Reviewer in 21st Literature

Lesson 1: Introduction to Literature

Literature
 Any printed material written within a book, a magazine or a pamphlet
 Fateful reproduction of a man’s manifold experience blended into one harmonious expression
 Deals with ideas, thoughts, emotion of a man.
 Man’s Love, Grieve, thoughts, dreams and aspirations coached in a beautiful language in literature
 The expression of one’s feelings, may be through lve, sorrow, happiness, hatred, anger, pity, contempt or revenge
Literature is Undying
Functions of Literature
 Serves as an avenue to express ones feelings or ideas
 Serves as a reflection or mirror of one’s set of belief, culture and tradition
 Serves as a record of one’s thoughts and experience accecible to others
 Ampliflies ones creativity, develops empathy (you start to relate
 A channel to discover oneself, gives inner peace
 Develops superior focus

1. The Bible
- The sacred Writing
2. Quran
- Religious or sacred text or islam revelation
3. The illiad and odyssey
- By Hommer - Storry of the odessive
- Trojan War
4. The mahabarata
- By Vyasa - One of the Subscript Indian Epic
- Struggles between cousins because of power
- 1.8 million words, 200,000 verses
- Longest EPIC
5. The Canterbury Tales
- by Geoffrey Chaucer (Father of English Lit)
- Frame Story
6. Uncle Toms Cabin
- Harriet Beecher Stowe
- novel - Why civil war started
7. The divine Comedy
- By Dante Alignieri -Inferno
- Poem - After death -Purgatoryo
- Spiritual journey about his life Paraiso
8. El cid Campeador
- Fighting for your own rights
- Rodrigo diaz de vivar
- (Cid - Lord/Master) (Campeador - Champion)
9. One thousand and one nights
- Collection of Middle eastern folktales

Lesson 2: Genres of Literature

Classification of Literature according to structure
Fiction - Imagination Non– Fiction - Not folls
Classification According to form:
Prose Poetry Drama
 Prose - wherein the author expresses his thoughts and feelings in a lucid way
 Poetry - is a form of literature in which the poet uses a unique style and rhythm, to express intense experience
 Type of Prose
 Short Story - It is a fictional narrative in prose consisting of a series of events designed to create a single dominant effect.

 Novel - This is a long narrative divided into chapters.

- is a relatively long work of narrative fiction, normally written in prose form, and which is typically published as a book.
 Legends - is a story about human events or actions that have not been proved nor documented in real history.

 Myths - It is a story that was made up by people who wanted to explain how or why our world works. - are set in ancient times be-
fore history begin
 Fables - These are also fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things who speak and act like people. - their purpose is
to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitudes.
 Parables - is a short single story, usually of an occurrence of a familiar kind, from which moral or religious lesson may be drawn.

 Fairy Tails - A fairy tale is a story, often intended for children, that features fanciful and wondrous characters such as elves, goblins,
wizards,
 Essay - This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event. - short formal piece of writing
dealing with a single subject
 Biography - A biography, also called a bio, is a non-fiction piece of work giving an objective account of a person's life. - is the life
history of an individual, written by someone else.
 AutoBiography - An autobiography is the story of a person's life written by that person. - the author is also the main character of
the story, autobiographies are written in the first person.

 Memoir - Similar to an autobiography, a memoir is the story of a person's life written by that person. -focuses on reflection and es-
tablishing an emotional connection, rather than simply presenting the facts around their life.
 News - information published newspapers broadcast on radio and television about recent events in the country or world or in a par-
ticular area of activity. that is in and

Type of Poetry
 Narrative Poetry - Narrative poetry tells stories through verse. Like a novel or a short story, a narrative poem has a plot, characters,
and setting.
 Epic - This is an extended narrative about heroic exploits often under supernatural control.

 Metrical Romance - The poem tells a story in verse form and depicts the adventures of romantic poetry.

 Lyric Poetry - Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to
any type of poetry that expresses feelings of the poet. simple, and easy to understand. the emotions and They are usually short,
 Folk Songs - Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, but now, this applies to
any type of poetry that expresses feelings of the poet. simple, and easy to understand. the emotions and They are usually short,
 Sonets - This is a lyric poem 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling, of or an idea
- Two types
- Italian/Petrachan
 Elegy - This is a lyric poem that expresses teelings of griet and melancholy, and whose theme is DEATH

 Awit (SONG) - These have measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the accompaniment ofa guitar or banduria.

 Corrido - These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited to a martial beat

Lesson 2.1: Pre Colonial Period (BC 1564)

 Baybayin - Tawag sa sinaunang alpabeto ng mga Pilipino

 Alibata - Alpabetong Arabiko

A. Characteristics:
1. It practices the art of "story telling called ORAL TRADITIONS
2. Common themes of Philippine Literature:
 Nature- phenomena are explained through oral tradition
 b. Super natural events/ super natural creatures
 c. bravery of heroes
3. Philippine Pre-Colonial literature was considered their thruth.
4.Philippine Pre-colonial stories have plots that are generally shorter .
5. Language is full of melody and rhythm.

