DEVELOPMENT OF ANDROID BASED APPLICATION FOR PHILIPPINE

COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION (PHGEOCALC)

Undergraduate Special Study

presented to the Faculty of the
DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERING
College of Engineering and Technology
Visayas State University
Visca, Baybay City, Leyte

In partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN GEODETIC ENGINEERING

SHEKAINA LOVE GLORIA ANIBAN

June 2023
 ii

ABSTRACT

This study aims to develop an Android-based application that functions as a

geodetic coordinate transformation calculator. The application is designed to be user-

friendly and convenient for Geodetic Engineers in Region VIII. The program was written

using the Python language and the Kivy library. The application can calculate 30

conversion problems using the WGS 84 datum, PRS 92 datum, ECEF coordinates,

Geographic coordinates, and Grid coordinates as parameters to choose from. The accuracy

of the program was evaluated using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), which was found

to have a mean error in millimeters and seconds, indicating high accuracy.

The development of this application is essential as it provides a convenient and

accurate tool for Geodetic Engineers who require quick and precise geodetic coordinate

conversions. With this application, engineers can access a user-friendly interface that

provides easy selection of input and output parameters, allowing them to save time in their

calculations. Moreover, the application can be used offline, providing access to users even

in remote areas without internet connectivity. This study also highlights the importance of

accuracy in geodetic coordinate conversion and transformation, which is crucial in various

engineering applications such as land surveying, geodetic surveying, and other related

fields.

In conclusion, the developed geodetic coordinate transformation calculator

application for Android devices provides a convenient and accurate tool for Geodetic

Engineers in Region VIII. With its user-friendly interface and offline accessibility, the
 iii

application can significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of geodetic coordinate

conversions. Future studies can further improve the application by making it available for

other operating systems such as Mac and iOS, and adding other projections and datum

options for conversion.

Keywords: geodetic engineering, coordinate transformation, Android application,

Root Mean Square Error, accuracy.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author dedicates this to the following people who inspired and encouraged her

throughout this journey.

To her family, Mama Cherry, Papa Tito, Toche, Ezra, Kimmy and the rest

of her family, her greatest support system, thank you for all the encouragement you

continuously gave her. Your unconditional love and never-ending support inspired her to

pursue her career no matter how long it takes, I love you all.

To her most cherished person Rhegs, the constant pressure, support, and

encouragement have made her more determined to finish this journey. Thank for always

believing in her and reminding her that she can do it.

To the friends she met in college who are now family, Pangasugan family, and all

her course mates, you were the ones who were there in the good and the not so good times

to make her laugh or join her cry, your presence is enough to make her smile and remind

her that she is not alone. Even though some of you have graduated and have become

engineers you continuously help and inspire the author to pursue her chosen path.

To her Adviser, Engr. Jannet C. Bencure, your patience and guidance has

encouraged her to continue making this manuscript especially when the author was having

a difficult time finishing it.

To the DGE faculty and staff, Maam Jannet, Maam Washe, Sir. Wilmar, Sir Bong,

Sir Martin, Sir Eulai, Sir Rex, Kuya Carlo, and Ate Haide, thank you for imparting on her
 v

the knowledge and skills you have learned from your expertise. Your help, support,

consideration, and guidance will never be forgotten.

and most especially to the Almighty God, nothing is possible without you. You are

always there, in times of doubt, dread, despair, joy, grief, and fear, you did not leave. She

owes everything to you and will always be thankful.

Saying thank you will never be enough to express the gratitude that the author feels.

She is forever grateful to everyone who has helped her through everything.

Love Lots,

Shekaina Love
 vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT........................................................................................ iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... ix

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ xii

LIST OF APPENDICES ...................................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................ 1

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Nature and Importance of the Study ................................................................ 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................. 2

1.3 Objectives of the Study .................................................................................... 3

1.4 Research Questions .......................................................................................... 3

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study ................................................................... 4

CHAPTER II ........................................................................................................... 6

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .............................................................. 6

2.1 Significance of Computer Programming in Engineering Problems................. 6

2.2 Significance of Python Programming Language ............................................. 7

2.3 Coordinate Systems.......................................................................................... 8

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2.4 Coordinate Transformation and Conversion .................................................... 9

2.5 Existing Applications That Have Coordinate Conversions ........................... 10

CHAPTER III ....................................................................................................... 13

METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 13

3.1 Schematic Illustration .................................................................................... 13

3.2 Identifying Geodetic Engineering Problem to be Solved by the Program. .... 14

3.3 The Mathematical Solution for the problems ................................................ 15

3.3.1 Transformation between WG84 and PRS92 Cartesian coordinates .............. 15

3.3.2 Conversion between Geographic and Cartesian/ECEF coordinates .............. 17

3.3.3 Conversion between Geographic to Grid (PTM/UTM) coordinates ............. 20

3.4 Selecting modules and libraries ..................................................................... 24

3.5 Creating the GUI ............................................................................................ 24

3.6 Algorithm used for the program..................................................................... 26

3.7 Compilation of the program to Android Package Kit .................................... 27

CHAPTER IV ....................................................................................................... 28

RESULT AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................. 28

4.1 Conversion and transformation ...................................................................... 28

4.1.1 Transformation between ECEF Coordinate system ....................................... 30

4.1.2 Conversion between ECEF and Geographic Coordinate System .................. 31

 viii

4.1.3 Transformation between Geographic Coordinate System ............................. 33

4.1.4 Conversion between Geographic Coordinates and Grid Coordinates ........... 34

4.1.5 Conversion between ECEF and Grid Coordinates ......................................... 36

4.1.6 Conversion between PTM and UTM ............................................................. 40

4.2 Validation ....................................................................................................... 42

4.2.1 GUI and User-Acceptability .......................................................................... 42

4.2.2 Evaluation of Accuracy of the Application. ................................................... 44

CHAPTER V ........................................................................................................ 56

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ....................... 56

5.1 Summary ........................................................................................................ 56

5.2 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 57

5.3 Recommendation ........................................................................................... 58

References ............................................................................................................. 59
 ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1. Coordinate Conversion feature of WolfPack, ................................................ 11

Figure 2.2. User Interface of UTM-GEOvv application................................................... 12

Figure 2.3. User Interface of PRS 92 application ............................................................ 12

Figure 3.1. Schematic Illustration in creating the program ............................................. 13

Figure 3.2. Comparison of DMC 2010-13 and the researchers modified formula .......... 17

Figure 3.3. Libraries imported for the program ............................................................... 24

Figure 3.4. Sample View of the app's GUI ....................................................................... 25

Figure 3.5. Sample View of the app's GUI ....................................................................... 26

Figure 4.1. View of the Main Screen UI ........................................................................... 29

Figure 4.2. Transformation from (a) ECEF PRS92 – ECEF WGS84 (b) ECEF WGS84 –

ECEF PRS92..................................................................................................................... 30

Figure 4.3. Geographic coordinates in WGS 84/PRS 92 to ECEF coordinates in PRS

92/WGS 84 ........................................................................................................................ 31

Figure 4.4. ECEF in WGS 84/PRS 92 to Geographic coordinates in PRS 92/WGS 84 .. 31

