TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2

DM025 2020/2021

Subtopic : 4.1 Gradient, Tangent and Normal to a Curve

a. Gradient of a point on a curve

E
M
B
E
D
E P
q
u
at
io E
● Gradient of the tangent , .
n. M
Example 1: D B
S E
(a) Given the curve M . Find the
D gradient of the tangent to the curve at point .
T E
4 q
u
at
io
n.
D
S
M
T
4
(b) Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve at point .

b. The equation of tangent to a curve

E
M EMBED
Page | 1 Equation.
B
E DSMT4
D
E
 Equation
u
.DSMT4
at
io E
TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS
M
OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2
n.
D B
DM025 2020/2021
S E
M D
T E
4 q
u
at
io
n.
D
S
M
● The equation of the line with gradient, passing through the point is .
T
4 curve at
● So, the equation of the tangent to the is

Example 2:
(a) Find the equation of the tangent to curve at the point where .

(b) Find the equation of the tangent to curve at point .

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 TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2
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c. The equation of normal to a curve

E
M EMBED
B Equation.
E DSMT4
D
E EMBED
q Equation
u .DSMT4
at
2 perpendicular lines:
io E
EMBED
n.
Equation.DSMT4 M
D B
● The straight lineSpassing through theEpoint and perpendicular to the tangent is called the normal to
M D
the curve at . T E
The gradient of the normal is .
4 q
● So, the equation of the normal to the curve at is
u
at
io
n.
D
S
Example 3: M
T
(a) Find the equation of the normal4 to curve at the point .

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 TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2
DM025 2020/2021

(b) Find the equation of the normal to curve at the point .

Subtopic : 4.2 Extremum Problems

a. Critical Points

● A critical number for a function is any value of in the domain of at which

or is not defined

● The critical point where is called stationary point and the value of the function at that
point a stationary value.

CRITIC
AL
POINTS

EMBED
EMBED Equation.DSMT4
Equatio is undefined
n.DSMT
Page | 4 Stationary
4 Points / Turning
Points / Local Extremum /
Relative Extremum
 Point Point

TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2

DM025 2020/2021

Example 4:

Find the stationary points and stationary values of the function .

Example 5:

Find the critical numbers of .

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 TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2
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b. Relative Extremum

● A stationary point on a curve is a point where the first derivative of the function is zero (

or ).
● Relative maximum points, relative minimum points and stationary inflection points are examples
of stationary points.
● Collectively, relative maximum and minimum are called relative extremum. Relative extremum is
also referred as local extremum.
● Relative maximum and minimum points are said to be turning points on the curve.

2 methods to determine local max

or min points:

First Derivative Test

Second Derivative Test

The First Derivative Test

Suppose that is a critical number of a function that is continuous on .

a. If for and for , then has a local maximum at .

b. If for and for , then has a local minimum at .

c. If does not change sign at , then has no local extremum at

Local Maximum Point

EMB
ED
EMB Equ
EMB
ED ation
ED
Equ .DS
Equ
ation MT4
ation
.DS c .DS
MT4 MT4

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 TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2
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Sign of
Slope

Local Minimum Point

EMB
EMB ED
ED Equ
EMB
Equ ation
c ED
ation .DS
Equ
.DS MT4
ation
MT4
.DS
MT4
Sign of
Slope

No Local Extremum

EMB
EMB ED
ED Equ
Equ ation
EMB
ation .DS
ED
.DS MT4
Equ
Page | 7 ation MT4
.DS c
MT4
 TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2
DM025 2020/2021

Sign of
Slope

EMB EMB
ED ED
Equ Equ
ation EMB
ation
.DS ED
.DS
MT4 Equ
MT4
ation
c .DS
MT4
Sign of
Slope

Example 6:
Find the maximum and minimum values of the function .

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 TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2
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Example 7:

Find the relative extremum of .

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Example 8:

Find the nature of critical points on the curve .

Example 9:

Given a function . Find its local extremum points.

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The Second Derivative Test

Suppose is continuous on an open interval that contains .

a. If and , then has a local minimum at .

b. If and , then has a local maximum at .

c. If and , then the test fails, it is inconclusive. Thus the first derivative test is used.

