CHEMISTRY (862)

Aims:
1. To foster acquisition of knowledge and understanding of terms, concepts, facts, processes, techniques and
principles relating to the subject of Chemistry.
2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge of contents and principles of Chemistry in new or unfamiliar
situations.
3. To develop skills in proper handling of apparatus and chemicals.
4. To develop an ability to appreciate achievements in the field of Chemistry and its role in nature and society.
5. To develop an interest in activities involving usage of the knowledge of Chemistry.
6. To develop a scientific attitude through the study of Physical Sciences.
7. To acquaint students with the emerging frontiers and interdisciplinary aspects of the subject.
8. To develop skills relevant to the discipline.
9. To apprise students with interface of Chemistry with other disciplines of Science, such as, Physics, Biology,
Geology, Engineering, etc.

CLASS XI
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper I: Theory- 3 hours ... 70 marks Paper II: Practical - 3 hours ... 15 marks
Project Work … 10 marks
Practical File … 5 marks
PAPER 1- THEORY: 70 Marks

S.No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
2. Structure of Atom
3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Physical Chemistry
4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 32 Marks
5. States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
6. Chemical Thermodynamics
7. Equilibrium
8. Redox Reactions
9. Hydrogen Inorganic Chemistry
10. s -Block Elements 15 Marks
11. Some p -Block Elements
12. Organic Chemistry: Some basic Principles and Techniques
13. Hydrocarbons Organic Chemistry
14. Environmental Chemistry 23 Marks

TOTAL 70 Marks

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 PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks (vi)Chemical equivalents, volumetric calculations
in terms of normality. C = 12.00 should be
1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
taken as a standard for expressing atomic
General introduction: Importance and scope of masses.
chemistry. Equivalent weight expressing the combining
Study of matter. Understanding laws of capacity of the elements with the standard
chemical combination. Dalton's atomic theory: elements such as H, Cl, O, Ag, etc.
concept of elements, atoms and molecules. Variable equivalent weight. Gram equivalent
Isotopic (atomic) and molecular masses, mole weights, relationship between gram
concept and molar mass, percentage equivalent weight, gram molecular mass and
composition, empirical and molecular valency.
formula. Stoichiometry and calculations based Determination of equivalent weight of acids,
on chemical reactions. alkalis, salts, oxidising and reducing agents.
(i) Precision and accuracy: (experimental details not required).
Terms used in volumetric calculations such
Quantities and their measurements in as percentage (w/w and w/v), normality,
Chemistry, significant figures, SI units. molarity, molality, mole fraction, etc. should
(ii) Dimensional analysis: be discussed. Students are required to know
the formulae and normality and molarity
Conversion of units, numericals and
equations.
applications of units.
Simple calculations on the above topics.
(iii) The concept of atoms having fixed properties
in explaining the laws of chemical (vii)Chemical reactions – stoichiometric
combination. calculations based on mass-mass,
mass-volume, volume-volume relationships
Study about atoms. Dalton’s atomic theory: and limiting reagent.
Main postulates of the theory; its limitations.
2. Structure of Atom
Laws of chemical combinations:
Discovery of fundamental particles electron,
 Law of conservation of mass. proton and neutron), atomic number, isotopes
 Law of definite proportions. and isobars. Thomson's model and its
limitations. Rutherford's experimental model
 Law of multiple proportions. and its limitations. Dual nature of matter and
 Law of reciprocal proportions. light. Bohr's atomic model and its limitations
(de Broglie's equation, Heisenberg’s uncertainty
 Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes. principle), concept of shells, subshells, orbitals.
Statement, explanation and simple problems Quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d
based on these laws. orbitals. Rules for filling electrons in orbitals -
aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle
(iv) Atomic (isotopic masses) and molecular mass. and Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity.
Relative molecular mass and mole: Electronic configuration of atoms, stability of
half- filled and completely filled orbitals.
The atomic mass unit is one of the
experimentally determined unit. It is equal to (i) Subatomic particles (electrons, protons and
1/12 of the mass of the carbon 12 isotope. neutrons) their charges and masses: Concept
of indivisibility of atom as proposed by
Numerical problems based on mole concept, Dalton does not exist. The atom consists of
Avogadro’s number and gram molecular subatomic fundamental particles. Production
volume. of cathode rays and their properties.
(v) Empirical and molecular formula: Production of anode rays and their
Numericals based on the above. properties.

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 Chadwick’s experiment for the discovery of • Pauli’s exclusion principle.
neutron and properties of neutron.
• Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
(ii) Rutherford’s nuclear model based on the
scattering experiment: Rutherford’s • Electronic configuration of elements and
scattering experiment. Discovery of nucleus. ions in terms of s, p, d, f subshells and
Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom. Defects stability of half-filled and completely
of Rutherford’s model. Electromagnetic wave filled orbitals.
theory and its limitations (Black body 3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity in
radiation and photoelectric effect) Properties
Planck’s quantum theory. Significance of classification; study of
Numericals based on the above. Mendeleev’s periodic law and its limitations;
(iii) Types of spectra: emission and absorption Modern Periodic Law and the present form of
spectra. Band and line spectra to be periodic table leading to periodic trends in
discussed. properties of elements - atomic radii, ionic radii,
valency, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain
(iv) Bohr’s atomic model.
enthalpy, electronegativity. Nomenclature of
Postulates of Bohr’s theory – based on elements with atomic number greater than 100.
Planck’s quantum theory.
(i) Modern Periodic Law
Merits of Bohr’s atomic model and
explanation of hydrogen spectra. Mendeleev’s periodic law, defects in the
Calculations based on Rydberg’s formula. Mendeleev’s periodic table. Advantages and
disadvantages. Modern periodic law (atomic
Numericals on Bohr’s atomic radii, velocity
number taken as the basis of classification of
and energy of orbits (derivation not
the elements).
required).
Defects in Bohr’s Model. (ii) Long form of Periodic Table.
(v) Quantum mechanical model of an atom - a General characteristics of groups and
simple mathematical treatment. Quantum periods. Division of periodic table as s, p, d
numbers; shape, size and orientation of s, p and f blocks. IUPAC nomenclature for
and d orbitals only (no derivation). aufbau elements with Z> 100.
principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, (iii)Periodic trends in properties of elements.
Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
Electronic configuration of elements in terms Atomic radius, ionic radius, ionisation
of s, p, d, f subshells. enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy,
electronegativity, metallic and non-metallic
• de Broglie’s equation. Numericals. characteristics.
• Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle.
• Periodic properties such as valence
Numericals.
electrons, atomic and ionic radii and their
• Schrodinger Wave Equation – physical variation in groups and periods.
significance of Ψ and |Ψ| 2.
• The idea of ionisation enthalpy, electron
• Quantum numbers – types of quantum gain enthalpy and electronegativity must
numbers, shape, size and orientation of be given and their variation in groups and
the s, p and d subshells. Information periods may be discussed.
obtained in terms of distance of electron
from the nucleus, node, nodal planes and • The factors (atomic number, screening
radial probability curve, energy of effect and shielding effect, the number of
electron, number of electrons present in electrons in the outermost orbit) which
an orbit and an orbital. affect these periodic properties and their
variation in groups and periods.
• aufbau principle, (n+l) rule.

