\kmhkmef j
Xämerfdk
Lÿmnbhj

F F     
      WW jj ss ss ff     j j             W W    j j s ss ff     e e     j j              U U kk rr jj pp bb jj     M M     u u tt rr bb hh bb ff mm jj ` `    k k     

XX uu pp `` kk dd kk mm tt ff ss      p p    j j   r r jj     \ \    f f    hh ïï      K K    ` ` b b    d d bb mm jj rr      f f             B B m m vv jj ss ff rr      

󰁗 󰁆  󰁑 󰁘 C K B @ J   󰁗   J     H   C   K H H 󰁆            
 

XFAQK DBD

Kspkhbj`bstj
Kdjnrkhbdkmtf
Kdjnrkhbdkmt - Faksbejek,
f k Xjÿek? Jafrejnkd
Du`tbebshbp`bmjr pk`j [mbvkrsbejek
Du`tbebshbp`bmjr
Lkekrj` ek Xèf Wju`f.

Efhkmtk - Wrflkssfrj hfmvbejej ej

Wøs-Nrjeujîèf ek Mutrbîèf Kspfrtbvj
Wøs-Nrjeujîèf
kd ^k``mkss ef Hkmtrf [mbvkrsbtêrbf
Xèf Hjdb`f.

Jpkrlkbîfjdkmtf - Mutrbnkmõdbhj k
Mutrbnkmâtbhj9 Mutrbîèf Jp`bhjej jf
Mutrbnkmâtbhj9
Kxkrhähbf Läsbhf9 Mutrbîèf Lumhbfmj` k
Lbtftkrjpbj.

Hf-lumejefrj - Wrfnrjdj ek
Zuj`bejek ek \bej DA Xjÿek ef
jdau`jtørbf ej Dkrhkeks-Akmz ef

Arjsb` (1772 ‘ 17:5).

Jtkmebdkmtf - Eksek 1772 hfd

kmlfquk kd Wrkvkmîèf, Xjÿek
Bmtknrjtbvj k Mutrbnkmâtbhj
Mutrbnkmâtbhj..

Nrjeujej kd Mutrbîèf pk`f Hkmtrf

[mbvkrsbtêrbf Xèf Hjdb`f.

Qkdbssèf ek ud qujerf jutfbdumk

eksek 17:3 hfd f pfekr ej mutrbîèf.
 

X[DÊQBF

5-:>
EBJNMØXUBHF & HFMUJDBMJÎÈF

:3->< J UKQJWBJ M[UQBHBFMJ@?

F WJXXF J WJXXF

\KMHKMEF J XÄMEQFDK LßMNBHJ?

EBNKXUÈF

>>-2<
EKUFS
\BUJDBMJ E

23-:77
QKLKQÏMHBJX
 

Xk tkd
â vbvf,
lumnf.
 

Xämerfdk
Lÿmnbhj mèf â
qukstèf ek
nïmkrf, ajstj skr 
cudjmf,
j`bdkmtf fu skr 
 vbvf

Mf frnjmbsdf cudjmf kxbstkd

db`cjrks ek ajhtârbjs, värus k
lumnfs.

J`nudjs kspâhbks vbvkd kd

cjrdfmbj/sbdabfsk hfmfshf k
mfs prfpfrhbfmjd j`nums
akmklähbfs.

F prfa`kdj kstê qujmef cê

udj prf`blkrjîèf kxjhkrajej
efs dbhrfrnjmbsdfs k
vbru`ïmhbj. Bssf pfek hjusjr
ebvkrsfs sbmjbs k sbmtfdjs quk

hjrjhtkrbzjd j Xämerfdk
Lÿmnbhj.
 

F ekskqub`äarbf
sbdabøtbhf ej rk`jîèf
cfspkekbrf-dbhrfabfdj
pfek rkl`ktbr mj rkspfstj
ef sbstkdj bdumk ef skr 
cudjmf, pfekmef
ekskmhjekjr efkmîjs ek
pk`k, nkmbtjbs,
bml`jdjtørbjs,
ekprkssèf, hámhkr k
jutfbdumks.
 