Figure 4.5. Conversion from (a) GEO PRS92 – ECEF WGS84 (b) ECEF WGS84 – GEO

PRS92................................................................................................................................ 32

Figure 4.6. Conversion from (a) GEO PRS92 – GEO WGS84 (b) GEO WGS84 – GEO

PRS92................................................................................................................................ 33

Figure 4.7. Transforming Geographic Coordinates ......................................................... 34

Figure 4.8. Geographic coordinates in WGS 84/PRS 92 to PTM/UTM ........................... 35

 x

Figure 4.9. PTM/UTM to Geographic coordinates in WGS 84/PRS 92........................... 35

Figure 4.10. Conversion from (a) GEO PRS92 – UTM (b) UTM – GEO PRS92 ............ 36

Figure 4.11. ECEF PRS 92 to PTM and ECEF WGS 84 to UTM .................................... 37

Figure 4.12. PTM to WGS 84 and UTM to ECEF PRS 92 ............................................... 38

Figure 4.13. Conversion from (a) GEO PRS92 – PTM (b) PTM – GEO PRS92 ............. 39

Figure 4.14. Conversion from PTM to UTM .................................................................... 40

Figure 4.15. Conversion between UTM to PTM............................................................... 40

Figure 4.16. Conversion from (a) UTM – PTM (b) PTM – UTM .................................... 41

Figure 4.17. User-Acceptability Mean of the responses................................................... 43

Figure 4.18. GUI Mean of the responses.......................................................................... 43

Figure 4.19. Horizontal Error of PTM - GEO PRS 92.................................................... 46

Figure 4.20. Horizontal Positional Error of PTM - GEO WGS 84 .................................. 46

Figure 4.21. Horizontal Positional Error of PTM - ECEF WGS 84 .............................. 47

Figure 4.22. Horizontal Positional Error of PTM - ECEF PRS 92 ............................... 47

Figure 4.23. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO PRS 92 - PTM ................................. 48

Figure 4.24. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO PRS 92 - GEO WGS 84 ................... 48

Figure 4.25. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO PRS 92 - ECEF WGS 84 ................ 49

Figure 4.26. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO PRS 92 - ECEF PRS 92 ................. 49

Figure 4.27. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO WGS 84 - PTM ................................ 50

Figure 4.28. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO WGS 84 - GEO PRS 92 .................. 50

Figure 4.29. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO WGS 84 - ECEF WGS 84............... 51

Figure 4.30. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO WGS 84 - ECEF PRS 92 ................ 51
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Figure 4.31. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF WGS 84 - PTM .............................. 52

Figure 4.32. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF WGS 84 - GEO PRS 92 ................. 52

Figure 4.33. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF WGS 84 - GEO WGS 84............... 53

Figure 4.34. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF WGS 84 - ECEF PRS 92 .............. 53

Figure 4.35. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF PRS 92 - PTM ................................ 54

Figure 4.36. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF PRS 92 - GEO PRS 92 .................. 54

Figure 4.37. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF PRS 92 - GEO WGS 84 ................. 55

Figure 4.38. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF PRS 92 - ECEF WGS 84 ............... 55
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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Computed RMSE of the applications. ................................................................. 45

 xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

A. GUI quality rubrics ................................................................................................... 62

B. GUI and User-Acceptability list questionnaire ........................................................ 64

C. Baybay City, Leyte monuments coordinates (PRS92, WGS84, PTM) ...................... 65

 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Nature and Importance of the Study

The measurement and representation of locations on the Earth's surface rely on

the establishment of coordinates. This requires the creation of a coordinate system with

defined origin, orientation, and scale accessible to all users (Jekeli, 2012). In the

Philippines, the Local Plane Coordinate System (LPCS) and Philippine Plane

Coordinate System (PPCS)/PRS92 are utilized, with the latter being a modified version

of the Luzon 1911 Datum known as PRS 92, replacing PPCS/Luzon1911 (DENR

Administrative Order No.2007-29). All existing records, maps, and plans in the country

must be transformed and integrated to PRS92.

The conversion and transformation of coordinate systems are detailed in

Department of Environment and Natural Resources Memorandum Circular No. 2010-

13 (DMC 2010-13). Manual computation of this process is time-consuming and prone

to errors, but computer applications like Microsoft Excel can speed up calculations.

However, mastering these programs require manual input of formulas (Sagliba, 2019).

GUI-driven programs, while more user-friendly, have limited features for computing

coordinate transformations.

With the rise of technology, developing an android-based program for

convenient conversion and transformation of coordinate systems is possible. The fast-

paced development of technology today has given us access to multiple information

and applications through our desktop computers and mobile devices. Programming
 2

enables us to communicate with machines to perform various tasks (Lateef et al., 1971),

making it possible to achieve these technological advancements into reality.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The Philippines uses PPCS/PRS92 as the standard coordinate system for all

surveys in the country pursuant to Executive Order No. 45, series of 1993, as amended,

but when performing land surveying the point data acquired are usually in World

Geodetic System (WGS84) reference coordinate system (National Mapping and

Resource Information Authority, n.d.). Thus, coordinate conversion and transformation

in needed to meet the specified coordinate system. There are only a handful of online

computer programs that can solve conversion and transformation of coordinate system.

Using the specified formula and parameters, manual calculations are prone to errors. A

single error in one line of the computation necessitates a re-computation of all

subsequent lines. Subsequently, using a programmed computer application for the

problem speeds up the computation and produces output within seconds, it is fast and

efficient. Although, there are existing programmed files from Microsoft Excel that has

long been used for systematic mathematical computation, it requires an extensive

knowledge of using the Microsoft software to fully unlock its potential (Abawi, 2018).

Having an application with GUI, users could easily classify and navigate options within

the application. The users basically just need to click them to acquire their functions.

Graphic User Interface (GUI) provides the users the capability to intuitively

operate computers and other electronic devices through direct manipulation of

graphical icons such as buttons, scroll bars, windows, tabs, menus, cursors, and the

mouse pointing device. Many modern graphical user interfaces feature touchscreen and
 3

voice-command interaction capabilities. The users will be able to understand how to

use the program more if the GUI is arranged in a common way programs are designed

giving the users a familiar sense in navigating the interface. Today smartphone

applications now provide many advantages, and this is the sole reason why people

prefer to use them. Android app users expect them to be quick, functional, and visually

appealing. The fast-growing technology enable the community to use mobile devices

for convenience. It is easy to use anytime and anywhere. Thus, tech-companies now

develop a way their software will run on multiple platforms such as Android Operating

System or iOS. These Operating systems are used for mobile devices such as

smartphones and tablets. Mobile apps are defined as a move away from the integrated

software system found on personal computers that provide limited and isolated

functionality (Khrais & Alghamdi, 2021).

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The study generally aims to develop an Android base application for efficiency

and error-free Geodetic computations. It will carry out the following specific

objectives:

1. Develop a program written in Python for android devices;

2. Create a user-friendly GUI; and

3. Produce an executable file of the program for non-python users as an

Android Package Kit.