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 (iv) Periodic trends in chemical properties – (iii) Covalent Bond – Bond parameters, Lewis
periodicity of valence or oxidation states. structure, polar character of covalent bond,
Anomalous properties of second period shapes.
elements. Sigma and pi bonds e.g. formation of
Diagonal relationship; acidic and basic nature ammonia, nitrogen, ethene, ethyne, and
of oxides. carbon dioxide.
NOTE: Recommendations of the latest IUPAC Definition of covalent bond, conditions for
for numbering of groups to be followed. formation of covalent bonds, types of covalent
Numbering 1 – 18 replacing old notation of bonds, i.e single, double and triple bonds.
I – VIII. Details given at the end of the Sigma and pi bonds: H 2 , O 2 , N 2 .
syllabus. Classification of covalent bonds based on
4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular structure electronegativity of atoms - polar and non-
polar covalent bond, dipole moment.
Valence electrons, ionic bond character, covalent
Formation of CH 4 , NH 3 , H 2 O, ethane, ethene,
bond of ionic bond, covalent bond, bond
ethyne and CO 2 , etc. and their electron dot
parameters, lewis structure, polar character of
structure or Lewis structure.
covalent bond, VSEPR theory, geometry of
covalent m o l e c u l e s , valence bond theory, Characteristics of covalent compounds.
concept of hybridisation involving s, p and d Comparison in electrovalency and covalency.
orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules. Reason for variable covalency e.g.
Coordinate bond. Molecular orbital theory of Phosphorus 3 & 5 and sulphur 2, 4, 6 &
homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative chlorine 1, 3, 5 and 7.
idea only). Resonance and hydrogen bond.
Formal charge of ions.
(i) Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding. (iv) Deviation from octet rule and Fajan’s rules.
Octet rule, its application to electrovalent and
covalent bonds. Definition of octet rule.
(ii) Electrovalent or ionic bond: Lewis structures Failure of octet rule, due to either incomplete
of NaCl, Li 2 O, MgO, CaO, MgF 2, and Na 2 S. octet or exceeding of octet with suitable
examples.
Definition of ionic bond.
Fajan’s rules: statements, conditions for
The conditions necessary for the formation of electrovalency and covalency. Polar and non
ionic bonds such as: polar bonds should be correlated with
- low ionisation enthalpy of metals. Fajan’s rules.
- high electron gain enthalpy of non- (v) Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
metals. (VSEPR) Theory; Hybridisation and shapes
- high lattice energy. of molecules: hybridisation involving s, p and
- electronegativity difference between the d orbitals only.
reacting atoms. Concept of electron-pair repulsion and
All these points must be discussed in detail. shapes of molecules using suitable examples.
The formation of cations and anions of Hybridisation and molecular shapes –
elements and their positions in the periodic definition, hybridisation of orbitals involving
table. s, p and d orbitals (using suitable examples).
Variable electrovalency; reasons for variable (vi) Molecular orbital theory: Qualitative
electrovalency i.e, due to inert electron pair treatment of homonuclear diatomic
effect and unstable core, by using suitable molecules of first two periods (hydrogen to
examples. neon), Energy level diagrams, bonding and
antibonding molecular orbitals, bond order,
Calculation of lattice enthalpy (Born-Haber paramagnetism of O 2 molecule. Relative
cycle).
stabilities of O 2 , O 2 -, O 2 2 - , O 2 + and N 2 ,
Characteristics of electrovalent bond. N 2 +, N 2 -, N 2 2-.
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 (vii) Co-ordinate or dative covalent bond, e.g. Graham’s Law of diffusion and its
formation of oxy-acids of chlorine: application.
Co-ordinate or dative covalent bonding: Numerical problems based on the above.
definition, formation of chlorous acid,
chloric acid, perchloric acid, ammonium ion, (iii) Ideal gas equation and application of this
hydronium ion, nitric acid, ozone. equation.
(viii) Resonance in simple inorganic molecules: Ideal gas equation PV = nRT; its application
Resonance in simple inorganic molecules like in calculation of relative molecular mass and
ozone, carbon dioxide, carbonate ion and in the calculation of the value of R.
nitrate ion. (iv) Kinetic Theory of gases.
(ix)Hydrogen bonding: the examples of Characteristics of gases, comparison between
hydrogen fluoride, water (ice), alcohol, etc. solid, liquid and gas. Properties of gases
may be considered. on the basis of kinetic theory of gases.
H-bonding – definition, types, condition for Postulates of kinetic theory must be
hydrogen bond formation, examples of discussed to explain gas laws. Concept of
inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in detail average, root mean square and most
taking hydrogen fluoride, water and ice and probable velocities (numericals not
ethanol into account. Intramolecular required). Non ideal behaviour of gases i.e.
hydrogen bonding. deviation from ideal gas equation may be
discussed at low and at high temperature and
5. States of Matter: Gases and Liquids pressure.
States of matter and their characteristic van der Waals’ equation (P + a/V2) (V-b)
properties to establish the concept of the = RT for one mole of a gas. (numericals not
molecule. Boyle's law, Charles law, Gay Lussac's required). The pressure correction and
law, Avogadro's law, Avogadro’s number, ideal volume correction may be explained.
behaviour of gases and derivation of ideal gas significance and units of ‘a’ and ‘b’ (van der
equation. Kinetic Theory of gases, kinetic energy Waals’ constant). Liquefaction of gases,
and molecular speeds (elementary idea). critical temperature.
Deviation from ideal behaviour, van der Waal’s (v) Liquid State - vapour pressure, viscosity and
equation, liquefaction of gases, critical surface tension.
temperature. Liquid state - vapour pressure,
viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea Qualitative idea only, no mathematical
only, no mathematical derivations). derivations

(i) Intermolecular interactions (van der Waals 6. Chemical Thermodynamics

forces), types of van der Waals forces, (i) Introduction, concepts, types of system,
melting and boiling points. surroundings, extensive, intensive properties
and state functions.
(ii) The Gas Laws.
Types of system – ideal system, real system,
Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, Absolute isolated system, closed system, open system.
temperature, pressure temperature law, Meaning of surroundings.
Avogadro’s law and Avogadro’s constant.
Relationship between the mole and Properties of the system: macroscopic,
Avogadro’s number. intensive and extensive properties.
State of the system.
Simple numerical problems based on the
above laws. Main processes the system undergoes:
reversible, irreversible, adiabatic,
Dalton’s law, Graham’s law of diffusion. isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, cyclic.
Dalton’s law of partial pressures and it’s Meaning of thermodynamic equilibrium.
application. Meaning of thermodynamic process.

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(ii) First Law of Thermodynamics and its observation – ionic neutralisation and the
significance, work, heat, internal energy, heat evolved.
enthalpy (∆U or ∆E and ∆H), heat capacity Definition of Calorific value of a fuel.
and specific heat. Hess's law of constant heat
summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, Statement of Hess’ Law and its application.
combustion, formation, atomisation, Problems based on Hess’ Law.
sublimation, phase transition, ionisation, (iii) Second Law of Thermodynamics and its
solution and dilution. significance, spontaneity of a chemical
Meaning of: internal energy of the system, change; Entropy, Free Energy. Inadequacy of
work done by the system, by the surroundings First Law and need for Second Law; Ideas
at constant temperature, heat absorbed by about reversible (recapitulation), spontaneous
the system and by the surroundings at and non-spontaneous processes
constant temperature. Meaning of entropy – derived from Second
The sign convention for change in internal Law – statement of Second Law in terms of
energy, heat given out or gained, work done entropy; Physical significance of entropy;
by the system or by the surroundings. State function and not path function. Entropy
State function and path function - meaning change of the universe, reversible isothermal
with examples. Internal energy change, work process and irreversible process.
done and heat absorbed in a cyclic process. Meaning of thermal death, Gibb’s free
Internal energy change in an isolated system energy of the system and Helmholtz free
and in a non-isolated system. Total internal energy. Relationship between Gibb’s free
energy change of a system and surroundings. energy and Helmholtz’s free energy.
Mathematical statement of the first law. Relationship between change in Gibb’s free
Significance of first law of thermodynamics. energy and equilibrium constant of a
Need for enthalpy – constant pressure or chemical reaction. Defining the criteria for
open vessel processes. Enthalpy - a spontaneity of a chemical change in terms of
thermodynamic property, state function. Gibb’s free energy.
Mathematical form of enthalpy. Note: Numericals based on the First Law,
Heat - the energy in transit. Conditions for Second Law of Thermodynamics and Hess’
the transfer of heat. Limitations in conversion Law.
of heat into work. Condition at which heat (iv) Third Law of Thermodynamics – statement
transfer ceases, unit of heat. only.
Meaning of work, capacity to do work,types Self-explanatory.
of work. Mathematical form of reversible
work and irreversible work. Difference 7. Equilibrium
between the reversible and irreversible work
(i) Chemical Equilibrium.
done – graphically.
Introduction of physical and chemical
Relationship between C v and internal energy
equilibrium and its characteristics
change. Relationship between C p and C v .
Dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of
Definitions of the following:
mass action, equilibrium constant and
Heat of reaction: Heat of formation – factors affecting equilibrium. Le Chatelier's
standard heat of formation, Heat of solution, principle and its applications.
Heat of dilution, Heat of neutralization, Heat
Irreversible and reversible reactions.
of combustion.
Constancy in the heat of neutralisation: Physical equilibrium: solid-liquid, liquid-
vapour, solid-vapour; Characteristics of
Experimental verification in case of strong Physical equilibrium.
acids and strong bases. Reason for that