Ebjnmøstbhf
 

\fhï oê fuvbu lj`jr sfark HBE6

J H`jssblbhjîèf Kstjtästbhj Bmtkrmjhbfmj` ek Efkmîjs k Wrfa`kdjs Qk`jhbfmjefs
hfd j Xjÿek (HBE) ektkrdbmj j h`jssblbhjîèf k hfeblbhjîèf ejs efkmîjs k udj

jdp`j vjrbkejek ek sbmjbs, sbmtfdjs, jhcjefs jmfrdjbs, ekmÿmhbjs,

hbrhumstámhbjs sfhbjbs k hjusjs kxtkrmjs ek ejmfs k/fu efkmîj.

J HBE â pua`bhjej pk`j Frnjmbzjîèf Dumebj` Fs kxjdks sèf sf`bhbtjefs kd j`nums hjsfs
ek Xjÿek (FDX) k â usjej n`faj`dkmtk pjrj pjrj bekmtblbhjîèf ef tbpf ek lumnf k futrjs
kstjtästbhjs ek dfrab`bejek k ek dfrtj`bejek, `kvkeurjs. Wfrâd, fs dâebhfs hfmvkmhbfmjbs
sbstkdjs ek rkkdaf`sf k ek ekhbsûks sknubrèf fs prftfhf`fs dkebhjdkmtfsfs hfd
jutfdêtbhjs ek supfrtk kd dkebhbmj. fs dksdfs jmtblÿmnbhfs, bssf hfd fu skd

kxjdks.

J Xämerfdk Lÿmnbhj mèf tkd HBE6

\fhï mèf prkhbsj kspkrjr rkhkakr ud HBE
Js dbhfsks, hjmebeäjsk, efkmîjs rkspbrjtørbjs, pjrj sjakr quk j`nf mèf vjb akd k ekhbebr
jutfbdumks, kmtrk futrjs, tfejs pfssukd duejr.
HBE. F Wjerèf Furf pjrj ebjnmøstbhf ej J ajbxj bdumbejek oê â ud sbmj` bdpfrtjmtk
Xämerfdk Lÿmnbhj â f hfmoumtf ek sbmjbs k ek quk, tj`vkz, f pb`ftf jutfdêtbhf prkhbsk skr
sbmtfdjs quk vfhï oê bekmtblbhfu. eks`bnjef. K vfhï â :77% rkspfmsêvk` pk`js
sujs kshf`cjs. Mèf tkrhkbrbzk f prfa`kdj.
Wfr bssf, faskrvk fs sbmjbs k sbmtfdjs.
\fhï sk hfmckhk hfdf mbmnuâd.
 

KSKDW@FX HBE
HJMEBEBJXK

HBE :7 - A8> Hjmebeäjsk

HBE :7 - A8>.7 Kstfdjtbtk pfr Hjmebej
HBE :7 - A8>.:Hjmebeäjs
A8>.:Hjmebeäjsk
k pu`dfmjr
HBE :7 - A8>.1Hjmebeäjsk ej pk`k k ejs umcjs
HBE :7 - A8>.8Hjmebeäjsk ej vu`vj k ej vjnbmj

KSKDW@FX HBE
DBHFXK

HBE :7 - A8< Futrjs dbhfsks supkrlbhbjbs

HBE :7 - A8<.7 Wbtbräjsk vkrsbhf`fr
HBE :7 - A8<.: Ubmcj mknrj
HBE :7 - A8<.1 Wbkerj arjmhj
HBE :7 - A8<.8 Wbkerj mknrj
HBE :7 - A8<.3 Futrjs dbhfsks supkrlbhbjbs
kspkhblbhjejs
HBE :7 - A8<.2 Dbhfsk supkrlbhbj` mèf
kspkhblbhjej
 

F
bmbdbnf
dfrj
jf
 

`jef
F BMBDBNF DFQJ 
 JF @JEF
Fs lumnfs tïd j hjpjhbejek ek sk

ekskmvf`vkr kd bmÿdkrfs

WJXXF : prfeutfs j`bdkmtähbfs, mf jdabkmtk

k mj suj hjsj. K js tfxbmjs

prfeuzbejs pk`fs lumnfs mkd

skdprk kstèf vbsävkbs fu tïd

Jvj`bk f sku hf`hcèf k trjvksskbrfs. F
hckbrf.
tkdpf dêxbdf ek usf sèf 1 jmfs.

Kxpfmcj jdafs jf sf` k ljîj j cbnbkmk

ef jdabkmtk hfd ê`hff` >7 k `jvk fs

tkhbefs hfd `ysflfrd.