1.4 Research Questions

In achieving the objectives of the study, the following are the formulated

research questions:
 4

a. What is the possibility of developing an android application using python

language?

b. What are the existing applications that can process computation of geodetic

coordinate conversions and transformations?

c. Who are the target users of the program?

d. What will be the preferable user interface?

e. What Python libraries for developing the GUI of the program will be used to

achieve the desired output?

f. What are the features that can be added in the application that are unique?

g. How to develop an algorithm that will enable the user to select the desired input

and output?

h. How will the developed application perform in terms of its accuracy as

compared with the existing application or existing control monuments?

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study employed the Python programming language to develop an android

application specifically designed for Geodetic Engineer (GE) practitioners and students

in the Philippines. The application aims to solve specific coordinate conversion

problems with a focus on assessing its acceptability and accuracy. User acceptability

was gauged through a survey questionnaire answered by Geodetic engineers from

region VIII. On the other hand, the accuracy of the application was evaluated by

computing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the data produced by the application

and comparing it with the official data from Pintor Surveying and Realty, assessed by

the National Mapping and Resource and Information Authority (NAMRIA).

 5

It is noteworthy that the developed application can only perform coordinate

system conversion for World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) and Philippine

Reference System 1992 (PRS 92) reference systems. This limitation is primarily due to

the application's target users, which are GE practitioners in the Philippines.

Nonetheless, the application's capability to provide an efficient and accurate solution to

conversion problems makes it a valuable tool for its intended users. The use of Python

programming language allows for flexibility and ease in software development, making

it an ideal choice for creating specialized applications such as this.

 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Significance of Computer Programming in Engineering Problems

Computer programming plays a significant role in engineering problems, as it

offers engineers an excellent tool for solving problems in a structured and efficient way.

One of the primary benefits of programming is that it helps engineers to develop

problem-solving skills. As Linge and Langtangen (2016) note, the process of learning

to program offers an excellent opportunity to practice problem-solving skills. Engineers

are required to solve complex problems, and programming can help them develop the

analytical skills and creativity needed to solve them.

Moreover, computing is a powerful tool that can significantly improve problem-

solving processes. As Evans (2011) observes, computing is the ultimate mental

amplifier, as it can mechanize any intellectual activity humans can imagine. The

process of programming can enable engineers to automate problem-solving processes

and carry out complex calculations much faster and more accurately than traditional

methods. Thus, programming can help engineers to design and test their solutions

quickly, allowing them to iterate and refine their ideas efficiently.

In addition to these benefits, computer programming principles implemented

today will likely influence the future of engineering and technology. As Graham (1971)

points out, programming principles applied today will significantly affect the

development of technologies such as voice-recognition and artificial intelligence,

which will undoubtedly change how we live our day-to-day lives. Therefore, many

professors encourage their engineering students to learn programming to gain a

 7

competitive advantage in the job market and keep up with the rapidly evolving

technological landscape.

In conclusion, programming is a crucial tool for engineers, enabling them to solve

complex problems efficiently and accurately. It offers an opportunity to develop

problem-solving skills, automate processes, and stay ahead of technological

advancements. As such, it is highly recommended that engineering students learn to

program as part of their education.

2.2 Significance of Python Programming Language

Python programming language has gained widespread popularity in recent years

due to its many advantages and practical applications in various fields. As a high-level

programming language, Python offers programmers the ability to write compact and

readable code that closely resembles the mathematical recipe for solving the problem

at hand. According to Linge and Langtangen (2016), Python is a general-purpose

language that is suitable for a wide range of tasks, including web development,

automation, and scientific computing.

One of the key advantages of Python is that it is an open-source software,

meaning that its source code is freely available to the public, and anyone can study,

modify, and distribute it for any purpose. This makes Python a popular choice for data

analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing applications, where open-

source tools and libraries are readily available. As Sharma et al. (2021) note, Python

has a gradual learning curve, making it an accessible language for beginners and experts

alike.
 8

The widespread adoption of Python in the scientific community is evidence of

its significance and usefulness. In fact, Python has become the go-to language for many

scientific disciplines, including physics, biology, and chemistry. The ease of use and

broad range of applications make Python an ideal choice for scientific computing,

where complex calculations and data analysis are required.

In conclusion, Python is a powerful and versatile programming language that

has gained significant traction in recent years due to its many advantages. Its compact

and readable code, gradual learning curve, and open-source nature make it an ideal

language for a wide range of applications, including data analysis, scientific computing,

and artificial intelligence. As such, Python is likely to continue to play a significant role

in the programming landscape for years to come.

2.3 Coordinate Systems

A coordinate system is a reference framework used to describe the position of

an object in space. It defines a set of rules and conventions for measuring distances and

angles relative to a particular origin, orientation, and scale. Coordinate systems are

essential in many fields, such as geography, astronomy, engineering, and physics, where

precise location and navigation are crucial. There are several types of coordinate systems,

each with its advantages and limitations. These are three common coordinate systems

used in geodesy and geolocation: Earth Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF), Grid Coordinates,

and Geographic Coordinates.

The Earth Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF) coordinate system is a three-

dimensional coordinate system that is centered at the center of the Earth and fixed relative

to the Earth's surface. This coordinate system is often used in satellite navigation and
 9

tracking, as well as in aerospace and defense applications. In the ECEF coordinate

system, the x, y, and z axes are aligned with the Earth's equator, the prime meridian, and

the Earth's rotational axis, respectively.

The grid coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system that is used

to locate points on a map or chart. It is often used in navigation and surveying, as well as

in geography and cartography. In the grid coordinate system, lines are drawn on the map

or chart to form a grid, with each line representing a specific distance. Points are then

located on the grid by measuring the distance from a reference point, such as the origin

or a corner of the grid. The grid coordinate system can be based on various projections

of the Earth's surface, such as the Mercator or the Lambert conformal conic projection.

The geographic coordinate system is a three-dimensional coordinate system that

is used to locate points on the Earth's surface. It is often used in geography, geology, and

cartography. In the geographic coordinate system, points are located using latitude and

longitude, which are angles that measure a point's distance north or south of the Equator

and east or west of the Prime Meridian, respectively. Altitude, or elevation above sea

level, can also be added as a third coordinate. The geographic coordinate system is based

on the WGS 84 reference system, which is a global geodetic datum used by the GPS

satellite navigation system.

2.4 Coordinate Transformation and Conversion

Coordinate transformation and conversion are crucial processes in the field of

geomatics engineering, allowing for the accurate positioning of objects and features on

the Earth's surface. Coordinate transformation involves converting coordinates from

 10

one reference system to another, while conversion involves changing coordinates from

one unit or format to another.

Several mathematical models and algorithms have been developed for coordinate

transformation and conversion, including the Helmert transformation, Molodensky-

Badekas transformation, and Bursa-Wolf transformation. These models are used to

transform coordinates between different reference systems, such as from a local

coordinate system to a global system like the WGS 84 or NAD 83.

There are several software packages available for performing coordinate

transformation and conversion, including the Geographic Calculator by Blue Marble

Geographics and the Trimble Convert Coordinate System (TCCS) software. These

software packages incorporate various mathematical models and algorithms for

accurate and efficient coordinate transformation.

Coordinate transformation and conversion are critical components of geomatics

engineering, and with the use of mathematical models and software tools such as

Python, engineers can transform and convert coordinates with greater accuracy and

efficiency.