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 Chemical equilibrium: Characteristics of Arrhenius, Brönsted-Lowry and Lewis
chemical equilibrium; dynamic nature. Law concept of acids and bases, multistage
of mass action; Equilibrium constant in ionisation of acids and bases with examples.
terms of concentration K c. Gaseous
Ionic product of water – definition, pH,
reactions; Equilibrium constant in terms of
pOH, pK w of solutions.
partial pressures K p . Relationship between
Kp and Kc (derivation required); pH indicators and their choice in titrimetry.
Characteristics of equilibrium constant; Numericals on the above concepts.
Units for equilibrium constant; Simple
calculations of equilibrium constant and Common ion effect – definition, examples
concentration. (acetic acid and sodium acetate; ammonium
hydroxide and ammonium chloride),
The following examples should be considered
applications in salt analysis.
to show maximum yield of products:
Salt hydrolysis – salts of strong acids and
- Synthesis of ammonia by Haber’s weak bases, weak acids and strong bases,
process. weak acids and weak bases and the pH
- The dissociation of dinitrogen tetra formula of the solutions of these salts in
oxide. water with suitable examples.
- Hydrolysis of simple esters. Buffer solutions: definition, examples,
action; its interpretations based on Le
- The contact process for the manufacture
Chatelier’s principle. Henderson equation.
of sulphuric acid.
Solubility product: definition and application
Le Chatelier’s Principle. Statement and
in qualitative salt analysis (Group II, III and
explanation.
IV cations).
Factors affecting chemical and physical
Numericals on pH, buffer solutions, solubility
equilibria should be discussed in the light of
and solubility product.
Le Chatelier’s principle.
8. Redox Reactions
- Change of concentration.
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox
- Change of temperature.
reactions, oxidation number, change in oxidation
- Change of pressure. number, balancing redox reactions (in terms of
loss and gain of electrons). Applications of
- Effect of catalyst.
redox in various types of chemical reactions.
- Addition of inert gas.
− Concept of oxidation and reduction in terms
(ii) Ionic equilibrium of oxygen, hydrogen, electrons.
Introduction, electrolyte (strong and weak), − Redox reactions – examples.
non-electrolyte, ionisation, degree of
ionisation of p ol yb asi c acid s, acid − Oxidation number: rules for calculation,
strength, concept of pH, pH indicators, simple calculations of oxidation state in
buffer solution, common ion effect (with molecules and ions like K 2 Cr 2 O 7 , S 2 O32 − ,
illustrative examples). Henderson equation, etc.
hydrolysis of salts, solubility and solubility
product. − Oxidation and reduction in terms of change
in oxidation number.
Ostwald’s dilution law and its derivation.
Strength of acids and bases based on their − Balancing of redox reactions in acidic and
dissociation constant. Problems based on the basic medium by oxidation number and ion-
Ostwald’s dilution law. electron method.

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9. Hydrogen • Sodium carbonate – principal and equation
Hydrogen and its compounds: hydrides, water, of Solvay’s process. Uses.
heavy water, hydrogen peroxide. • Sodium bicarbonate - preparation from
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, sodium carbonate. Uses.
occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and • Sodium thiosulphate - preparation from
uses of hydrogen, hydrides (ionic covalent and sodium sulphite and its reaction with
interstitial); hydrogen as a fuel. iodine, dilute acids and silver nitrate. Uses.
Physical and chemical properties of water, soft Group 2:
and hard water, and removal of hardness of
• Magnesium chloride hexahydrate -
water, heavy water.
preparation from magnesium oxide. Effect
Hydrogen peroxide: of heat. Uses
Preparation from peroxide, structure, oxidising • Calcium oxide - preparation from
properties: reaction with KI, PbS, acidified limestone; reaction with water, carbon
FeSO 4 ; reducing properties – reaction with dioxide and silica. Uses.
acidified KMnO 4 and chlorine. Calculation of
strength of hydrogen peroxide. • Calcium hydroxide – preparation from
calcium oxide and uses.
10. s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth • Calcium carbonate – preparation from
Metals) calcium hydroxide and uses.
(i) Group 1 and 2 elements • Plaster of Paris - preparation from
General characterises of Group 1 and 2 should gypsum. Uses.
include the following: • Manufacture of cement. Uses.
Occurrence; physical state; electronic
configuration; atomic and ionic 11. Some p -Block Elements
radii; common oxidation state; (i) Group 13 Elements
electropositive /electronegative character;
General introduction, electronic
ionisation enthalpy; reducing/oxidising nature;
configuration, occurrence, variation of
distinctive behaviour of first member of each
properties, oxidation states, trends in
group (namely Lithium, Beryllium); nature of
chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of
oxides, hydroxides, hydrides, carbonates,
first element of the group, Boron - physical
nitrates; chlorides, sulphates.
and chemical properties.
(ii) Preparation and properties of some important
(ii) Preparation and properties of some important
compounds.
compounds, borax, boric acid, boron
Sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, Sodium hydrides, aluminium: Reactions with acids
carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium and alkalies. Lewis acid character of boron
thiosulphate; biological importance of sodium halides; amphoteric nature of aluminium,
and potassium. alums.
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, calcium Borax- reaction with water and action of heat
oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, on hydrated compound (preparation not
plaster of paris and cement. Industrial uses of required).
the above, biological importance of
Borax Bead Test.
magnesium and calcium.
Diborane - Preparation properties, structure
Group 1:
and uses.
• Sodium chloride - uses.
Boric acid – preparation and action of heat.
• Sodium hydroxide - only the principle of Aluminium: Reactions with acids and alkalies.
preparation by Castner-Kellner cell. Uses.
Alums – preparation and uses.

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 (iii) Group 14 Elements Reasons for large number of organic
General characteristics, electronic compounds: catenation, isomerism and
configuration, occurrence, variation of multiple bonding, etc.
properties, oxidation states, trends in (ii) Classification of organic compounds:
chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of (definition and examples): open chain, closed
first elements. chain, homocyclic, hetrocyclic, aromatic,
Carbon-catenation, allotropic forms. Structure alicyclic compounds, homologous series and
of diamond graphite and fullerene; stability of its characteristics, functional groups.
+2 oxidation state down the group in terms of (iii) IUPAC rules for naming organic compounds.
inert pair effect. Aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic compounds.
(iv) Some important compounds; oxides of carbon (iv) Definition and classification of isomerism:
and silicon, silicon carbide, silicon tetra Structural isomerism: definition,
chloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites. classification, examples.
Preparation and properties of: Chain isomerism, Positional isomerism,
Carbon monoxide - preparation from Functional isomerism, Metamerism,
incomplete combustion of carbon. Hazards of Tautomerism - examples for each of the
CO. Reducing nature of CO. above.
Carbon dioxide - preparation from limestone Stereoisomerism: definition and
and carbon, limewater test. Uses. classification, examples.
Silicon dioxide - structure, comparison with Geometrical isomerism: Definition.
carbon dioxide. Uses. Conditions for compounds to exhibit
Silicon carbide - preparation from silica. Uses. geometrical isomerism; types and examples,
cis and trans, syn and anti. Examples.
Silicon tetra chloride - preparation from
silicon and uses. Optical isomerism: Definition, Nicol prism,
plane polarised light. polarimeter. Method of
Silicones - general method of preparation. measuring angle of rotation. Specific
Uses. rotation. Conditions for optical activity. d, l
Silicates – structure and uses. form; External compensation, Internal
Zeolites – formula and use. compensation, racemic mixture & meso form.
Examples – lactic acid and tartaric acid.
12. Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles (v) Analysis of organic compounds:
and Techniques Detection of elements (qualitative analysis)
General introduction, classification and IUPAC such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
nomenclature of organic compounds and halogens and sulphur should be considered
isomerism. by using Lassaigne’s test and reactions
Methods of purification, qualitative and involved in it.
quantitative analysis. Electron displacement in a (vi) Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric halogens, sulphur and phosphorous:
effect, resonance and hyperconjugation. Estimation of carbon and hydrogen –
Homolytic and heterolytic b o n d fission of a Leibig’s method.
covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, Estimation of nitrogen - Kjeldahl’s method.
carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles,
types of organic reactions. Estimation of halogens sulphur and
phosphorous - Carius method. Numericals
(i) Introduction to organic chemistry: included. Experimental details required.
Vital force theory, reason for separate study of (vii)Types of chemical reactions and their
organic chemistry and its importance, mechanisms.
characteristics of carbon atoms (tetra valency),

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 Substitution, addition, elimination reactions: (Markownikoff's addition and peroxide
definition and examples. effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of
Homolytic and heterolytic fission – definition electrophilic addition.
and examples. Free radicals, carbocation, General methods of preparation –
carbanion (their reactivities and stabilities). dehydration of alcohols,
Electrophiles and nucleophiles – definition dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (from
and examples (including neutral vicinal dihalides), Kolbe’s electrolytic
electrophiles and nucleophiles). method and from alkynes.
Physical Properties: State, freezing point,
Inductive, electromeric, mesomeric effect and
melting point, boiling point, dipole moment,
hyperconjugation – definition, examples.
density.
(viii) Free radicals and polar mechanisms Chemical properties - addition reactions
In terms of fission of the bonds and formation (hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides,
of the new bonds including S N 1, S N 2, E 1 and sulphuric acid, water).
E 2 mechanisms. Explain with relevant Markownikoff’s rule and anti-
examples and conditions. Markownikoff’s rule with mechanism and
examples.
13. Hydrocarbons
Oxidation: complete combustion, hot and
Classification of Hydrocarbons cold alkaline KMnO 4 (Baeyer’s reagent),
I. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons ozonolysis.
(i) Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism, Polymerisation.
conformation (methane and ethane), Saytzeff’s rule and its application.
physical properties, chemical properties Uses of alkenes.
including free radical mechanism of
halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis. (iii) Alkynes - Nomenclature, structure of
triple bond (ethyne), methods of preparation;
Occurrence, conformation (Sawhorse and physical properties, chemical properties:
Newman projections of ethane). acidic character of alkynes, addition reactions
General methods of preparation: from - hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and
sodium salts of carboxylic acids water.
(decarboxylation and Kolbe’s electrolytic General methods of preparations of alkynes.
method); from alcohols and alkyl halides Manufacture of ethyne by calcium carbide
(Wurtz reaction, Coreyhouse Synthesis). and from natural gas. Dehydrohalogenation
From aldehydes and Grignard’s Reagent. and Kolbe’s electrolytic method.
Physical and chemical properties of alkanes. Physical properties of alkynes: State of
Physical properties: state, freezing point, existence, freezing point, melting point,
melting point, boiling point, density. boiling point, density.
Chemical properties: combustibility, reaction Chemical properties of alkynes – addition
with chlorine (free radical mechanism), reactions (hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen
reaction with oxygen in presence of catalyst halides and water), acidic nature of alkynes,
(formation of alcohol, aldehyde, and formation of acetylides.
carboxylic acid). Cyclisation, aromatisation, Oxidation: complete combustion, hot and
isomerisation and pyrolysis. cold alkaline KMnO 4 (Baeyer’s reagent),
Uses of alkanes. ozonolysis.
(ii)Alkenes - Nomenclature, structure of Polymerisation.
double bond (ethene), isomerism; methods Uses of alkynes.
of preparation; physical properties, Distinguishing test between Alkane, Alkene
chemical properties; addition of hydrogen, and Alkyne.
halogen, water, hydrogen halides

