Frequenz 2018; aop

Manisha Gupta* and Vinita Mathur

Hexagonal Fractal Antenna using Koch

for Wireless Applications
https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2017-0203 of the advantages of the Microstrip patch antenna.
Received August 31, 2017 However resonating at an individual frequency, limited
Abstract: This paper presents the design, fabrication, and impedance bandwidth and less gain are some of the
measurement of a novel ultra-wideband (UWB) hexago- limitations of these aerials. Hence modifications are
nal fractal patch antenna. This antenna uses hexagonal required in these designs to make them applicable for
shape with Koch snowflake fractal at its edges. The pro- modern communication systems [1]–[3]. Hence, there is a
posed antenna has been excited using microstrip feed. need for an antenna that is multiband, small in size and
The measured result of this antenna offers the ultra wide- circularly polarized. As with standard patch antennas
band characteristics from 3.265 GHz to 8.2 GHz. The circular polarization and large impedance bandwidth
antenna is practically fabricated and tested. Measured both cannot be achieved simultaneously. Therefore multi-
results show a good agreement with simulated results. band, lower weight, smaller dimension and low in cost
The measured radiation patterns of this antenna are are some of the requirements that can be achieved by
nearly omnidirectional in H-plane and bidirectional in using fractal shaped antenna than conventionally possi-
E-plane. This antenna holds applications in many satel- ble [4]–[6].
lite communication transmissions, some Wi-Fi devices, Complex figures which have a repetitive nature on
cordless telephones, and weather radar systems. In this varied scales are known as fractals. This has initiated a
paper, an approach for multi-band antennas is proposed. research about antennas in various directions, and it is
First, a hexagonal patch is taken, it is fractured using found that the following designs are particularly focused
Koch structure. The antenna shows compact dimensions on the generation of self-similar shapes that generate
with good S11 and pattern performance to be adopted for multi frequency which results in increased bandwidth
UWB applications. and size reduction of the antenna and has better char-
acteristics when compared with conventional microstrip
Keywords: hexagonal patch, Koch fractal, ultra wideband antenna. Examples of these mathematical structures are
von Koch snowflake, Sierpinski carpet, the Mandelbrot
set, the Lorenz attractor, and the Minkowski curve [7]–[9].
1 Introduction Log periodic resonant property is shown by Sierpinski
gasket, circular disk [10], [11] and Parany monopole
The demand for ultra-wideband (UWB) technology sys- antenna [12].
tem is increased due to its potential applications in Antenna dimensions and wavelength hold a strong
indoor communication. The UWB technology requires relation. Radiation resistance, gain, and bandwidth
high data transmission capacity at very low power, values decrease if the transmitter size is less than λ/2,
large bandwidth, omnidirectional radiation pattern, and and because of this factor, its efficiency reduces. One of
high gain in short-range communications [1]. However, the effects of defected ground structure (DGS) is to reduce
the design of a compact wideband antenna which meets the size of antenna and coupling in arrays [11], [13]. To
the above requirements is a challenging task. reduce complexity and make the structure simple, the
Compact size, light weight, low cost and antennas multiband aerial is required. H-shape, U-shape, and hex-
that can be efficiently attached to host surface are some agonal slot with slits have been used to implement triple-
band antennas [1], [14].
A new fractal multiband antenna based on hexa-
*Corresponding author: Manisha Gupta, Department of Physics, gon was done. Three iterations of the hexagonal fractal
Senior Member IEEE, JECRC University, Jaipur, India,
arranged in the dipole configuration were examined
E-mail: [email protected]
[15]. Hexagonal shape with a radius as 18 mm was
Vinita Mathur, Department of Electronics and Communication,
Research Scholar, JECRC University, Jaipur, India, described. Three iterations were done to achieve the
E-mail: [email protected] multi band behavior. Gain obtained was 6.5 dB [16].