2.5 Existing Applications That Have Coordinate Conversions

There are only a few computer applications available for converting and

transforming coordinate systems. Popular software like Geographic Calculator by

Blue Marble Geographics and Trimble Convert Coordinate System (TCCS) are not

accessible for everyone as this software are expensive to acquire. However, there are

also applications such as Wolf Pack that accompany the textbook Elementary

Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics by Paul R. Wolf and Charles D. Ghilani.

 11

The program offers various computations, including traverse computations, area

calculations, astronomical azimuth reduction, coordinate transformations, and least

squares adjustments. While it is a useful tool for coordinate conversion, it is limited

to only two coordinate systems: Earth Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF) and Geographic

Coordinates. Additionally, the software does not allow conversion from one datum to

another. Figure 2.1 illustrates the user interface of Wolf Pack for coordinate

conversion.

Figure 2.1. Coordinate Conversion feature of WolfPack,

There is also a mobile application for coordinate conversion called PRS92 and

UTM-GEOvv developed by JuncorTech. This app can transform WGS 84 to

Philippine Reference System 1992 Coordinates, convert Philippine Plane Coordinate

System Geographic Coordinates to Philippine Plane Coordinate System Grid

Coordinates, and convert UTM coordinates to Geographic coordinates in various

datum, and vice versa. The application is useful as it provides the user with the option

to select their desired reference datum. However, the app consists of two different
 12

applications and lacks the option to allow the user to select their desired input and

output. The user interfaces of the application are shown in Figures 2.2 and 2.3.

Figure 2.2. User Interface of UTM-GEOvv application

Figure 2.3. User Interface of PRS 92 application

 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Schematic Illustration

The schematic illustration shows the activities conducted in creating and

developing the program illustrated in Figure 3.1.

Define what Define the Choose the

problems to program Solutions to the appropriate libraries and

Design the
Choose the
Graphical User
appropriate libraries and
Interface of the
Unsatisfactor
y
Survey for
user-Acceptability Satisfactory
and GUI design

Integration
Writing of functions
Validation of of the functions to
for the problems involved
Accuracy the GUI in the

Data Accuracy
collection for a Testing and Unsatisfactory
certified data for Debugging of the
validation program

Produce executable
Satisfactory Compilatio
file of the program as .apk
n
Figure 3.1. Schematic Illustration in creating the program
 14

3.2 Identifying Geodetic Engineering Problem to be Solved by the Program.

The application is designed to convert coordinates from one coordinate

system to another, regardless of whether both coordinate systems use the same geodetic

datum. The program is capable of computing the following conversions:

1. Conversion between ECEF and Geographic Coordinates

a. ECEF in WGS 84 and Geographic WGS 84 (VV)

b. ECEF in WGS 84 and Geographic PRS 92 (VV)

c. ECEF in PRS 92 and Geographic WGS 84 (VV)

d. ECEF in PRS 92 and Geographic PRS 92 (VV)

2. Conversion between ECEF and Grid Coordinates

a. ECEF in WGS 84 and UTM (VV)

b. ECEF in WGS 84 and PTM (VV)

c. ECEF in PRS 92 and UTM (VV)

d. ECEF in PRS 92 and PTM (VV)

3. Conversion between Geographic Coordinates and Grid Coordinates

a. UTM and Geographic WGS 84 (VV)

b. UTM and Geographic PRS 92 (VV)

c. PTM and Geographic WGS 84 (VV)

d. PTM and Geographic PRS 92 (VV)

4. Conversion between UTM and PTM

5. Conversion between ECEF WGS 84 and ECEF PRS 92

6. Conversion between WGS 84 and PRS 92 Geographic Coordinates

 15

3.3 The Mathematical Solution for the problems

The formula and method stated in DMC 2010-13 are mainly used as basis for

solving the problems involved in the program. The formula used for the conversions are

discussed in the following sub-sections.

3.3.1 Transformation between WG84 and PRS92 Cartesian coordinates

For the transformation between WGS84 and PRS92 the given input and expected

output of the problem are Cartesian Coordinates in WGS 84 to PRS 92 datum respectively.

It is computed using the transformation parameters and formula. The standard values for

the transformation parameters are:

Translation: ΔX = 127.62195 meters

ΔY = 67.24478 meters

ΔZ = 47.04305 meters

Rotation: Rx = -3.06762 seconds

Ry = 4.90291 seconds

Rz = 1.57790 seconds

Scale Parameter: = 1.06002

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3.3.1.1 WG84 to PRS92 Cartesian

Transformation Formula:

X2 ∆X 1 Rz −Ry X1
−6
[ Y2 ] = [∆Y] + (1 + Sc ∗ 10 ) [−Rz 1 R x ] [ Y1 ]
Z2 ∆Z Ry −Rx 1 Z1

Where: X2 , Y2 , Z2 = transformed cartesian/ECEF coordinates

ΔX, ΔY, ΔZ = shift for the changes in origin

Sc = scale change in parts per million (ppm)

Rx, Ry, Rz = rotation of each axis

𝑋1 , 𝑌1 , 𝑍1 = coordinates to be transformed

3.3.1.2 PRS92 to WGS84 Cartesian

As stated in DMC 2010-13, for the transformation of PRS 92 to WGS84 Cartesian

coordinates, the formula remains the same, but the signs of the transformation parameters

are inverted. The researcher applied the rule for inverse matrices to the modified formula.

The modified formula is believed to have less error compared to the method introduced by

DMC. The output of both formulas used in the transformation is shown in Figure 3.2.

Transformation Formula:
−1
X2 X1 ΔX 1 Rz −Ry
[ Y2 ] = [[ Y1 ] − [ΔY]] [−Rz 1 Rx ] [1 + Sc ∗ 10−6 ]−1
Z2 Z1 ΔZ Ry −Rx 1

Where: X2 , Y2 , Z2 = transformed cartesian/ECEF coordinates

ΔX, ΔY, ΔZ = shift for the changes in origin

 17

Sc = scale change in parts per million (ppm)

Rx, Ry, Rz = rotation of each axis

X1 , Y1 , Z1 = coordinates to be transformed

Input Modified DMC 2010-13

X = -3575756.892 X = -3575756.892 X = -3575756.892

Y = 5146787.544 Y = 5146787.544 Y = 5146787.546

Z = 1181834.541 Z = 1181834.541 Z = 1181834.537

Figure 3.2. Comparison of DMC 2010-13 and the researchers modified formula

3.3.2 Conversion between Geographic and Cartesian/ECEF coordinates

The Bowring method is primarily used for converting Geographic Coordinates to

Cartesian Coordinates. To identify the values of the parameters in the formula, it is

essential to first determine the ellipsoid of the given input coordinate.