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 II. Aromatic Hydrocarbons Particulate pollutants: smoke, dust, smog, fumes,
Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, mist; their sources, harmful effects and
benzene: resonance, aromaticity, chemical prevention.
properties: mechanism of electrophilic Water pollutants: pathogens, organic waste,
substitution. Nitration, sulphonation, chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and
halogenation, Friedel Crafts alkylation and prevention.
acylation, directive influence of functional Soil Pollutants: pesticides, herbicides.
group in monosubstituted benzene. Green chemistry as an alternative
Carcinogenicity and toxicity. tool for reducing pollution.
Structure: Resonance structures (Kekule’s)
of benzene. PAPER II
Benzene: Preparation from sodium benzoate PRACTICAL WORK- 15 Marks
and from phenol.
Candidates are required to complete the following
Physical properties: State of existence, experiments:
freezing point, melting point, boiling point,
density. 1. Basic laboratory techniques:
Chemical properties: − Cutting a glass tube.
- Electrophilic substitution reactions with − Bending a glass tube.
mechanism (halogenation, nitration,
sulphonation). − Drawing out a glass jet.
- Alkylation, acetylation – Friedel Crafts − Boring a cork.
reaction.
2. Titration: acid-base titration involving molarity.
- Directive influence (o-, p-, and m-) of
substituents in electrophilic and Titrations involving:
nucleophilic substitutions (with • Sodium carbonate solution/ dil H 2 SO 4 or dil.
mechanism). HCl using methyl orange indicator.
- Oxidation: catalytic oxidation, reaction
with ozone. • NaOH or KOH solution/ dil H 2 SO 4 or dil.
HCl using methyl orange indicator.
- Addition reactions with hydrogen,
chlorine, bromine. • Calculations involving molarity,
concentration in grams L-1/ number of ions,
- Pyrolysis (formation of bi-phenyl).
water of crystallisation and percentage
Carcinogenicity and toxicity of benzene may be purity.
discussed.
NOTE: Calculation of molarity must be upto 4
Uses. decimal places at least, in order to avoid error.
14. Environmental Chemistry OBSERVATION TABLE
Types of environmental pollution (air, water and S. No. (A) (B) (B – A)
soil pollution); various types of pollutants: smog,
acid rain; effects of depletion of ozone layer, Initial Final burette Difference
greenhouse effect and global warming. Pollution burette reading (ml)
due to industrial wastes, green chemistry as an reading
(ml)
alternative tool for reducing pollution; strategies (ml)
for control of environmental pollution.
1
Gaseous pollutants: oxides of nitrogen, carbon,
sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful 2
effects and prevention; Greenhouse effect and 3
global warming; acid rain;

206
 • Concordant reading is to be used for titre • Chromyl chloride test not to be performed.
value. Concordant reading is two consecutive
(Insoluble salts, such as lead sulphate, barium
values which are exactly the same. Average
sulphate, calcium sulphate, strontium sulphate
will not be accepted as titre value.
should not be given).
• The table is to be completed in ink only. 4. Preparation of inorganic compounds.
Pencil is not to be used.
(a) Preparation of potash alum/Mohr’s salt.
• Overwriting will not be accepted in the
tabular column. (b) Preparation of crystalline FeSO 4 /CuSO 4 .
Observations: 5. Paper Chromatography.
• Pipette size (should be same for all the Preparation of chromatogram, separation of
candidates at the centre): pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers/ink
mixtures; determination of R f value.
• Titre value (concordant).
3. Qualitative analysis: identification of single salt PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE -
containing one anion and one cation:
15 Marks
Anions: CO 3 2-, NO 2 -, S2-, SO 3 2-, SO 4 2-, NO 3 -,
CH 3 COO-, Cl-, Br-, I-, C 2 O 4 2-, PO 4 3-. Project Work – 10 Marks

Cations: NH 4 +, Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Mn2+ The candidate is to creatively execute one
Ni2+, Co2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+. project/assignment on a selected topic of Chemistry.
Teachers may assign or students may choose any one
Anions: Dilute acid group – CO 3 2-, NO 2 -, S2-, project of their choice. (Refer to the suggested topics
SO 3 2- at the end of Class XII syllabus).
Concentrated Acid Group – NO 3 -, Cl-, Br-, I-, Suggested Evaluation criteria for Project Work:
CH 3 COO-.
 Introduction / purpose
Special Group - SO 4 2-, PO 4 3-, C 2 O 4 2-.
 Contents
Cations: Group Zero: NH 4 +
Group I: Pb2+  Analysis/ material aid (graph, data, structure, pie
charts, histograms, diagrams, etc)
Group II : Cu2+, Pb2+
Group III: Al3+, Fe3+  Presentation
Group IV: Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+  Bibliography
Group V: Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
Group VI: Mg2+ Practical File – 5 Marks

NOTE: Teachers are required to assess students on the basis

of the Chemistry Practical file maintained by them
• For wet test of anions, sodium carbonate during the academic year.
extract must be used (except for carbonate).

207
 CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours ... 70 marks Paper II: Practical: 3 hours ... 15 marks
Project Work … 10 marks
Practical File … 5 marks
PAPER I (THEORY) - 70 Marks
S.No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE
1. Solid State
2. Solutions
3. Electrochemistry Physical Chemistry
4. Chemical Kinetics 25 Marks
5. Surface Chemistry
6. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

7. p -Block Elements
8. d -and f -Block Elements Inorganic Chemistry
20 Marks
9. Coordination Compounds
10. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
11. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
12. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
13. Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen Organic Chemistry