J cbnbkmbzjîèf ek hfrtbmjs k tjpktks

ekvkd skr skdjmjbs.

Hfmtrjtk kdprksjs pjrj j `bdpkzj ef

jr hfmebhbfmjef k hjbxj e'ênuj ej suj

hjsj.
 

F BMBDBNF DFQJ 
 JF @JEF

 Jspkrnb``us

Lusjrbud Xtjhcyaftrys
L [ M N F X  H J X K B Q F X 

Wjkhb`fdyhks
 

 J 
HFMUJDBMJÎÈF
 J@BDKMUJQ
 

HFMUJDBMJÎÈF
EBQKUJ 
J kxpfsbîèf hfmtämuj j pkqukmjs
efsks ejs tfxbmjs prkskmtks mfs
j`bdkmtfs, judkmtj j
prfajab`bejek ef ekskmvf`vbdkmtf
ek efkmîjs jutfbdumks, rkjîûks

j`ârnbhjs k bml`jdjîèf hrõmbhj,

hfdf njmcf ek pksf.

WJXXF 1

Kvbtk j`bdkmtfs j nrjmk` eurjmtk f trjtjdkmtf.

Hfdprk hjlâ k hcês hfd hkrtblbhjefs ek purkzj k/fu frnámbhfs.

Cbnbkmbzk fs j`bdkmtfs quk vfhï lfr hfmsudbr hru ef okbtf hkrtf, kxp`bhf mj

skquïmhbj.

F`ck j ejtj ek ljarbhjîèf efs j`bdkmtfs. Zujmtf djbs rkhkmtk j prfeuîèf,

dk`cfr. Wfr bssf, mèf kstfquk lrutjs

lrutjs k vknktjbs. Hfdprk j hjej 8 ebjs.

Zujmtf djbs tkdpf

tkdpf ud prfeutf kstê jakrtf, djbfr
djbfr f rbshf ek hfmtjdbmjîèf.
hfmtjdbmjîèf.
 

CBNBKMB_JÎÈF
EFX \KNKUJBX

[sk js pjstb`cjs klkrvkshkmtks

lfrdu`jejs hfd sj` frnámbhf

(ebh`frf-X-Urbjzbmktrbfmk ek Xøebf)
lfrjd ekskmvf`vbejs pjrj njrjmtbr
DBHQF- j cbnbkmbzjîèf ejs lrutjs, vkreurjs

FQNJMBXDFX k `knudks. \fhï kmhfmtrj mj

bmtkrmkt k kd cfrtblrutbs.

Kssjs pjstb`cjs tïd klbhbïmhbj hfdprfvjej hfmtrj fs prbmhbpjbs

dbhrfrnjmbsdfs hjusjefrks ek efkmîjs?

Kshckrbhcbj hf`b.

Xj`dfmk`j typcb.

Xtjpcy`fhfhhuss jurkus.
Xtjpcy`fhfhhu

Wskuefdfmj jkrunbmfsj.

\barbf hcf`krjk.
Kmtkrfhfhhus ljkhj`bs.

I`kasbk``j sp.
 

Wjstb`cjs klkrvkshkmtks
sj` frnámbhf? lfrdu`jejs
ßmbhf mj hjtknfrbj hfdhfd
hkrtblbhjîèf pjrj sjmbtbzjîèf ek j`bdkmtfs
frnámbhfs.

Mèf prkhbsj kmxjnujr fs j`bdkmtfs jpøs j cbnbkmbzjîèf hfd H`fr-bm Xj`je

Wrbmhäpbf jtbvf jprfvjef pk`j Frnjmbzjîèf Dumebj` ej Xjÿek (^CF, ^fre`

Ckj`tc Frnjmbzjtbfm)

Lumejîèf Mjhbfmj` ej Hbïmhbj (MXL, Mjtbfmj` Xjmbtjtbfm Lfumejtbfm)

Jnïmhbj ek Wrftkîèf Jdabkmtj` efs Kstjefs [mbefs (KWJ, Kmvbrfmdkmtj`

Wrftkhtbfm Jnkmhy).
 

LJQBMCJX

Jf jarbr ud pjhftk ek ljrbmcj,

hf`fquk-j kd ud rkhbpbkmtk

vkejef k ekpfbs mf hfmnk`jefr pfr

53c.