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Local Maximum Point

+ -

Local Minimum Point

- +

Example 10:

Find the relative extremum of by using the second derivative test.

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Example 11:

By using the second derivative test, find the relative extrema of the function .

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Example 12:

Determine all local extremum for the function using second derivative test.

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Example 13:

A cuboid has the following dimensions, length , breadth and height .

Calculate the maximum value for the volume of the cuboid.

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Example 14:
An open-top box is to be made by cutting small congruent squares from the corners of a sheet
of tin and bending up the sides. How large should the squares be cut so that the box has the maximum
volume?

Example 15:

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 TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2
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Refer to the figure below. A cone has a circular base with radius and the height of the cone is . Given
that the length of is , find the value of and if the volume of the cone is to be maximized.

3
h
c
m
A r
O

Example 16:
A cylindrical container has one end opened and the other end closed. It has a circular base of the radius
. Given that the total surface area of the container is .

i. Show that the volume of the container is .

ii. Find the maximum value of .

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 TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2
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Example 17:

The given diagram shows a solid

that consists of a cylinder, of
radius EMBED Equation.DSMT4
, surmounted by a hemisphere. The
volume of the cylinder is EMBED
r Equation.DSMT4 .

i. Show that the total surface area of the solid, , is given by .

ii. Find the minimum value of the total surface area of the solid.

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 TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2
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Example 18:
P

B In the diagram, ABCD

A
is a rectangle. APB and
CQD are semicircles.
EMB Given the area of ABCD
D
CED is EMBED
Equa Equation.DSMT4 .
Q tion.
DSM
a) Show thatT4the perimeter of the diagram, is given by .
b) Find the minimum perimeter of the diagram.

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 TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2
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Subtopic : 4.3 Rate of Change

a. Solve Related Rates Problems

● If variable changes with time, then represents the rate of change of with respect to time.
● Chain rule and implicit differentiation are frequently used to solve the problems related to rate of
change.

● Rate of ‘Increase’ is positive while rate of ‘Decrease’ is negative. For example, means
that volume is decreasing at the rate of .

Steps can be used as a guide to solve related

rate problems:

Draw picture and name the variables

and constants. Use EMBED
Equation.DSMT4 for time and assume
all variables are differentiable functions
of EMBED Equation.DSMT4 .
Page | 21 Write down the numerical
information (in term of the symbols you
have chosen).
Write down the rate we wish to find.
 TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2
DM025 2020/2021

Example 19:

Air is released from a spherical balloon at a rate of . If the radius of the balloon decrease at a rate
of , find the value of when its radius is .

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Example 20:
Hydrogen is being inflated into a spherical balloon at a constant rate at . Find the rate of increase
of the radius when the volume of the balloon is .

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 TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2
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Example 21:
A cube hs sides . Estimate the rate of change in the total surface area of the cube as the sides increases
at a rate , when the sides are .

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Example 22:
The height of a cylinder is . Given that the radius of its base is increasing at a constant rate of
, find the rate of increase of its volume at the instant when its radius is .

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Example 23:
The radius of a right circular cylinder of fixed height is increasing at a rate of . At a
particular instant, the radius of the cylinder is . Find the rate of increase of its total surface area at that
instant.

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Example 24:
A wire of length has to be formed into a circle. When the wire is heated, the length of the wire
increase at a rate of . Find the rate of change of the radius. Hence, find the rate of change of the
radius of the circle after seconds.

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Example 25:
The area of a circle is increasing at the rate of . Find the rate of increase of the radius when the
radius is .

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Example 26:
Water is poured into an inverted cone of height and radius at a rate of . Find the rate
of change of the height of the water when the height is .

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 TOPIC 4: APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION SEM 2
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Example 27:
Oil is being poured into an inverted cone of depth and radius at a rate of . Find the rate
at which the radius of the oil in the cone is increasing when the depth is .

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Example 28:
Water is leaking from the bottom of an inverted conical container with radius 18 cm and height 30cm at a rate
of 0.2 cm3/min. the tank was initially full. If the height of the water is 10cm, then find the rate of change of
the radius of the water surface.

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