14. Biomolecules 25 Marks

15. Polymers
16. Chemistry in Everyday Life
TOTAL 70 Marks

208
 PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks Normality, molality, molarity, mole fraction,
ppm, as measures of concentration. Definition of
1. Solid State the above with examples. Simple problems based
Solids: their classification based on different on the above.
binding forces such as: ionic, covalent (i) Solubility of gases in liquids – Henry’s Law,
molecular; amorphous and crystalline solids simple numericals based on the above.
(difference), metals. Type of unit cell in two (ii) Raoult’s Law for volatile solutes and non-
dimensional and three dimensional lattices, volatile solutes, ideal solution, non-ideal
number of atoms per unit cell (all types). solution. Azeotropic mixtures – definition,
Calculation of density of unit cell, packing in types, graphical representation, fractional
solids, packing efficiency, voids, point defects, distillation with examples.
electrical and magnetic properties.
(iii) Colligative properties – definition and
Band theory of metals. Conductors, examples, and its use in determination of
semiconductors (n and p type) and insulators. molecular mass.
(i) Crystalline and amorphous solids. (a) Relative lowering of vapour pressure:
Definition and mathematical expression
(ii) Definition of crystal lattice, unit cell; types
of Raoult’s Law. Determination of
of unit cell (scc, fcc, bcc); calculation of the
relative molecular mass by measurement
number of atoms per unit cell; relationship of lowering of vapour pressure.
between radius, edge length and nearest
neighbour distance. Calculation of density (b) Depression in freezing point: molal
depression constant (cryoscopic
of unit cell, formula of the compound –
constant) – definition and mathematical
numericals based on it; packing in 3 – D, expression (derivation included).
packing fraction in scc, fcc, bcc with
derivation; voids – types, location, (c) Elevation in boiling point method: molal
elevation constant (ebullioscopic
formation (derivation of radius of voids).
constant) definition and mathematical
(iii) Characteristics of crystalline solids; ionic expression (derivation included).
(NaCl), metallic (Cu), atomic (diamond and (d) Osmotic pressure: definition and
graphite). explanation. Natural and chemical
(iv) Point defects: Stoichiometric, non- semipermeable membranes, reverse
stoichiometric and impurity defects osmosis, isotonic, hypotonic and
(F- centres). hypertonic solutions. Comparison
between diffusion and osmosis.
(v) Electrical properties: Conductors, Application of osmotic pressure in the
semiconductors (n & p types) and insulators determination of relative molecular
(Band Theory), piezoelectricity and mass.
pyroelectricity.
van’t Hoff- Boyle’s Law, van’t Hoff –
(vi) Magnetic properties: diamagnetic, Charles’ Law, van’t Hoff - Avogadro’s
paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic law.
and antiferromagnetic. (e) Abnormal molecular mass: Dissociation
2. Solutions and Association with suitable examples
Study of concentration of solutions of solids in (f) van’t Hoff factor for the electrolytes
liquids, liquid in liquid, solubility of gases in which dissociate and the molecules
liquids, solid solutions, Colligative properties - which associate in solution.
Raoult's law of relative lowering Modification of the formula of colligative
of vapour pressure (1st & 2nd), elevation of properties based on van’t Hoff factor.
boiling point, depression of freezing Simple problems. Calculation of degree
of dissociation and association.
point, osmotic pressure. Use of colligative
Experimental details not required.
properties in determining molecular masses of
solutes, abnormal molecular mass association and Numerical problems based on all the above
dissociation, van't Hoff factor. methods. Experimental details not required.
209
3. Electrochemistry (vi) Comparison of metallic conductance and
Electrolytic and electrochemical cells. Redox electrolytic conductance. Relationship
reactions in electrochemical cells. between conductance and resistance. Specific
Electromotive Force (emf) of a cell, standard resistance and specific conductance.
electrode potential, Nernst equation and its Cell constant: Calculation of cell constant.
application to chemical cells. Relation between Meaning of equivalent conductance.
Gibbs energy change and emf of a cell. Meaning of molar conductance. General
Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific, relationship between specific conductance,
equivalent and molar conductivity, variations of molar conductance and equivalent
conductivity with concentration, graphs; conductance (units and graphs).
Kohlrausch's Law of electrolysis and Faraday’s Units, numericals.
Laws of electrolysis. Dry cell and lead
accumulator, fuel cells, corrosion. Molar conductance of a weak electrolyte at a
given concentration and at infinite dilution.
(i) Electrochemical cells: introduction, redox
Kohlrausch’s Law – definition, applications
reactions (principle of oxidation and
and numericals.
reduction in a cell).
(ii) Galvanic cells - introduction; (vii) Faraday’s laws of Electrolysis.
representation, principle – oxidation Faraday’s First Law of electrolysis.
reduction. Mechanism of production of Statement, mathematical form. Simple
electric current in a galvanic cell. problems.
(iii) Measurement of potential. Single electrode Faraday’s Second Law of electrolysis:
potentials. Statement, mathematical form. Simple
Standard hydrogen electrode (Eo) - problems.
definition, preparation, application and Relation between Faraday, Avogadro’s
limitations. number and charge on an electron. F = N A e
Standard electrode potential - Measurement should be given (no details of Millikan’s
of standard electrode potential of Zn ++ / Zn, experiment are required).
Cu ++ / Cu, half cell (using standard
hydrogen electrode). (viii) Batteries: Primary and Secondary Cells:
Leclanche cell, mercury cell, Lead storage
Cell notation – representation. battery and fuel cell – structure, reactions
Factors affecting electrode potential with and uses.
explanation - main emphasis on the (ix) Corrosion: Concept, mechanism of
temperature, concentration and nature of the electrochemical reaction, factors affecting it
electrode. and its prevention.
(iv) Electrochemical series. Its explanation on
the basis of standard reduction potential. 4. Chemical Kinetics

Prediction of the feasibility of a reaction. Meaning of Chemical Kinetics – slow and fast
reactions. Rate of a reaction - average and
(v) Nernst equation and correlation with the free instantaneous rate (graphical representation).
energy of the reaction with suitable Factors affecting rate of reaction: surface area,
examples. nature of reactants, concentration, temperature,
Prediction of spontaneity of a reaction based catalyst and radiation. Order and molecularity
on the cell emf. of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant.
Numericals on standard electrode potential Integrated rate equations and half-life (only for
of half-cells, cell emf, relationship between zero and first order reactions), concept of
free energy and equilibrium constant, collision theory (elementary idea, no
standard electrode potential and free energy. mathematical treatment). Concept of threshold
and activation energy, Arrhenious equation.

210
(i) Meaning of chemical kinetics, Scope and (viii)Collision Theory: Condition for a chemical
importance of Kinetics of the reaction, slow change – close contact, particles should
and fast reactions – explanation in terms of collide. Collisions to be effective – optimum
bonds. energy and proper orientation during
collision. Energy barrier built-up when the
(ii) Rate of Reaction: definition, representation
collision is about to take place, Activated
of rate of reaction in terms of reactants and
complex formation, difference in energy of
products, determination of rate of reactions
the reactant and the product – exothermic
graphically, instantaneous and average rate
and endothermic reactions with proper
of reaction. Factors affecting rate of
graphs and labelling.
reaction.
(ix) Mechanism of the reaction: meaning of
(iii) Law of mass Action: statement and meaning
elementary reaction, meaning of complex
of active mass. Explanation with an example
and overall reaction, explanation of the
– general reactions.
mechanism of the reaction, slowest step of
(iv) Effect of concentration of reactants on the the reaction. Relationship between the rate
rate of a reaction: Qualitative treatment, expression, order of reactants and products
based on the law of mass Action, statement of at the rate-determining step, units of rate
rate law, General rate equation – constant – explanation with suitable
Rate = k(concentration of the reactant)n, examples.
where k is rate constant and n is the order of
(x) Effect of temperature on the rate constant of
the reaction, relationship between the rate of
a reaction: Arrhenius equation – K=Ae-Ea/RT,
the reaction with rate constant with respect
Meaning of the symbols of Arrhenius
to various reactants.
equation, related graph, evaluation of E a and
(v) Order of a reaction: meaning, relation A from the graph, meaning of slope of the
between order and stoichiometric coefficients graph, conversion from exponential to log
in balanced equations, order as an form of the equation, relationship between
experimental quantity, rate equation for zero the increase in temperature and the number
order reaction and its unit, mathematical of collisions. Numerical based on Arrhenius
derivation of rate equation for first order equation.
reaction, characteristics of first order
5. Surface Chemistry
reaction – rate constant is independent of the
initial concentration, units to be derived, Absorption and Adsorption - physisorption and
definition of half-life period, derivation of chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of
expression of half-life period from first order gases on solids and liquids. Catalysis;
rate equation. homogenous and heterogenous, activity and
selectivity, enzyme catalysis.
Problems based on first order rate equation
and half-life period. Colloidal state distinction between true solutions,
colloids and suspension; lyophilic, lyophobic
(vi) Molecularity of the reaction: Meaning –
multi-molecular, macromolecular and associated
physical picture, Relation between order,
colloids; properties of colloids; Brownian
molecularity and the rate of a reaction,
movement, Tyndall effect, coagulation and
Differences between order and molecularity
electrophoresis. Emulsion - types of emulsions.
of a reaction.
(i) Difference between absorption and
(vii) The concept of energy: Exothermic and
adsorption: definition of physisorption and
endothermic reactions, concept of energy
chemisorption and their differences.
barrier, threshold and activation energy,
formation of activated complex, effect of Factors affecting adsorption of gases on
catalyst on activation energy and reaction solids, Freundlich adsorption isotherms,
rate. graph, expression and application of
adsorption.
211
 (ii) Catalysis: definition, types of catalysts – Methods of concentration of ores: hydraulic
positive and negative, homogeneous and washing, magnetic separation, froth
heterogeneous catalyst based on the state of floatation method, leaching.
the reactant and the catalyst, Elementary
Extraction of metal from concentrated ore –
treatment of intermediate compound
calcination, roasting and thermal reduction.
formation theory with examples; adsorption
Theory, effect of catalyst on the rate of Thermodynamic principle of metallurgy -
reaction – the change in the energy of Gibb’s energy (Ellingham diagram –
activation in the activation energy curve. significance only).
Characteristics of a catalyst; specificity, Metallurgy of aluminium, iron, copper, zinc
activity, surface area of a catalyst. Promoter and silver.
and poison. Enzyme catalysis – basic idea
and lock and key mechanism. Refining of metals - distillation, liquation,
electrolysis, vapour phase refining (nickel),
(iii) Colloidal State: Thomas Graham classified zone refining.
the substances as crystalloid and colloid,
classification of substances on the basis of (ii) Uses of metals and their alloys.
the particle size i.e. true solution, sol and
suspension, colloidal system is 7. p-Block Elements
heterogeneous. lyophilic and lyophobic Group-15 Elements
colloid; classification of colloidal solutions
as micro, macro and associated colloids. Position in the periodic table, occurrence,
electronic configuration, oxidation states, trends
Preparation of lyophilic colloids. in physical and chemical properties. Nitrogen:
Preparation of lyophobic colloids by colloid preparation properties and its uses; compounds
mill, peptization, Bredig’s arc method, of nitrogen: oxides of nitrogen. Ammonia and
oxidation, reduction, double decomposition nitric acid – preparation and properties.
and exchange of solvent method, purification Phosphorus - allotropic forms, compounds of
of colloids (dialysis, ultra-filtration, and p hosphorus: preparation and properties of
ultracentrifugation). phosphine, halides and oxoacids.
Properties of colloidal solutions: Brownian (i) General introduction, electronic
movement, Tyndall effect, coagulation, configuration, occurrence, oxidation states.
electrophoresis (movement of dispersed Trends in physical properties; chemical
phase), Protection of colloids, Gold number properties with hydrogen, oxygen and
and Hardy- Schulze rule. Emulsions, halogens.
surfactants, micelles (only definition and
examples). (ii) Nitrogen - Laboratory preparation,
decomposition (ammonium dichromate,
Application of colloids and emulsions in barium azide). Properties and uses.
daily life.
(iii) Oxides of nitrogen (N 2 O, NO, N 2 O 3 , N 2 O 4 ,
6. General Principles and Processes of Isolation N 2 O 5 ) - preparation, structure and uses.
of Elements (iv) Ammonia – Preparation and manufacture.
Metals: metallurgy, ores, principles and Properties: reaction with oxygen, copper
methods of extraction - concentration, oxide, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, formation
oxidation, reduction, electrolytic refining. of complexes. Uses.
Occurrence and principles of extraction of (v) Nitric Acid - Preparation and manufacture.
aluminium, copper, zinc, iron and silver. Properties: reaction with copper (dilute and
(i) Definition of minerals, ores and metallurgy; concentrated HNO 3 ), carbon and sulphur.
principle ores of aluminium, iron, copper, Uses.
zinc and silver.