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2 M. Gupta and V. Mathur: Hexagonal Fractal Antenna

Further reduction in the patch size on this planar 2 Antenna design

shape that was fed with a microstrip-fed for frequency
range 2.64–6.96 GHz was attained [17]. The defected This section describes the antenna geometry and the
ground structure was also added with hexagonal slots design process. Analysis of the proposed structures is
to cover bands 2.42 GHz and 2.48 GHz [18]. To avoid obtained by using CST Microwave Studio. The proposed
interference Koch geometry at the edges of the hexago- antenna is described in this section.
nal patch, with C shaped notches was presented [19]. A
combination of Koch and Sierpinski fractal geometry
algorithm on the simple hexagonal patch was added,
bandwidth attained was 60 MHz and the gain was 2.1 Mathematical modelling of hexagonal
7.48dBi [20]. To increase the bandwidth, a new fractal fractal antenna structure
antenna on the hexagonal cut circular antenna with
five iterations was designed. Bandwidth obtained was A regular hexagonal shape is an important variation of
8.6 GHz with a frequency range from 5.8–14.4 GHz [21]. the equilateral triangle element. Although the configura-
Investigation of a hexagonal shaped fractal monopole tion has not been treated adequately, numerical methods
antenna with a radius of the patch as 10 mm by using have been reported to predict the resonant frequency.
DGS and DMS for ultra wide band applications was The resonant frequency for the lowest order mode may
done. But the gain was reduced to 1.88 dB [22]. A be approximately calculated from [16]:
hexagonal tree shaped fractal antenna to enhance
further the bandwidth was fabricated. By using mod- kS = 2.01 (1)
ified feed line and semi-circular ground plane, the
where S is the side of a hexagon shown in Figure 1. In the
aerial was operable in 2.5–16 GHz frequency range
derivation of the above relationship, the hexagonal ele-
with gain as 4 dB [23].
ment is assumed to be a resonant cavity with perfectly
The objective of this work is to design a fractal micro-
conducting side walls. A circular disk is a limiting case of
strip antenna structure on the hexagonal patch.
a polygon with a large number of sides; the resonant
Better gain, directivity, VSWR, and bandwidth have
frequency for the dominant as well as for the higher
been obtained. This antenna holds applications in
order modes may be calculated from eq. (2).
many satellite communication transmissions, some
Wi-Fi devices, cordless telephones, and weather radar knm c
systems. Fracturing is particularly focused on the gen- fr = p (2)
2πae εr
eration of multi-frequency which results in increased
bandwidth and size reduction of the antenna and has Where knm = ka is the mth zero of the derivative of the
better characteristics when compared with conven- Bessel function of order n and c is the velocity of light in
tional microstrip antenna. Microstrip-fed hexagonal free space. An effective radius ae has been introduced in
shaped fractal antennas for UWB application is pro-
posed in this section.
Inner and outer both hexagon edges are Koch frac-
tured, i. e., the Sierpinski pattern is followed by Koch
hexagon fractal (SKHF). Table 1 shows the comparison
of the proposed antenna with other fractal antennas.

Table 1: Comparison of the proposed antenna with other fractal

antennas.

S.No Reference Size (mm Χ mm) Frequency range (GHz)

. Ref []  ×  .

. Ref []  ×  . (.–.)
. Ref []  ×  . (–.)
. Ref []  ×  .(.–.)
. Proposed  ×  . (.–.)
Figure 1: Geometry of a Regular Hexagonal Element.

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 M. Gupta and V. Mathur: Hexagonal Fractal Antenna 3