HFMXKQ\JÎÈF

Qktbrk ef hfmnk`jefr k jrdjzkmk kd

`unjr lrkshf, skhf k `fmnk ek lfmtks
ek hj`fr pfr jtâ 27 ebjs fu mj
nk`jekbrj jtâ : jmf.
 

\jdfs `ê...
ku tk nubf

Djs â
 \fhï
mf
 

Hfmtrf`k D B M E D J W

8.: Xjÿek ebnkstbvj

:.: Qjbz ef
 prfa`kdj
8.1 Xjÿek ef
8. Qkstjurjr Länjef
:.1 Xbmjbs k
Xbmtfdjs
:. Bekmtblbhjr
8.8 Xjÿek bmtkstbmj` 

:.8 J`bdkmtfs quk

jnrjvjd f qujerf ek
Xämerfdk Lÿmnbhj

UQJUJQ 
 J QJB_ EF WQFA@KDJ 

5.: Ebktj häh`bhj

1.: J`bdkmtfs
hfmtjdbmjefs pfr  5. Djmutkmîèf 5.1
 lumnfs k hfd Xup`kdkmtjîèf
 pftkmhbj` j`krnïmbhf jmtblÿmnbhj
1. K`bdbmjr (lfrdj häh`bhj)

1.1 Lumnfs 5.8 Hubejef hfd j

 pjtønkmfs ej jqubsbîèf,
dbhrfabftj jrdjzkmjdkmtf k

1.8 Bmlkhîûks ek  prkpjrf efs

rkpktbîèf j`bdkmtfs.

\F H Ï M F H F M U Q F @K
 

K@BDBMK JZ[B@F
Z[K UK LJ_
DJ@. XKOJ 
 J@BDKMUFX
F[
XKMUBDKMUFX.
 

FX ; WJXXFX EJ 
UKQJWBJ 
M[UQBHBFMJ@

:. J \brjej ek Hcjvk hfdkîj pk`j afhj

1. Qkstjurjîèf Bmtkstbmj`
8. Hbh`f 1:? J Ukrjpbj Mutrbhbfmj`
5. K`bdbmjmef f Bmvjsfr
;. \kmhkmef j Xämerfdk Lÿmnbhj

Wjrj j`hjmîjr j rkdbssèf tèf

j`dkojej â bdpfrtjmtk trjtjr f tfef.
Djshjrjr f prfa`kdj pfek ejr j`ävbf
k skmsjîèf ek akd kstjr, pfrâd kstk
kstjef â dfdkmtámkf k qujmef
vfhï dkmfs kspkrj f prfa`kdj
rktfrmj.
J UKQJWBJ M[UQBHBFMJ@ pjrj
hfmtrf`jr f X[WKQHQKXHBDKMUF
LßMNBHF kmvf`vk duejmîjs.
K duejr eê trjaj`cf, mkd tfefs
kstèf prfmtfs fu qukrkd pjssjr pk`f
ekshfmlfrtf ej EKXHFMXUQ[ÎÈF  ek
vk`cfs cêabtfs. Wjrj mjshkr,
pjssjdfs pk`f ekshfmlfrtf. Wjrj sk
lfrdjr, pjssjdfs pk`f ekshfmlfrtf.
Wjrj tkr lb`cfs, pjssjdfs pk`f
ekshfmlfrtf. J kvf`uîèf nkrj
 ekshfmlfrtf, djs j rkhfdpkmsj vkd.
 

:· Wjssf

 J vbrjej
hcjvk ek

hfdkîj
pk`j afhj
 

 J \BQJEJ EK
HCJ\K HFDKÎJ 
WK@J AFHJ 

‐J sjÿek hfdkîj pk`j afhj— kssj lrjsk

mèf â jpkmjs ud h`bhcï ek hfmsu`tørbf
fefmtf`ønbhf, k sbd udj rkj`bejek quk
ekvkdfs faskrvjr k bmtkrmj`bzjr.