212
(vi) Allotropes of phosphorus and their Sulphuric Acid: manufacture by Contact
structures. Process (equations, conditions and
diagram), properties - acidic nature,
Phosphine – preparation from phosphorus
mode of dilution, oxidising action,
and properties: reaction with halo acids).
dehydrating nature and uses of sulphuric
Phosphorus trichloride - Preparation from acid in industry.
phosphorous. Uses.
Group-17 Elements
Phosphorus pentachloride - preparation
Position in the periodic table, occurrence,
from PCl 3 . Thermal dissociation and
electronic configuration, oxidation states,
hydrolysis. Uses, properties.
trends in physical and chemical properties;
Oxoacids of phosphorus (structures and Preparation, properties and uses of chlorine
preparation only). and hydrochloric acid. Compound of
halogen, oxoacids of halogens (structures
Group-16 Elements
only), Interhalogen compounds.
Position in the periodic table, occurrence,
electronic configuration, oxidation states, (i) General introduction, electronic
trends in physical and chemical properties. configuration, oxidation states. Trends in
Oxygen: methods of preparation, properties physical properties and chemical
and uses, classification of oxides. Ozone – properties (hydrogen, oxygen, halogens
methods of preparation. Sulphur -allotropic and metals).
forms. Compounds of sulphur: (ii) Chlorine – preparation from MnO 2 and
preparation, properties and uses of sulphur- HCl, from NaCl, MnO 2 and conc. H 2 SO 4
dioxide, sulphuric acid (industrial process (only equations), reactions of chlorine
of manufacture). Oxoacids of sulphur with H 2 S, NH 3, cold, dilute NaOH and
(structures only). hot, concentrated NaOH.
(i) Electronic configuration, oxidation (iii)Hydrochloric acid: Lab preparation, its
states, occurrence. Trends in physical acidic nature, reaction with ammonia,
properties; chemical properties with carbonates and sulphites, formation of
hydrogen, oxygen and halogens. aqua regia and its uses.
(ii) Oxygen – lab method of preparation, (iv) Oxoacids of halogens: structures and
formation of oxides with metals and non- acidic property.
metals and their common nature.
(v)Interhalogen compounds – structure,
(iii) Ozone: manufacture by Siemen’s hybridisation and shapes: XX′, XX′ 3 ,
ozoniser, thermal decomposition of XX′ 5 , XX′ 7 .
ozone, its oxidising nature – reaction
Group-18 Elements
with lead sulphide, potassium iodide and
mercury, its uses. Position in the periodic table, occurrence,
electronic configuration, trends in physical and
(iv) Sulphur: allotropes of sulphur -
chemical properties, inert nature, uses.
rhombic, monoclinic, structure of
sulphur and action of heat; extraction (i) General introduction, electronic
by Frasch process. configuration, occurrence, trends in
physical; chemical properties, state and low
(v) Sulphur dioxide: laboratory and
reactivity.
industrial preparation from sulphites and
sulphide ores, reaction of sulphur (ii) Formation of xenon compounds with fluorine
dioxide with NaOH, Cl 2 , KMnO 4 and and oxygen (equations only), hybridisation,
structure of SO 2 . shape and structure of compounds.
(vi) Oxoacids of sulphur: structures only. (iii) Uses of noble gases.

213
8. d and f Block Elements Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT and CFT.
Colour, magnetic properties and shapes.
Position in the periodic table, occurrence,
Importance of coordination compounds (in
electronic configuration and characteristics of
qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and
transition metals, general trends in properties of
biological system).
the 3d-series of transition metals - metallic
character, ionisation enthalpy, oxidation states, (i) Definition of coordination compounds /
ionic radii, colour of ions, catalytic property, complex compounds, differences with a
magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, double salt, study of ligands – mono-, bi-, tri-
alloy formation, preparation and properties of , tetra-, penta-, hexa- and polydentate,
K 2 Cr 2 O 7 and KMnO 4 . chelating ligands, definition of coordination
number, its calculation for a complex
Lanthanoids and actinoids.
coordination sphere, study of oxidation state
(i) d-Block: 3d, 4d and 5d series of an element in a complex, its calculation,
Study in terms of metallic character, atomic IUPAC rules of nomenclature of
and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, coordination compounds.
oxidisation states, variable valency, (ii) Isomerism – structural, stereo types and
formation of coloured compounds, formation examples.
of complexes, alloy formation.
(iii) Valence bond theory of coordination
(ii) f-Block: 4f and 5f series compounds – examples of formation of inner
Electronic configuration, atomic and ionic orbital and outer orbital complexes (high
radii, oxidisation states, formation of and low spin, octahedral, tetrahedral and
square planar), prediction of magnetic
coloured compounds, formation of
complexes, alloy formation. Lanthanoid character.
contraction and its consequences. Chemical (iv) Crystal field theory – crystal field splitting in
reactivity – with oxygen, hydrogen, halogen, tetra and octahedral systems. Explanation of
sulphur, nitrogen, carbon and water. colour and magnetic character.
Actinoids - oxidation states and comparison (v) Stability of coordination compounds (explain
with lanthanoids. stability on the basis of magnitude of K) as
(iii) Potassium permanganate: structure, shape, mentioned above).
equation of extraction from pyrolusite ore, its (vi) Importance and uses.
oxidising nature in acidic, basic and neutral
medium, use in redox titration. 10. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes.
Oxidising nature in acidic [FeSO 4 , Haloalkanes: General formula, nomenclature
(COOH) 2 .2H 2 O, KI], basic (KI) and neutral and classification. Nature of C–X bond,
(H 2 S) mediums to be done. physical and chemical properties, mechanism
of substitution reactions, optical rotation.
(iv) Potassium dichromate: structure, shape,
equation of extraction from chromite ore and Haloarenes: Basic idea, nature of C–X bond,
its use in titration. Oxidising nature in acidic, substitution reactions (directive influence of
basic and neutral medium, use in redox halogen in monosubstituted compounds only).
titration. Interconversion of chromate and
Uses and environmental effects of -
dichromate ion (effect of pH).
dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetra-
chloromethane, iodoform, freons and DDT.
9. Coordination Compounds
Nature of C-X bond
Concept of complexes, definition of ligands,
coordination number, oxidation number. IUPAC Naming the halogen derivatives of alkanes by
nomenclature of mononuclear coordination using common system and IUPAC system for
compounds. Isomerism (structural and stereo). mono, di and tri-halo derivatives.