equation to account for the fringe fields along the edge of aperture, and the far field in spherical coordinates may
the resonator: then be found from this potential:
 1=2
2h
πa Vak0 e − jk0 r
ae = a 1 + ln + 1.7726 (3) Eθ = j n cos n’.½Jn + 1 ðk0 a sinθÞ − Jn − 1 ðk0 a sinθÞ
πaεr 2h 2 r
(8)
by replacing a by equivalent aeq . The equivalent radius
aeq is determined by comparing areas of a hexagon and a
Vak0 e − jk0 r
circular disk of radius aeq : E’ = j n cos θ sin n’.½Jn + 1 ðk0 a sinθÞ
2 r (9)
pffiffiffi + Jn − 1 ðk0 a sinθÞ
3 3 S2
πaeq =
2
(4)
2
Where V = hE0 Jn ðkaÞ and is known as the edge voltage at
or ’ = 0.
Similar expressions may also be derived using elec-
aeq = 0.9094S (5)
tric instead of magnetic source currents. In this case, the
Thus, the resonant frequency of a hexagonal element field expressions are:
may be written:
Vak0 e − jk0 r sinðk0 h cos θÞ
Knm c 1.1Knm c Eθ = jn cos n’ ½Jn + 1 ðk0 a sinθÞ
fr = pffiffiffiffi = pffiffiffiffi (6) 2 r k0 h cos θ
2π ð0.9094 SÞ εr 2π S εr − Jn − 1 ðk0 a sinθÞ
Where Knm has been defined as in Table 2 (10)
The radiation characteristics may be determined from
the cavity fields as they were for the circular disk case. Vak0 e − jk0 r sinðk0 h cos θÞ
E’ = j n cosθ sin n’ ½Jn + 1 ðk0 a sinθÞ
2 r k0 h cos θ
Table 2: Values of roots with variation in modes.
+ Jn − 1 ðk0 a sinθÞ
(11)
Mode (n,m) Root ka
These fields differ by a factor F, where
, 
, . sinðk0 h cos θÞ
, . F= (12)
k0 h cos θ
, .
, . In general, however h  λ0 or k0 h  1, so F is nearly
unity. Hence, the fields derived are essentially indepen-
dent of the manner of derivation.
A microstrip-fed hexagonal shaped fractal aerial for
2.1.1 Far fields
UWB application is proposed in this paper. Patch is frac-
tured, on the edges of the patch, Koch snowflake is being
The radiation from the disk may be derived either from
implemented. Further, a comparison is done regarding
the Ez field across the aperture between the disk and the
antenna parameters such as S11, bandwidth, and gain.
ground plane at ρ = a (using vector electric potentials) or
The objective of the paper is to design a fractal microstrip
from currents in the disk conductor (employing vector
antenna structure over the UWB frequency range with
magnetic potentials). The exact behavior of E0 across
better gain, VSWR, and bandwidth. This antenna holds
the gap is not known, but for λh0  1, it may be considered
applications in many satellite communication transmis-
constant for a first order approximation. The radiation
sions, some Wi-Fi devices, cordless telephones, and
field in the upper half space is derived using image
weather radar systems [6].
theory with the ground plane replaced by an equivalent
Figure 2 shows the recursive generation of the Koch
magnetic current
structure on the edges of the hexagon patch. Figure 3

= 2EX
M
n^ (7) shows the proposed antenna structure. The dimensions of
the structure are shown in Table 3.
The electric vector potential can be calculated by inte- The flowchart of the design process of the designed
grating this equivalent magnetic current over the antenna is as shown in Figure 4

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4 M. Gupta and V. Mathur: Hexagonal Fractal Antenna

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2: Recursive generation of Koch structure (a) Iteration-0 (b) Iteration-1, and (c) Iteration-2.

3 Results and parametric study

This section discusses the antenna with variations in its
design parameters; the outcomes are obtained by simu-
lating it on CST Microwave Studio Tool. S11, gain, band-
width, and radiation pattern are measured. The output
criterion of the designed antenna is considered by mod-
ifying one design parameter at a time and adjusting the
remaining.

3.1 Effect of varying substrate thickness

The variation in S11 with change in the height of the

substrate is shown in Figure 5. The substrate is important
for the mechanical strength of the antenna. It is used for
degraded electric properties as the surface wave pro-
Figure 3: Proposed hexagonal fractal patch antenna. duced on the dielectric extract is a part of the total
power for space waves. The actual height of the substrate
is given as h = 1 mm

Table 3: Dimensions of the proposed antenna.

3.2 Effect of varying substrate material
Parameters Values (mm)
Figure 6 shows the S11 plot of the proposed structure by
Substrate length (L)  mm
Substrate width (W)  mm using four different substrates commonly used in the
Ground length (Lgnd) . mm market. However, the estimated bandwidth (4.8 GHz)
Ground width (W)  mm has been obtained on use of FR4 substrate having a
Feed length (L_feed) . mm dielectric constant of 4.4.
Feed width (W_feed) . mm
First Hexagon side length (a)  mm
Koch triangle side length (b)  mm
Second Hexagon side length (a)  mm
Third Hexagon side length (a)  mm
3.3 Effect of varying feed width
Second Koch triangle side length (b) . mm
Fourth Hexagon side length (a)  mm The reflected power and loss of signal is very less when
Substrate Material FR- proper matching is done, i. e., at W_feed = 1.8 mm as
Substrate thickness  mm observed from the Figure 7.

