can carry the heat energy rather than it being transferred slowly through atoms vibrating. TOPIC 4 BONDING
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conduct ( doping electricity process)
Question 4.2 Paper 2 9 marks
(a) The trend in the boiling points of the hydrides of group 15 is shown in the graph below. Discuss the reasons for the variation in the boiling points of this series of compounds. (4)
(b) Explain, using diagrams, why NO2 is a polar molecule but CO2 is a non-polar molecule. (3) (c) Describe the structure and bonding in silicon dioxide. (2)
Example answer and mark scheme
(a) The general trend is for boiling points to increase going down the group; this is shown by the values for PH3, AsH3 and SbH3. This is because the number of electrons in each molecule increases as Mr increases, and so the strength of the dispersion forces between the molecules increases meaning that it requires more energy to disrupt these forces in the liquid. However, ammonia has a higher boiling point than expected on this basis. This is due to the presence of hydrogen bonding between the molecules. Such additional forces are not present in the other cases. TOPIC 4 BONDING
(b)
The structure of the NO2 molecule is V-shaped (bent) and this means that there is an unsymmetrical distribution of charge as the O atoms are more electronegative than the N atom. The carbon dioxide molecule in linear and though each bond is polarised there is no overall dipole as the equal and opposite effects cancel each other. (c) Silicon dioxide has a giant covalent structure in which each silicon atom is central to a tetrahedron of four O atoms. All the atoms are bonded to each other by single covalent bonds. Mark scheme (a) The boiling points increase going down the group (from PH3 to AsH3 to SbH3). Mr / number of electrons/molecular size increases down the group; this gives rise to greater dispersion forces. Ammonia has a higher boiling point than expected due to hydrogen bonding between the molecules. (4 marks) (b) Diagram showing shape of NO2 and the net dipole (can be explained in words such as ‘unsymmetrical distribution of charge’) Diagram showing the shape of the CO2 molecule and the two equal but opposite dipoles (3 marks) (c) Structure: network / giant covalent / macromolecular / repeating tetrahedral units Bonding: (single) covalent (bonds) (2 marks)
Question 4.3 Paper 2 10 marks
(a) The two compounds boron trifluoride, BF3, and aluminium fluoride, AlF3, differ substantially in their physical properties: their melting points, for instance. TOPIC 4 BONDING
compound Melting point / oC
boron trifluoride -144
aluminium fluoride 1291
Deduce the type of bonding present in each of these compounds and draw ‘dot and cross’ diagrams to illustrate this bonding. (6) (b) Boron trifluoride forms a compound with ammonia. The reaction occurs in the gas phase. i. Describe the type of covalent bond that is formed during this reaction. (2) ii. Draw the Lewis diagram and structural formula for the compound (adduct) formed in this reaction. (2)
Example answer and mark scheme
(a) Boron trifluoride has a low melting point as it is a simple molecular substance in which the molecules are held by covalent bonds
Aluminium fluoride is an ionic compound, forming an ionic lattice held by strong
electrostatic forces hence its high melting point.
(b) i. a coordinate bond is formed with the lone pair on the nitrogen of the ammonia molecule forming the bond to the boron atom. ii. TOPIC 4 BONDING