214
Preparation of haloalkanes from: 11. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Alkane and halogen. Alcohols: Classification, general formula,
structure and nomenclature. Methods of
- Alkene and hydrogen halide.
preparation, physical and chemical properties
- Alcohols with PX 3 , PCl 5 and SOCl 2 . (of primary alcohols only), identification of
primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols,
- Halide exchange method (Finkelstein and
mechanism of dehydration, uses with special
Swarts)
reference to methanol and ethanol.
- Silver salt of fatty acids (Hunsdiecker).
(i) Classification into monohydric, dihydric and
Physical properties: State, melting point, boiling polyhydric alcohols, general formulae,
point and solubility. structure and nomenclature of alcohols.
Chemical properties: nucleophilic substitution Difference between primary, secondary and
reactions (S N 1, S N 2 mechanism in terms of tertiary alcohols in terms of structure,
primary, secondary and tertiary halides) physical properties and chemical properties.
Reaction with: sodium hydroxide, water, sodium (ii) Methods of preparation:
iodide, ammonia, primary amine, secondary
amine, potassium cyanide, silver cyanide, - Hydration of Alkenes – direct hydration,
potassium nitrite, silver nitrite, silver salt of fatty indirect hydration, hydroboration
acid and lithium-aluminium hydride. oxidation.

Elimination reaction (Saytzeff’s rule) / β - From Grignard’s reagent.

elimination. - Hydrolysis of alkyl halides.
Reaction with metals: sodium and magnesium - Reduction of carbonyl compounds.
(Wurtz’s reaction, Grignard’s reagent
- From primary amines.
preparation).
Manufacture of methanol by Bosch process
Chloroform and iodoform: preparation and
and ethanol by fermentation of
properties.
carbohydrates, chemical equations required
Structure of freons. (only outline of the method of manufacture,
Preparation of haloarenes by Sandmeyer’s and detail not required).
Gattermann’s reaction, by electrophilic Properties:
substitution.
- Acidic nature of alcohols:
Physical properties: State, melting point, boiling
- Reaction with sodium.
point and solubility.
- Esterification with mechanism.
Chemical properties:
- Reaction with hydrogen halides.
- Electrophilic substitution (chlorination
nitration and sulphonation) with mechanism. - Reaction with PCl 3, PCl 5 , and SOCl 2 .
- Nucleophilic substitution (replacement of - Reaction with acid chlorides and acid
chlorine with -OH, -NH 2 ) with mechanism. anhydrides
- Reduction to benzene. - Oxidation.
- Wurtz-Fittig reaction. - Dehydration with mechanism.
- Fittig reaction. Uses of alcohols.
- Addition reaction with magnesium (iii) Conversion of one alcohol into another.
(formation of Grignard reagent).
(iv) Distinction between primary, secondary and
- Structure of DDT. tertiary alcohols by Lucas’ Test.

215
Phenols: Classification and nomenclature. substitution (halogenation, nitration and
Methods of preparation, physical and chemical Friedel-Crafts reaction.)
properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic
Uses of ether.
substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
Preparation of phenol from diazonium salt, 12. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
chlorobenzene (Dow’s process) and from
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature,
benzene sulphonic acid. structure of methods of preparation of
Manufacture from Cumene. aldehydes and ketones, physical and chemical
properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition,
Physical properties: state and solubility.
reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes and
Chemical properties: uses.
- Acidic character of phenol. Preparation:
- Reaction with sodium hydroxide. • From alcohol.
- Reaction with sodium. • From alkenes (ozonolysis).
- Reaction with zinc. • From alkynes (hydration).
- Reaction with acetyl chloride and acetic • From acid chlorides (Rosenmund’s
anhydride. reduction, reaction with dialkyl cadmium).
- Reaction with phosphorus penta chloride. • From calcium salt of carboxylic acids.
- Bromination, nitration and sulphonation • From nitriles (Stephen reaction, Grignard’s
(Electrophilic substitution reactions). reagent).
- Kolbe’s reaction (formation of salicylic • From esters.
acid).
Physical properties – state and boiling point.
- Reimer – Tiemann reaction
Chemical properties:
- Test for phenol – FeCl 3 test, azo dye test.
• Nucleophilic addition reactions with
Aliphatic Ethers: General formula, structure and
mechanism (ammonia and its derivatives,
nomenclature. Methods of preparation, physical
HCN, NaHSO 3 and Grignard’s reagent).
and chemical properties, uses.
Ethers: structure of ethereal group. • Oxidation reactions, iodoform reaction.

Preparation from alcohol (Williamson’s • Reduction: reduction to alcohol and alkanes

synthesis). (Clemmensen’s reduction, Wolff-Kishner
reduction, Red phosphorus and HI).
Physical properties: state, miscibility.
• Base catalysed reactions (with mechanism):
Chemical properties: Aldol condensation, cross Aldol
- Reaction with chlorine. condensation, Cannizzaro’s reaction.

- Oxidation (peroxide formation). Tests: difference between formaldehyde and

acetaldehyde; aldehydes and ketones.
- Reaction with HI.
Uses of aldehydes and ketones.
- Reaction with PCl 5 .
Aromatic aldehyde (Benzaldehyde)
Aryl ethers
Lab preparation from toluene by oxidation with
Physical properties – state and solubility. chromyl chloride.
Chemical properties – preparation of anisole Physical properties: state and stability.
(Williamson’s synthesis), electrophilic
216
Chemical properties: - HVZ reactions.
• Oxidation and reduction. - Substitution of benzene ring (meta directive
effect of carboxylic acid group) nitration and
• Nucleophilic addition reaction (hydrogen sulphonation.
cyanide and sodium bisulphite).
Tests for acids: formic acid, acetic acid and
• Reactions with ammonia and its derivatives benzoic acid.
(hydroxyl amine, hydrazine and phenyl
hydrazine). Uses of formic acid, acetic acid and benzoic acid.
• Reaction with phosphorus pentachloride. 13. Organic compounds containing Nitrogen
• Cannizzaro reaction. Aliphatic Amines: General formula and,
• Benzoin condensation. classification of amines. Structure of the amino
group, nomenclature. Methods of preparation,
• Perkin’s reaction. physical and chemical properties, uses,
identification of primary, secondary and tertiary
• Electrophilic substitution - halogenation,
amines.
nitration and sulphonation.
• Amines
Test: distinction between aromatic and aliphatic
aldehydes. Nomenclature, classification with examples,
structure, general formula.
Uses of benzaldehyde.
Methods of preparation:
Carboxylic Acids: Classification, general
formula and structure of carboxylic group. - From alcohol.
Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of
- From alkyl halide.
preparation, physical and chemical properties
and uses. - From cyanide.
Classification of mono and di carboxylic acids - From amide (Hofmann’s degradation).
with examples.
- From nitro compounds.
Preparation of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic
- Gabriel phthalimide Synthesis.
acid:
Physical properties: comparison between
- From alcohols, aldehydes.
primary, secondary and tertiary amines in
- From nitriles. terms of – state, solubility, boiling point
(hydrogen bonding), comparison with
- From Grignard’s reagent.
alcohols.
Physical properties: state, boiling point and
Chemical properties:
solubility.
- Basic character of amines – comparison
Chemical properties:
between primary, secondary and tertiary
- Acidic character: (aliphatic, aromatic alkyl amines/ ammonia/ aniline. Effect of
carboxylic acids with the effect of substituents on the basic strength of
substituents on the acidic character – to be aniline
dealt with in detail)
- Alkylation and acylation with
- Reaction with active metals, alkalies, mechanism.
carbonates and bicarbonates,
- Reaction with nitrous acid.
- Formation of acid derivatives.
- Carbylamine reaction.
- Decarboxylation (chemical and Kolbe’s
Distinction between primary, secondary
electrolytic reaction).
and tertiary amines (Hinsberg’s Test).
217
 Aniline Establishment of structures for glucose and
Preparation reduction of nitrobenzene. fructose (open and cyclic) heating with HI,
reaction with hydroxylamine, bromine water,
Physical properties – state, solubility and boiling acetic anhydride, nitric acid and phenyl
point. hydrazine.
Chemical properties:
Test for glucose and fructose (bromine water test
- Reaction with HCl and H 2 SO 4 . with equation).
- Acetylation, alkylation. Disaccharides – structures of sucrose, maltose
- Benzoylation. and lactose (glycosidic linkage).
- Carbylamine reaction. Polysaccharides – starch, cellulose, glycogen.
- Diazotisation. Proteins – structural units of proteins. Basic
- Electrophilic substitution (bromination, idea of - amino acids, peptide bond,
nitration and sulphonation). polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins -
Tests for aniline. primary, secondary, tertiary structure and
quaternary structures (qualitative idea only),
Uses of aniline. denaturation of proteins. Enzymes, hormones -
Cyanides and Isocyanides elementary idea only.
Methods of preparation: Proteins: Amino acids – general structure,
Cyanides: classification and zwitter ion formation.
- From alkyl halide. Isoelectric point.
- From amide. Classification of proteins on the basis of
molecular shape; primary, secondary, tertiary
Isocyanides:
and quaternary, structures of proteins,
- From alkyl halide. denaturation of proteins. (Definitions only.
From primary amines Details and diagrams are not required).
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical Vitamins - Classification and functions.
reactions and importance in synthetic organic
Vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K: classification
chemistry.
(fat soluble and water soluble), deficiency
Preparation from aniline; diseases. (Chemical names and structures are not
Properties: Sandmeyer’s reaction, Gattermann required).
reaction and Balz – Scheimann reaction, Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA.
replacement of diazo group by – H, -OH, -NO 2 ,
coupling reaction with phenol and aniline. Nucleic acids: basic unit – purine and
pyrimidine, DNA – structure (double helical),
14. Biomolecules RNA (No chemical structure required).
Differences between DNA and RNA.
Carbohydrates – Definition, Classification
(aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose 15. Polymers
and fructose), D-L configuration
oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), Definition and classification on different
polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); parameters. Methods of polymerisation
Importance of carbohydrates. (addition and condensation), copolymerisation,
and some important polymers: natural and
Carbohydrates: definition, classification - mono synthetic like polythene, nylon polyesters,
(aldose, ketose), oligo (di, tri, tetra saccharides) bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and non-
and polysaccharides with examples: reducing biodegradable polymers.
sugars and non-reducing sugars – examples and
uses.