3.3.2.1 Conversion of Geographic to ECEF/Cartesian coordinates

Formula:

2
b 2
e = 1− )
( (1)
a

a 2
e′2 = ( ) − 1 (2)
b
 18

p = √X2 +Y 2 (3)

Za
tanθ = (4)
pb

Z + e′2 bsin3 θ
tanΦ = (5)
p − e2 acos 3 θ

Y
tanλ = (6)
X
a
N= (7)
√1 − e2 sin2 Φ
p
h= −N (8)
cosΦ

Where:

a = major semiaxes of the reference ellipsoid

b = minor semiaxes of the reference ellipsoid

e2 = first eccentricity of the ellipsoid

e2 = second eccentricity of the ellipsoid

θ = arbitrary latitude

Φ = geographic longitude

λ = geographic longitude

N = Radius of the prime vertical

h = height from the ellipsoid

X, Y, Z = ECEF/ Cartesian coordinates

 19

3.3.2.2 Conversion ECEF/Cartesian to Geographic coordinates

Formula:

2
b 2
e = 1−( ) (1)
a
a
N= (2)
√1 − e2 sin2 Φ

X = (N + h)cosΦcosλ (3)

Y = (N + h)cosΦsinλ (4)

Z = [(1 − e2 )N]sinΦ (5)

Where:

a = major semiaxes of the reference ellipsoid

b = minor semiaxes of the reference ellipsoid

e2 = first eccentricity of the ellipsoid

N = radius of the prime vertical

Φ = geographic latitude

λ = geographic longitude

h = height from the ellipsoid

X, Y, Z = ECEF/ Cartesian coordinates

 20

3.3.3 Conversion between Geographic to Grid (PTM/UTM) coordinates

The traditional way of converting Geographic to Grid coordinates is by using the

formula provided in DMC and utilizing the UTM/PTM table to interpolate the parameters

used for the formula. The Karney-Kruger equations were developed and have been used

for the development of the application for the conversion between Geographic and Grid

(PTM/UTM) coordinates.

3.3.3.1 Conversion of Geographic to Grid (PTM/UTM) coordinates

Formula:

2
b 2
e = 1−( ) (1)
a

a 2
e′2 = ( ) − 1 (2)
b
a
RN = (3)
√1 − e2 sin2 Φ

T = tan2 Φ (4)

C = e′2 cos 2 Φ (5)

A = (λ − λ0 )cosΦ, where λ and λ0 are in radians (6)

e2 e4 e6 e2 e4 e6
(1 − − 3 − 5 ) Φ − (3 + 3 − 45 ) sin2Φ +
4 64 256 8 32 1024
M=a (7)
e4 e6 e6
(15 + 45 ) sin4Φ − (35 ) sin6Φ
[ 256 1024 3072 ]

A3 A5
E = k0 RN [A + (1 − T + C) − (5 − 18T + T 2 + 72C − 58e′2 ) ] (8)
6 120
 21

N = k0 {M − M0 +

(9)
A2 A 4
+ (5 − T + 9C + 4C 2 ) 24 +
2
R N tanΦ [ A6
]}
(61 − 58T + T 2 + 600C − 330e′2 )
720

A2 2 ′2 )
A4
1 + (1 + C ) (
+ 5 − 4T + 42C − 13C − 28e +
k = k0 2 24
(10)
A6
[ (61 − 148T + 16T 2 ) ]
720

Where:

a = major semiaxes of the reference ellipsoid

b = minor semiaxes of the reference ellipsoid

e2 = first eccentricity of the ellipsoid

e2 = second eccentricity of the ellipsoid

RN = radius of the prime vertical

Φ = geographic longitude

λ = geographic longitude

λ0 = central meridian of zone assignment

M = True distance from equator to central meridian

k0 = scale factor

N, E = Grid coordinates
 22

3.3.3.2 Conversion of Grid (PTM/UTM) to Geographic coordinates

Formula:

2
b 2
e = 1−( ) (1)
a

a 2
e′2 = ( ) − 1 (2)
b

1 − √1 − e2
e1 = (3)
1 + √1 − e2
y
M = M0 (4)
K0

M
μ=
e2 e4 e6 (5)
a (1 − 4 − 3 64 − 5 256)

e1 e1 3 e1 2 e1 4 e1 3
Φ1 = μ + (3 − 27 ) sin2μ − (21 + 55 ) sin4μ + (151 )
2 32 16 32 96
(6)
e1 4
sin6μ + (1097 ) sin8μ
512

C = e′2 cos 2 Φ1 (7)

T = tan2 Φ1 (8)

a
RN = (9)
√1 − e2 sin2 Φ1

1 − e2
Rm = a (10)
√(1 − e2 sin2 Φ1 )3

(E − 50000)
D= (11)
RN k0
 23

= Φ1

D2 D4 (12)
( 2 ′2 )
tanΦ1 − 5 + 3T + 10C − 4C − 9e +
− (RN ) 2 24
Rm 2 ′2 2
D6
[(61 + 90T + 298C+45T − 252e − 3C ) 720]

D3
D − (5 + 3T + 10C − 4C 2 − 9e′2 ) 6 +
D5 (13)
(5 − 2C + 28T − 3C 2 + 8e′2 +24T 2 ) 120
λ = λ0 +
cosΦ1

Where:

a = major semiaxes of the reference ellipsoid

b = minor semiaxes of the reference ellipsoid

e2 = first eccentricity of the ellipsoid

e2 = second eccentricity of the ellipsoid

k0 = scale factor

M = True distance from equator to central meridian

μ = rectifying latitude

Φ1 = footprint latitude

RN = radius of the prime vertical

Rm = radius of the meridian

Φ = geographic longitude

λ0 = central meridian of zone assignment

λ = geographic longitude
 24

3.4 Selecting modules and libraries

Python is a popular programming language that has a vast collection of libraries

and modules that can be utilized for various programming tasks. An Integrated

Development Environment (IDE) is essential for productive Python development, and

PyCharm is a recommended IDE as it offers essential tools for development. PyCharm also

allows easy downloading of necessary libraries and modules.

Figure 3.3. Libraries imported for the program

3.5 Creating the GUI

Kivy is a widely-used Python GUI package that's easy to use and has strong

community support. KivyMD, on the other hand, offers a collection of Material Design

widgets that provide elegant-looking components and nearly identical code. Together,

Kivy and KivyMD provide developers with a powerful toolset for building mobile

applications with a modern, user-friendly interface.

 25

KivyMD supports many interactive components, with logical screens designed for

each problem included in the program. The UI includes a text box for input and a solution

button for output display, as well as a reset button for clearing the output. Additionally, the

application allows users to import a Comma Separated Values (.csv or .txt) file using the

Python package Pandas. The output field on the solution screen displays the imported file

as input and the matching conversion of the points below for the batch file. It is worth

noting that "the batch file" refers to a collection of data points that need to be converted to

a different coordinate system. Lastly, the save button enables users to save the file as a .csv

file for later use.

Figure 3.4. Sample View of the app's GUI

 26

3.6 Algorithm used for the program.

Figure 3.5. Sample View of the app's GUI

The application has 30 distinct problems, each with its own input, solution, and

output windows. To optimize the code and improve performance, an algorithm was

developed to manage all of these components. The algorithm, displayed in Figure 6, utilizes

the user's selection of coordinate and reference systems to generate the appropriate screen

for the desired problem. By choosing the desired result from Figure 3.5, the program is

prompted to produce the corresponding screen, resulting in faster code execution.

 27

3.7 Compilation of the program to Android Package Kit

To compile the code of the program, the researcher used a tool called Buildozer.