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 M. Gupta and V. Mathur: Hexagonal Fractal Antenna 5

Start

Mathematical formulation to calculate the dimensions of the antenna design with substrate parameters as
{h= 1 mm, ε r = 4.4 and metallization thickness= 35 µm}

Design the 50 Ω I/O feed at f 0

Choose fractal design and number of iterations

Modelling the single microstrip patch using CST Microwave Studio

Parameters optimization and dimension scaling

Check resonance at
fo

Measure antenna S-parameters

Resonance at fo with
reasonable performance

Final Design

End

Figure 4: Flowchart of design process.

Figure 5: Comparison of S11 (dB) with frequency (GHz) of SKHF with variation in substrate thickness (mm).

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6 M. Gupta and V. Mathur: Hexagonal Fractal Antenna

Figure 6: Comparison of S11 (dB) with frequency (GHz) of SKHF for different substrate materials.

Figure 7: Comparison of S11 (dB) with frequency (GHz) of SKHF for variation in feed width (mm).

3.4 Effect of varying ground dimensions (x) defected ground as 10.7*32 mm (L*W). As multiband
results are observed in this case.
The dimensions of the defected ground plane are varied,
and the consequence of this variation in the S11 of the
patch antenna is observed. The resonance frequencies 3.5 Effect of fracturing the patch
and the simulated impedance bandwidths for the differ-
ent dimension of ground are shown in Figure 8. The In the first step, the hexagonal patch is taken with a
impedance bandwidth could be further enhanced by radius as 8 mm, on its edges, Koch snowflake is added
applying different sizes of ground plane lengths. Better with order 2. In next step, a hexagonal patch with a
results are observed by keeping the dimensions of the radius as 6 mm is removed. In further steps on next

Figure 8: Comparison of S11 (dB) with frequency (GHz) of SKHF for variation in ground dimension (mm).

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 M. Gupta and V. Mathur: Hexagonal Fractal Antenna 7

hexagon patch with a radius as 4 mm Koch snowflake is especially interesting to compare it with that of the clo-
again added, and in the last patch with radius 2 mm is sest Euclidean version, i. e., a straight monopole.
removed as shown in Figure 9. Figure 10 shows the Figure 11 shows the S11 graph of the final fractured
fabricated antenna. DGS hexagonal structure. Bandwidth is 4.8 GHz. Figure
Fracturing is particularly focused on the generation shows the finalize simulated S11 plot of the proposed
of multi-frequency which results in increased bandwidth structure using an FR4 substrate which covers WLAN/
and size reduction of the antenna and has better char- WiMAX and various C-band (4–6 GHz) applications.
acteristics when compared with conventional microstrip VSWR is a measure that describes the matching of
antenna. They show multiband characteristics because of impedance in the antenna to the connecting line it is
their self-similar properties. associated to. Voltage along the transmission line deter-
Iterative Function System (IFS) algorithm is applied mines the VSWR. At resonant frequencies, the value is
to generate the succession of curves that converge to the approximately between 1 and 2 as shown in Figure 12.
ideal fractal shape. These IFSs are used to construct The radiation patterns are found to be omnidirec-
certain fractals. It can be proved that the starting element tional. The use of fractal geometry in antenna design
is irrelevant to converge to the fractal shape; however, helps to achieve the stable radiation pattern because of
when analyzing the fractal antenna behavior, it looks the current present at the fractal edges of Koch geometry

Figure 9: Intermediate stages of designing the proposed antenna configuration.

Figure 10: Photograph of the fabricated prototype antenna structures (a) Front view of KHF (b) Back view of KHF (c) Front view of SKHF
(d) Back view of SKHF.

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8 M. Gupta and V. Mathur: Hexagonal Fractal Antenna

Figure 11: Graph of S11 with frequency.