B. Literature
Oral Literature
 Bugtong (riddles) a puzzling question to be solved or to be guessed.
 Proverbs- are practical observations and philosophy of everyday life that are written usually in a rhyming scheme.
 Kasabihan - Is an often repeated and familiar expression that gives advice or information about human life and experience.
 Sawikain - a phrase or a fixed expression that has a figurative, or sometimes literal meaning.
 Tanaga - A poem in quatrain containing seven syllables each line with a monorhyme.
Folk Songs
 a. Hele/ Uyayi - a lullaby d. Diona/lhiman - wedding sorng
 b. Kumintang a war song e. Talindaw - boating song
 C. Harana - serenade f. Balitaw - love song
Folk Narrative
A. Epic - Epics in the Philippines during pre-colonization are considered ethno-epics because they are histories of various ethnic groups.
B. Myths - are prose narrative that aims to give an explanation of how the world and people came to be in their form.
C. Legends - are prose narrative accounts of an extraordinary happening believed to have actually occurred. It may tell of an en-
counter with marvelous creatures which the folks still believe in - fairies, ghosts, water spirits, mermaids, devil, aswang,and the like.
D. Fables - a story intended to teach human values with animals as major characfers attributing human qualities

Lesson 2.2: Spanish Colonial Period (BC 1565-1863)

Spanish culture has deeply infiltrated our Culture after three centuries of colonization. This profound cultural impact is in the
transformation of our literature during the Spanish Period.
With the advent of written literature and the rise of the Christian faith during this period, Philippine literature had entered a
new phase.
Historical Background
Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-
general in the Philippines Literature started to flourish during his time.
A. Characteristics
 It has 2 distinct Classification : Religious and Secular
 Spanish became the medium of communication
 The baybayin was replaced with the Roman Script
 The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.
 Ancient Literature was collected and translated to Tagalog
 Our periodicals gained religious tone
The First Book
1. ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE).
- 1593 Xylography - 87 pages Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva - Xylography Printing
2. NUESTRA SENORA DEL ROSARIO
- Second book - Fr. Blancas de San Jose - 1602 - Juan de Vera
3. Pasyon - It is a narrative poem abobut the life of Jesus Christ, beginning from his birth and up to his death Gaspar's version vwas the
earliest known pasyon
4. Barlaan at Josaphat
- It is a story about 2 holy people who were considered as true saints.
- It was published in 1708 with 553 pages. - written by San Juan Damaceno and translated in Tagalog by F Antonio de
Borja
5. Ang Dalit kay Maria
- collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary
- Introduced by Fr. Mariano Sevilla in 1865
6, Urbana at Feliza
- by Fr. Modesto De Castro (Father or Classical Prose in Tagalog)
- These are letters between two sisters Urbana at Felisa and have influenced greatly the behaviour of people in society
Recreational Plays
-There are many recreational plays performed by Filipinos during Spanish times. Almmost all of them were Poetic Form

1. Panunuluyan - is a Philippine Christmas dramatic ritual narrating the Holy Family's search for a place to stay in Bethlehem for Jesus
Christ's birth through song.
2. Salubong - a Tagalog word meaning "to welcome" or "to meet” .An annual re-enactment of the Biblical account of the Virgin Mary's
meeting with the resurrected Jesus Christ.
3. Senakulo - Spanish Word “Senakulo” Meaning “cenacle”
- The "Senakulo" is a traditional Filipino dramatization of the life and sufferings and death of Jesus Christ done in singing(pasyon)
4. Tibag - remind the people about the search of St. Helena for the cross on which Jesus died
5. Carillo (Shadow Play)
- form of dramatic entertainment performed on a moonless night
6. Zarzuela - The Zarzuela, though it is filled with colourful and elaborate designs from the actors to the stage and props, it is also filled
with music
- The actors and actresses as they say their lines on the scene, they sing it out.
7. Moro-Moro - The earliest form of organized theatre is the "comedia" or moro-nmoro which was created by Spanish priests.
- Prinsipe Rodante
8. Karagatan - This is a socio-religious play which is part of the rites held in connection with then death of a person.
- In this contest, more or less formal, a ritual is performed based on a legend
9. Duplo - -This is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning.
- The roles are taken from the bible and from proverbs.
- It is usually played during wakes for the dead.
10. Balagtasan - O a traditional Filipino art form where two protagonists debate the merits of a theme one supporting it and the other
arguing against it.
- a verbal joust in verse. It is usually conducted in Tagalog or other native dialects.
11. Dung-Aw - ls an ancient poetry and tradition of llocanos.
- This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his representative beside the corpse of the dead.
The Period of Enlightenment
- Planted seed of Nationalism
- Language Shifted to Spanish to Tagalog
- Addressed the masses instead of the elite