This tool is specifically designed to package mobile applications with ease, and it

automates the entire build process, including downloading prerequisites like python-for-

android, Android SDK, NDK, and more. However, it's important to note that using

Buildozer for compilation requires a Linux operating system. If a user doesn't have a Linux

system, an alternative option is to use Google Colab. Google Colab is a cloud-based

platform that allows anyone to write and execute Python code through a web browser.

To compile the program as an Android Package Kit (APK) using Google Colab,

the researcher had to upload the program files to Google Drive and then connect Google

Colab to the Drive. After that, the researcher installed the necessary packages and libraries,

including Kivy and Buildozer, and then ran the build command. This process can take some

time, but it eliminates the need for a Linux operating system and allows users to compile

their programs remotely. Once the compilation is complete, the user can download the

APK file to their local system and install it on their Android device.
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The study created an android application that can solve multiple problems

of coordinate conversion and transformation. It can now be accessed using a mobile device

running in an android operating system. The description and guidelines on using the app

are further discussed in the chapter.

4.1 Conversion and transformation

The program revolves around the conversion and transformation of these six (6)

coordinates systems; PTM and UTM, Geographic coordinate system in both WGS 84 and

PRS 92 datum and Cartesian coordinate system in both WGS 84 and PRS 92 datum.

The program’s selection menu let the user select an input to what coordinate and

its reference system you are going to convert. The third line let the user select the desired

output. This is a trigger to display the calculator screen. The user should not leave the first

and second line unselected, if so, the application will trigger a notice of error.
 29

Figure 4.1. View of the Main Screen UI

 30

4.1.1 Transformation between ECEF Coordinate system

To assess the accuracy of the application, a chosen coordinate was transformed

from PRS 92 to WGS 84 datum, and then back to WGS 84. The output of the application

is displayed in Figure 4.2, which reveals that the difference between the initial input and

the final output is almost negligible.

( (
Figure 4.2. Transformation from (a) ECEF PRS92 – ECEF WGS84 (b) ECEF WGS84 –
a) ECEF PRS92 b)
 31

4.1.2 Conversion between ECEF and Geographic Coordinate System

Given that the datum of the input is the same with the desired output datum the

formula discussed in section 3.3.2.1 and section 3.3.2.2 is used for the function of the

application. Also, if the datum of the input is different from the datum of the desired output

the flow of computation for the function of solution is shown in figure 4.3 and 4.4.

Figure 4.3. Geographic coordinates in WGS 84/PRS 92 to ECEF coordinates in

PRS 92/WGS 84

Figure 4.4. ECEF in WGS 84/PRS 92 to Geographic coordinates in

PRS 92/WGS 84
 32

( (
Figure 4.5. Conversion from (a) GEO PRS92 – ECEF WGS84 (b) ECEF WGS84 – GEO PRS92
a) b)
 33

4.1.3 Transformation between Geographic Coordinate System

To convert Geographic Coordinate system from one datum to another requires a

process that involves the coordinate transformation of ECEF coordinate from WGS 84 to

PRS 92 and vice versa. The illustration shown in figure 4-7 shows the process on

transforming geographic coordinates and figure 4-6 shows the accuracy of the application

for the transformation of Geographic coordinate system.

( (

a) from (a) GEO PRS92 – GEO WGS84 (b) GEOb)WGS84 – GEO PRS92
Figure 4.6. Conversion
 34

Figure 4.7. Transforming Geographic Coordinates

4.1.4 Conversion between Geographic Coordinates and Grid Coordinates

The conversion of geographic coordinates to PTM/UTM and vice versa is

accomplished using the formula originally derived by Johann Heinrich Louis Kruger in

1912. These formulas are precise to within a millimeter for distances up to 3,000 km from

the central meridian. Figures 4.8 and 4.9 illustrate the process of transforming geographic

coordinates to grid coordinates in different datums.of Geographic coordinate to PTM/UTM

and vice versa is done using the formula based on the original derivation by Johann

Heinrich Louis Kruger in 1912. They are accurate to around a millimeter within 3,000 km

of the central meridian. The illustration shown in figures 4.8 and 4.9 shows the process on

transforming geographic coordinates to Grid coordinates both in different datum.

 35

Figure 4.8. Geographic coordinates in WGS 84/PRS 92 to PTM/UTM

Figure 4.9. PTM/UTM to Geographic coordinates in WGS 84/PRS 92

For the assessment of the accuracy of the application a selected coordinate is used

to be converted using the application. The output of the application is shown in Figure 4-

10. The difference of the initial input and the final output is found to be almost zero.
 36

( (

a) Conversion from (a) GEO PRS92 – UTM (b) UTM

Figure 4.10. b) – GEO PRS92

4.1.5 Conversion between ECEF and Grid Coordinates

There is no direct formula on converting ECEF coordinates to Grid coordinates and

Grid to ECEF coordinates, given that both coordinates are on the same datum. The flow
 37

process for the conversion of this coordinates is illustrated in figures 4.11 and 4.12

respectively. The process is illustrated in figure 4.13 and 4.14 when both datum is different.

Figure 4.11. ECEF PRS 92 to PTM and ECEF WGS 84 to UTM

Figure 4.12. PTM to ECEF PRS 92 and UTM to ECEF WGS 84

 38

Figure 4.13. ECEF WGS to PTM and ECEF PRS 92 to UTM

Figure 4.12. PTM to WGS 84 and UTM to ECEF PRS 92

 39

( (
Figure 4.13. Conversion from (a) GEO PRS92 – PTM (b) PTM – GEO PRS92
a) b)

For the assessment of the accuracy of the application a selected coordinate is used

to be converted using the application. The output of the application is shown in Figure 4.13.

The difference of the initial input and the final output is found to be almost zero.
 40

4.1.6 Conversion between PTM and UTM

The process of converting PTM to UTM is illustrated in Figure 21. It is a

long process of computation that applies the previous formula used. The reverse process,

the conversion from UTM to PTM, is illustrated in Figure 22.

Figure 4.14. Conversion from PTM to UTM

Figure 4.15. Conversion between UTM to PTM

 41

( (

a) 4.16. Conversion from (a) UTM – PTM (b) PTM

Figure b) – UTM

For the assessment of the accuracy of the application a selected coordinate is used

to be converted using the application. The output of the application is shown in Figure 4.18.

The difference of the initial input and the final output is found to be almost zero.
 42

4.2 Validation

The application was validated in terms of a) Accessibility and b) Accuracy. The

accessibility was assessed through a survey using a questionnaire where the respondents

are the Geodetic Engineers that are in Region VIII. Also, the accuracy was validated using

a published software and the available records of geodetic control monuments. The result

and validation are discussed in the succeeding subsections.

4.2.1 GUI and User-Acceptability

The study involved a total of 56 Geodetic Engineers in Region VIII who responded

to a survey, which included a Likert scale questionnaire found in Appendix C. The

respondents were given a link to download the application and provide feedback on their

experience. The survey assessed qualities such as convenience, speed, practicality, in-app

experience, system consistency, relevance, efficiency, error handling, and promptness of

action.