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 Classification based on source, on structure, on PAPER II
mode of polymerisation, on molecular forces, on
PRACTICAL WORK – 15 Marks
growth (with free radical mechanism).
Candidates are required to complete the following
Preparation of important addition polymers -
experiments:
Polythene, polypropene, PVC, PTFE,
polystyrene. 1. Titrations
Rubber – natural and synthetic (Buna-N and Oxidation-reduction titrations: potassium
Buna-S), vulcanisation of rubber. manganate (VII) / ammonium iron (II) sulphate;
potassium manganate (VII) / oxalic acid.
Preparation of important condensation polymers
- polyester, Nylon 66, Nylon 6, Bakelite, The candidate may be required to determine the
melamine (to be learnt in terms of monomers and percentage purity of a compound and the number
equations). of molecules of water of crystallization in
hydrated salts. In such experiments sufficient
Biodegradable polymers – PHBV, Nylon 2 - working details including recognition of the end
Nylon 6. point will be given.
Uses. Candidates will be required to calculate:
• Molarity
16. Chemistry in Everyday life
• Concentration in grams L-1 / molecular mass
Chemicals in medicines - analgesics,
tranquilizers antiseptics, disinfectants, • Number of molecules of water of
antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, crystallisation/ percentage purity.
antacids, antihistamines. NOTE: Molarity must be calculated upto 4
In medicine: antipyretics, analgesics, decimal places at least, in order to avoid error.
tranquillisers, antiseptics, disinfectants, OBSERVATION TABLE
anti-microbials, anti-fertility drugs,
antihistamines, antibiotics, antacids. S. (A) (B) (B – A)
No.
Definition, common examples, uses. Initial Final Difference
Differences between antiseptics and burette burette (ml)
disinfectants. reading reading
(ml) (ml)
Structure not required. 1
Chemicals in food - preservatives, artificial 2
sweetening agents, elementary idea of 3
antioxidants.
• Concordant reading is to be used for titre value.
Preservatives: role, example (Sodium benzoate).
Concordant reading is two consecutive values
Artificial sweetening agents: role, examples which are exactly the same. Average will not be
(aspartame, saccharine, sucralose and alitame). accepted as titre value.
Soaps and detergents - Classification and their • The table is to be completed in ink only. Pencil is
cleansing action. not to be used.
Soaps and detergents: classification, structure • Overwriting will not be accepted in the tabular
and some important examples. column.
Advantage of detergents over soaps; Observations:
classification of detergents into • Pipette size (should be same for all the
anionic/biodegradable, cationic/non- candidates at the centre).
biodegradable and non-ionic. • Titre value (concordant value).

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2. Study of the rate of reaction 7. Qualitative analysis
The candidates will be required, having been Qualitative analysis: identification of single salt
given full instructions, to carry out an experiment containing one anion and one cation:
on the rate of reaction, e.g. reaction between
Anions: CO 3 2-, NO 2 -, S2-, SO 3 2-, SO 4 2-, NO 3 -,
sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid
(using different concentrations for either), CH 3 COO-, Cl-, Br-, I-, C 2 O 4 2-, PO 4 3-.
magnesium and dil. sulphuric acid/ dil. Cations: NH 4 +, Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Mn2+
hydrochloric acid (using different , Ni2+, Co2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+.
concentrations).
NOTE:
• Graph of volume vs. time and its
interpretation. Chromyl chloride test not to be performed.
• Relationship between concentration and rate, For wet test of anions, sodium carbonate
volume and rate and time and rate. extract must be used (except for carbonate).
3. Identification of the following compounds and (Insoluble salts such as lead sulphate, barium
functional groups based on observations sulphate, calcium sulphate, strontium sulphate
will not be given).
• Alcoholic group - glycerol
• Aldehyde group- formaldehyde Anions: Dilute acid group – CO 3 2-, NO 2 -, S2-,
SO 3 2-
• Ketonic group – acetone
Concentrated Acid Group – NO 3 -, Cl-,
• Carboxylic group – benzoic acid Br-, I-, CH 3 COO-.
• Amino group - aniline Special Group - SO 4 2-, PO 4 3-, C 2 O 4 2-.
*Please Note: Carbylamine and acrolein tests
Cations: Group Zero: NH 4 +
should not be performed.
The student should learn to differentiate between Group I: Pb2+
colours, solution, ring and precipitate. Group II : Cu2+, Pb2+
4. Characteristic tests of carbohydrates and Group III: Al3+, Fe3+
proteins Group IV: Zn2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+
• Carbohydrates – glucose Group V: Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
• Proteins – powdered milk
Group VI: Mg2+
Identification should be of ‘Carbohydrate’ and
‘Protein’ not of individual substances. NOTE:
5. Experiments related to pH change using pH • Formal analytical procedure is required for
paper or universal indicator. Qualitative Analysis.
• Determination of pH of some solutions • Specific solvent for O.S. to be used;
obtained from fruit juice, solutions of known • Before adding Group III reagents to the
and varied concentrations of acids, bases and filtrate of Group II, H 2 S must be removed
salts. followed by boiling with conc. Nitric acid.
• Comparison of pH of the solutions of strong
• The right order for buffer (NH 4 Cl and
and weak acids of the same concentration.
NH 4 OH) must be used.
Use of universal indicator/pH paper must be
taught to the students. • The flame test with the precipitate obtained
in Group V for Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ will also be
6. Electrochemistry
accepted as a confirmatory test.
Setting up a simple voltaic cell.
Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn2+//Cu2+/Cu For wet test of anions, sodium carbonate
with change in concentration of electrolyte extract must be used (except for carbonate).
(CuSO 4 , ZnSO 4 ) at room temperature.

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 PATTERN OF CHEMISTRY Suggested Assignments:
PRACTICAL PAPER 1. Amino acids: Peptides, structure and
Questions in the practical paper will be set as classification, proteins structure and their role in
follows: the growth of living beings.
Question 1 Volumetric Analysis 2. Nucleic Acid: DNA and RNA – their structure.
Question 2 Any one or a combination of the Unique nature. Importance in evolution and their
following experiments: characteristic features.
• Study of the rate of reaction. 3. Carbohydrates and their metabolism, Blood -
• Identification of the organic haemoglobin and respiration.
compounds and functional groups 4. Vitamins and hormones
based on observations. 5. Simple idea of chemical evolution.
• Characteristic tests of carbohydrates
6. Natural polymers (any five) - structure,
and proteins.
characteristics, uses. Synthetic polymers (any
• Experiments related to pH
five) - method of preparation, structure,
determination using pH paper or
characteristics and uses.
universal indicator.
• Electrochemistry. 7. Types of Dyes - methods of preparation,
Question 3 Qualitative Analysis (single salt). characteristics and uses.
8. Chemicals in medicines: antiseptics, antibiotics,
PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE - antacids, etc. and their uses.
15 Marks 9. Preparation of soap, nail polish, boot polish,
Project Work – 10 Marks varnish, nail polish remover, shampoo and
The project work is to be assessed by a Visiting perfumes.
Examiner appointed locally and approved by CISCE. 10. Chemicals and chemical processes in forensic
The candidate is to creatively execute one studies.
project/assignment on an aspect of Chemistry. 11. Insecticides, pesticides and chemical fertilisers.
Teachers may assign or students may select a topic of 12. Ancient Indian medicines and medicinal plants.
their choice. Following is only a suggestive list of
projects. 13. Organic Chemistry in Nutrition, Food Science
and Biotechnology.
Suggested Evaluation criteria for Project Work: 14. Effect of Green House Gases.
• Introduction / purpose 15. How Plastics have changed the world, both
• Contents socially and economically.
• Analysis/ material aid (graph, data, structure, pie Practical File – 5 Marks
charts, histograms, diagrams, etc.)
The Visiting Examiner is required to assess students
• Presentation on the basis of the Chemistry Practical file
• Bibliography maintained by them during the academic year.

NOTE: According to the recommendation of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the
groups are numbered from 1 to 18 replacing the older notation of groups IA ….. VIIA, VIII, IB …… VIIB and
0. However, for the examination both notations will be accepted.
Old IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 0
notation
New 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
notation

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