Figure 12: Simulated and measured VSWR of the proposed structure.

in monopole. This shows good matching and lower

reflection at the desired frequency.
The S11, resonance frequency, and input impedance
measurements are carried out by using a Vector Network
Analyzer and its associated computer programs. During
impedance measurements, due consideration was given
to the accuracy enhancement technique to correct direc-
tivity, effective source match and frequency tracking
errors. The measured resonance frequencies of the
antenna using network analyzer were found around
3.5 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and 7.4 GHz.
Figure 13 shows the gain vs. frequency plot of the
proposed structure with a maximum of 6.8dB. Figure 14
shows the polar plot patterns at resonant frequencies.
These patterns are measured by placing antenna struc-
ture inside an anechoic chamber. The test antenna is Figure 13: Gain vs. frequency plot of the proposed structure.
mounted on an arrangement lying on a 1 m diameter
circular wooden platform. With the help of a sweep gen-
erator 2.9 GHz, 3.7 GHz, 6.9 GHz and 10.35 GHz. Frequency current to the patch. Fig 3.6(a) and 3.6(b) show the surface
signals are applied, and radiation patterns are measured current on the patch and partial ground plane resp.
by changing angle θ from 0o to 360o. Surface current distribution of the patch at resonant
Surface current is very important factor in analyzing the frequencies is depicted in Figure 15. In Figure the magni-
behavior of antenna. It gives information about current tude of the simulated current distribution is shown. It is
density on the different parts of antenna. Accordingly differ- analyzed that active region tends to concentrate more
ent techniques can be applied in order to supply maximum towards the feed point.

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 M. Gupta and V. Mathur: Hexagonal Fractal Antenna 9

Figure 14: E-field patterns at various frequencies (φ = 900) ( ___ simulated —- measured) (a) 3.5 (b) 5.8 (c) 7.4 GHz.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 15: Surface current distribution (a) 3.5 GHz (b) 5.8 GHz (c) 7.4 GHz.

Figure 16: Phase response of antenna.

Linear phase response is required to efficiently utilize range. The measured group delays almost unchanged
UWB range. As seen in Figure 16 it is analyzed that in the desired frequency, and it indicates a good perfor-
there is phase surface excitation due to linear phase mance in time.
and less distortion in signal transmission.
At the receiver side near constant group delay d’ð f Þ
Group Delay, ζ =
should be there in UWB range for efficient working of 2πdf
the antenna. The group delay measurements were per-
formed and are shown in Figure 17. It is the derivative of The transmitting aerial is fixed and is facing the receiving
the far-field phase concerning the frequency. The antenna (phi = 0, theta = 90). The chosen distance
straight graph is obtained almost at entire frequency between both the antennas is 4 mm. In CST Microwave

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10 M. Gupta and V. Mathur: Hexagonal Fractal Antenna

Figure 17: Group delay of the antenna.

Studio default Gaussian waveform for the frequency having the fidelity factor. Figure 18 displays the normal-
range 3–10 GHz, is used as the input signal. ized signals in the E-plane.
For the Fidelity Factor calculation, in CST, ideal The calculated fidelity factor is 85 % .
probes were placed at the far-field of transmitting
antenna to receive the radiated signals. The results
show good transient performance of both antennas at 4 Conclusion
different orientations. Fidelity factor is used to calculate
the pulse distortion level. It compares the shapes of a This paper presents the design and performance of an
source pulse and a received pulse and is defined by the inset feed hexagonal patch antenna. In this structure,
equation. both ground plane and radiating patch are modified to
  obtain the desired performance. Koch snowflake fractal
 R∞ 
  and defected ground structure arrangement is designed
 − ∞ sðt Þr ðt − τÞ 
F = maxτ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi 
 R∞ 2 R∞ 2 
on a glass epoxy FR-4 substrate. The designed antenna
 − ∞ s ðt Þ dt − ∞ r ðt Þ dt  presents much-improved gain and axial ratio. These
improved parameters are achieved without much
Where, s (t) is the transmitted signal and r (t) is the increase in the thickness of the structure. In several mod-
received signal. For impulse radio in UWB communica- ern-day wireless and satellite communication systems,
tions, a high degree of correlation has to be existed multiband along with circularly polarized radiations
between the transmitted and received signals to avoid with higher axial ratio bandwidth are desired, and this
losing the modulated information. However, it is not antenna may prove to be a useful structure for these
mandatory for most other telecommunication systems systems. Different characteristics of antennas such as

Figure 18: Normalized received signals by virtual probe for Phi = 90° in the E-plane.

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 M. Gupta and V. Mathur: Hexagonal Fractal Antenna 11

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antenna operates well in UWB frequency range [27]. larly polarized hexagonal slot antenna with multiple L-shaped
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