The mean of the responses for each quality was computed and presented in Figure

4.19 and Figure 4.20 using a Likert scale graph. The results show positive feedback from

the respondents, indicating that the application is user-friendly and meets the needs of

Geodetic Engineers. Specifically, the respondents rated the application highly in terms of

convenience, speed, practicality, and in-app experience, as well as system consistency,

 43

relevance, efficiency, error handling, and promptness of action. These findings suggest that

the application is accessible and acceptable to its target users.

USER-ACCEPTABILITY

In-app experience

Practicality
QUALITIES

Speed

Convenience

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Mean

Figure 4.17. User-Acceptability Mean of the responses

GUI

Relevance Context

Efficiency
QUALITIES

Error Handling

Promptness of Action

Navigation

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Mean

Figure 4.18. GUI Mean of the responses

 44

4.2.2 Evaluation of Accuracy of the Application.

The study utilized 100 control points acquired by Engr. Michael Guinipa-an from

Pintor Surveying and Realty, which were available in the PTM Geographic Coordinate

System in PRS 92 and WGS 84. The Earth-Centered Earth-fixed data was computed using

the WolfPack application developed by Wolf and Ghilani. The accuracy of the application

was evaluated using the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), which measures the difference

between predicted and observed datasets. The RMSE values for each equation of the

conversion of the coordinate system were computed and found to be in the range of 0 to 13

mm and ±0.0004” for Geographic coordinates, indicating high accuracy.

The differences between the evaluated and computed data were measured in

millimeters and seconds. Table 1 presents the values of RMSE and squared difference,

while the graph of the plotted error for each type of conversion is shown in the following

figures. The low RMSE values indicate the application's ability to accurately convert

coordinate systems, with errors only in the range of millimeters and seconds.
 45

Table 1. Computed RMSE of the applications.

Conversions r^2 RMSE

PTM - ECEF PRS 92 35.72142592 0.597674041 mm
GEO PRS 92 - ECEF PRS 92 27.46242501 0.524046038 mm
ECEF WGS 84 - ECEF PRS 92 896.6544483 2.994418889 mm
GEO WGS 84 - ECEF PRS 92 891.1361044 2.985190286 mm
PTM - ECEF WGS 84 18074.56463 13.44416774 mm
GEO WGS 84 - ECEF WGS 84 14.90750286 0.386102355 mm
GEO PRS 92 - ECEF WGS 84 18212.70883 13.49544695 mm
ECEF PRS 92 - ECEF WGS 84 18074.56463 13.44416774 mm
PTM -GEO WGS 84 1.90841E-05 0.000436854 mm
GEO PRS 92 - PTM 7.756699567 0.27850852 mm
GEO WGS 84 - PTM 17907.44684 13.44681549 mm
ECEF PRS 92 - PTM 18119.59675 13.46090515 mm
ECEF WGS 84 - PTM 18119.59675 13.46090515 mm
GEO PRS 92 - GEO WGS 84 1.92121E-05 0.000438316”
ECEF PRS 92 - GEO WGS 84 1.72694E-08 1.31413E-05”
ECEF WGS 84 - GEO WGS 84 7.16221E-06 0.000267623”
PTM - GEO PRS 92 1.13122E-06 0.000106359”
GEO WGS 84 - GEO PRS 92 1.92054E-05 0.000438239”
ECEF PRS 92 - GEO PRS 92 1.92733E-05 0.000439014”
ECEF WGS 84 - GEO PRS 92 1.92733E-05 0.000439014”
 46

PTM - GEO PRS 92

0.0002
0.00015
0.0001
0.00005
LONGITUDE (sec)

0
-0.00004 -0.00003 -0.00002 -0.00001 0 0.00001 0.00002 0.00003 0.00004
-0.00005
-0.0001
-0.00015
-0.0002
LATITUDE (sec)

Figure 4.19. Horizontal Error of PTM - GEO PRS 92

PTM - GEO WGS 84

0.00006

0.00005
LONGITUDE (sec)

0.00004

0.00003

0.00002

0.00001

0
-0.00047 -0.00046 -0.00045 -0.00044 -0.00043 -0.00042 -0.00041
LATITUDE (sec)

Figure 4.20. Horizontal Positional Error of from PTM - GEO WGS 84

 47

PTM - ECEF WGS 84

2.5

1.5
LONGITUDE (sec)

0.5

0
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
LATITUDE (sec)

Figure 4.21. Horizontal Positional Error of PTM - ECEF WGS 84

PTM - ECEF PRS 92

0.6

0.4

0.2
LONGITUDE (sec)

0
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6
LATITUDE (sec)

Figure 4.22. Horizontal Positional Error of PTM - ECEF PRS 92

 48

GEO PRS 92 - PTM

0.06

0.04

0.02
NORTHINGS (mm)

0
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
-0.02

-0.04

-0.06
EASTINGS (mm)

Figure 4.23. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO PRS 92 - PTM

GEO PRS 92 - GEO WGS 84

0.00006

0.00005
LONGITUDE (sec)

0.00004

0.00003

0.00002

0.00001

0
-0.00045 -0.000445 -0.00044 -0.000435 -0.00043 -0.000425
LATITUDE (sec)

Figure 4.24. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO PRS 92 - GEO WGS 84

 49

GEO PRS 92 - ECEF WGS 84

2.5

1.5
X - AXIS (mm)

0.5

0
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

Y - AXIS (mm)

Figure 4.25. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO PRS 92 -

ECEF WGS 84

GEO PRS 92 - ECEF PRS 92

0.6

0.4

0.2
X - ASIX (mm)

0
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6
Y - AXIS (mm)

Figure 4.26. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO PRS 92 -

ECEF PRS 92
 50

GEO WGS 84 - PTM

0
-0.2 12.6 12.8 13 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 14 14.2
-0.4
-0.6
NORTHINGS (mm)

-0.8
-1
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
-1.8
-2
EASTINGS (mm)

Figure 4.27. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO WGS 84 - PTM

GEO WGS 84 - GEO PRS 92

0
0.000425 0.00043 0.000435 0.00044 0.000445 0.00045
-0.00001

-0.00002 LONGITUDE (sec)

-0.00003

-0.00004

-0.00005

-0.00006

LATITUDE (sec)

Figure 4.28. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO WGS 84 -

GEO PRS 92
 51

GEO WGS 84 - ECEF WGS 84

0.6

0.4

0.2
X - AXIS (mm)

0
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

Y - AXIS (mm)

Figure 4.29. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO WGS 84 -

ECEF WGS 84

GEO WGS 84 - ECEF PRS 92

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-0.5

-1
X - ASIX (mm)

-1.5

-2

-2.5
Y - AXIS (mm)

Figure 4.30. Horizontal Positional Error of GEO WGS 84 -

ECEF PRS 92
 52

ECEF WGS 84 - PTM

0
12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5
-0.5
NORTHINGS (mm)

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5
EASTINGS (mm)

Figure 4.31. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF WGS 84 - PTM

ECEF WGS 84 - GEO PRS 92

0
0.00041 0.00042 0.00043 0.00044 0.00045 0.00046
-0.00001

LONGITUDE (sec)
-0.00002

-0.00003

-0.00004

-0.00005

-0.00006

-0.00007

LATITUDE (sec)

Figure 4.32. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF WGS 84 - GEO PRS 92

 53

ECEF WGS 84 - GEO WGS 84

0.000025
0.00002
0.000015
0.00001
0.000005
X - AXIS (mm)

0
-0.00002 -0.000015 -0.00001 -0.000005
-0.000005 0 0.000005 0.00001 0.000015 0.00002
-0.00001
-0.000015
-0.00002
-0.000025

Y - AXIS (mm)

Figure 4.33. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF WGS 84 -

GEO WGS 84

ECEF WGS 84 - ECEF PRS 92

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-0.5

-1
X - ASIX (mm)

-1.5

-2

-2.5

-3
Y - AXIS (mm)

Figure 4.34. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF WGS 84 -

ECEF PRS 92
 54

ECEF PRS 92 - PTM

0
12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5
-0.5
NORTHINGS (mm)

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5
EASTINGS (mm)

Figure 4.35. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF PRS 92 - PTM

ECEF PRS 92 - GEO PRS 92

0
0.00041 0.00042 0.00043 0.00044 0.00045 0.00046
-0.00001

LONGITUDE (sec)
-0.00002

-0.00003

-0.00004

-0.00005

-0.00006

-0.00007

LATITUDE (sec)

Figure 4.36. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF PRS 92 -

GEO PRS 92
 55

ECEF PRS 92 - GEO WGS 84

0.000025
0.00002
0.000015
0.00001
0.000005
X - AXIS (mm)

0
-0.00002 -0.000015 -0.00001 -0.000005
-0.000005 0 0.000005 0.00001 0.000015 0.00002
-0.00001
-0.000015
-0.00002
-0.000025

Y - AXIS (mm)

Figure 4.37. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF PRS 92 -

GEO WGS 84

ECEF PRS 92 - ECEF WGS 84

2.5

1.5
X - ASIX (mm)

0.5

0
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
Y - AXIS (mm)

Figure 4.38. Horizontal Positional Error of ECEF PRS 92 -

ECEF WGS 84
 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

The main objective of the study is to create a user-friendly and convenient geodetic

coordinate conversion/transformation application that can be easily accessed through an

android mobile device. The application was written using the Python language, together

with the Kivy library. The main advantage of using this library is its ability to develop a

cross-platform application that works on Android devices. The application’s accuracy was

determined through the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) calculation and validated by

comparing the computed control points from the application with the evaluated control

points.

To evaluate the accessibility of the application, a survey questionnaire was

conducted, targeting Geodetic Engineers in Region VIII. The questionnaire consisted of

questions that evaluated the application's user-friendliness and convenience, such as speed,

practicality, in-app experience, and graphical user interface (GUI) qualities. The survey

results showed positive feedback from the respondents who used the application, indicating

its high user acceptability. The application's GUI qualities were rated based on its system

consistency, relevance, efficiency, error handling, and promptness of action, and the results

showed that the respondents found the application to be user-friendly.

Overall, the study presents a practical and efficient solution for Geodetic Engineers

in the Philippines who need to convert geodetic coordinates using an android mobile
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device. The application's high accuracy, user-friendliness, and convenience make it an

essential tool for surveying and mapping tasks.

5.2 Conclusion

In conclusion, the android application developed in this study provides a convenient

and accurate tool for geodetic coordinate transformation and conversion. The application's

user-friendly interface allows users to easily choose their desired input and output

parameters for 30 different conversion problems. The survey conducted among Geodetic

Engineers in Region VIII showed positive feedback regarding the accessibility and

convenience of the application.

To evaluate the accuracy of the application, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)

was computed for each conversion problem. The small values of RMSE, with mean errors

in millimeters and seconds, indicate that the application performs well with high accuracy.

The results presented in this study demonstrate that the developed application can be a

useful tool for geodetic engineers and other professionals who require accurate and

efficient coordinate transformation and conversion.

Overall, the android application developed in this study represents a significant

contribution to the field of geodetics and provides a valuable tool for professionals in need

of accurate and efficient coordinate transformation and conversion.

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5.3 Recommendation

The android application developed in this study provides a convenient and accurate

solution for geodetic coordinate conversion and transformation. The program's user-

friendly interface and accessible design were well-received by the target users, as

demonstrated by the positive feedback gathered through the survey questionnaire.

However, there are still areas for improvement to further enhance the application's

capabilities. The following recommendations aim to address these areas and serve as a

guide for future development.

1. Make the program available for devices using Mac Operating system and

iPhone Operating System (iOS).

2. Use other projections in converting Cartesian to Geographic coordinates

other than Bowring.

3. Add an option for other Datum.

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npapers3://publication/uuid/04083570-5B5A-42AC-BC9F-22B3AC259DB5

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APPENDICES
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A. GUI quality rubrics

1 2 3 4 5
Stro Disa Neu Ag Stro
ngly gree tral ree ngly Agree
Disagree
Qualiti
es

System The The The Th The

Consistency UI has poor UI has fair
UI has e UI has UI has
consistency consistency
good very good excellent
in design, of design,
consistency consistenc consistency
choice of choice of
of design, y of of design,
color, and color, and
choice of design, choice of
platform platform color, and choice of color, and
platform color, and platform
platform
Releva The The The Th The
nce Context UI has a UI has fair UI has a e UI has a UI has an
poor amount amount of good very good excellent
of information amount of amount of amount of
information displayed information informatio information
displayed displayed n displayed
displayed

Efficie The The The Th The

ncy UI has UI has UI has e UI has UI has
displayed displayed displayed displayed displayed
information information information informatio information
in a poor in a fair in a good n in a right in an
manner manner manner manner excellent
manner
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Error The The The Th The

Handling UI has a UI has fair UI has a e UI has a UI has
poor capability of good very good excellent
capability of catching and capability capability capability of
catching and providing of catching of catching and
providing solutions to and catching providing
solutions to the errors providing and solutions to
the errors solutions to providing the errors
the errors solutions
to the
errors
Prompt The The The Th The
ness of Action UI has a UI has a fair UI has e UI has a UI has a
slow response and good fast very fast
response access to response response response
and access information and access and access and access
to to to to
information information informatio information
n
Naviga The The The Th The
tion UI has a UI has a fair UI has a e UI has a UI has an
poor navigation good very good excellent
navigation between navigation navigation navigation
between between between between
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B. GUI and User-Acceptability questionnaire

List of questions for the GUI and User-Acceptability questionnaire:

▪ Graphical User Interface (GUI) qualities survey

1. The user-interface (UI) is appealing to me as a user of the application.
2. The UI contains an appropriate label of the required input and
expected output of the program.
3. The labels are properly in place.
4. The UI prompts an error message when an error occurs and provides
appropriate solutions to handle error.
5. The user-interface responds fast.
6. The UI is easy to navigate.
▪ User Acceptability Survey
1. The user can use the app to solve coordinate conversions anytime and
anywhere the user wants.
2. The user cans solve coordinate conversion problems with speed using
the application.
3. The user can solve coordinate conversions problems with speed using
the application.
4. The application can be of practical use to Geodetic Engineer
practitioners.
5. Rate your experience using the application.
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C. Baybay City, Leyte monuments coordinates (PRS92, WGS84, PTM)

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