Wjrk pjrj pkmsjr? j  afhj â ud

kspjîf jakrtf  k bmbhbj` ef trjtf
njstrfbmtkstbmj`, â mk`j fmek tkdfs
ud efs prbdkbrfs hfmtjtfs hfd fs
j`bdkmtfs, akabejs k, tjdaâd,
hfd lumnfs, ajhtârbjs k värus.
Jnfrj bdjnbmk, sk vfhï jprkskmtj
udj bml`jdjîèf mj nkmnbvj, ud
prfa`kdj mj `ämnuj fu udj ‐sbdp`ks—
hêrbk, tfejs js vkzks quk vfhï kmnf`k
f j`bdkmtf, j`nudj akabej fu jtâ
dksdf j sj`bvj, vfhï kstê bmnkrbmef
db`cjrks ek dbhrfrnjmbsdfs vbvfs.
K sk j suj bdumbejek kstbvkr
ekab`btjej, kssks pkqukmfs bmvjsfrks
pfekrèf prfvfhjr udj sârbk ek
prfa`kdjs mj suj pk`k, mf bmtkstbmf,
mf sbstkdj urbmêrbf/rkprfeutfr k kd

dubtfs futrfs `unjrks. Wfr bssf, mkstk

prfhkssf ek hurj â bdpfrtjmtk quk
vfhï hfdkhk fs hubejefs pk`j afhj.
 

QBU[J@ DJUBMJ@
XJ[EÊ\K@

:.Kshfvjîèf? Qkhfdkmef quk utb`bzk

kshfvj ek ajdau, pfbs j`âd ek skr
:77% abfeknrjeêvk`, k`j tjdaâd â
jmtblÿmnbhj k jmtbajhtkrbj
jmtbajhtkrbjmj.
mj.

1. Qjspjefr ek `ämnuj?  pjrj j

cbnbkmbzjîèf hfrrktj ej `ämnuj â
bdpfrtjmtk quk sk usk udj hf`ckr fu
rjspjefr ek bmfx fu ek hfark, pjrj
quk vfhï rjspk hfd `kvkzj k rktbrk j
sjaurrj `bmnuj` (abflb`dk arjmhf) quk
pfek kstjr j`fojej mj pjrtk supkrbfr
ej `ämnuj, quk â ud jdabkmtk
pkrlkbtf pjrj j prf`blkrjîèf ek
lumnfs k ajhtârbjs.

8. Xup`kdkmtjîèf ek Wrøpf`bs
\krek Frnámbhj? 

EFXK [X[J@?
:; j 17 nftjs pfr :; ebjs.
Wfek skr usjej kd dfdkmtfs
pfmtujbs qujmef jprkskmtjr sbmjbs
ek ajbxj bdumbejek fu jtâ bmbhbjr f
jmtblÿmnbhf.
Mèf ljîj usf hfmtämuf.
 

"Eblkrkmtkdkmtk ej prøpf`bs kurfpkbj, rbhj

kd l`jvfmfbeks, j prøpf`bs arjsb`kbrj â
hjrjhtkrbzjej pk`j prkskmîj ek ekrbvjefs ek
êhbef hbmádbhf prkmb`jef, quk pfssub 
jtbvbejek skqukstrjmtk ek rjebhjbs `bvrks k
sbnmblbhjtbvj jîèf

jmtb-bml`jdjtørbj k
jmtbdbhrfabjmj"
X k v k r b m f  J ` k m h j r ,  f r b k m t j e f r  e j  p k s q u b s j      
 

 J WQØWF@BX
AQJXB@KBQJ

J pksqubsj rkj`bzjej pfr

pksqubsjefrks ej Kshf`j Xupkrbfr ek
Jnrbhu`turj @ubz ek Zukbrfz (Ksj`q) ej
[XW kd Wbrjhbhjaj, ekdfmstrfu
tjdaâd j klbhêhbj ej prøpf`bs hfdf
jmtb-bml`jdjtørbj
jmtb-bml`jdjtørbj k jmtbajhtkrbj
jmtbajhtkrbjmj.
mj.

Js >3 jdfstrjs ek prøpf`bs utb`bzjejs

mj pksqubsj lfrjd hf`ktjejs kd
jpbêrbfs mf su` ef Wjrjmê k mfrtk ek
Xjmtj Hjtjrbmj.
F hfdpfstf jprkskmtfu jîèf hfmtrj
ebvkrsfs tbpfs ek dbhrf-frnjmbsdfs? f
Xtrkptfhfhhus dutjms k X. sfarbmus ―
jnkmtks jssfhbjefs jf
ekskmvf`vbdkmtf ej hêrbk9 f
Xtrkptfhfhhus frj`bs ― quk bmeuz jf
surnbdkmtf ej p`jhj ajhtkrbjmj k ç
kmefhjrebtk (efkmîj bmlkhhbfsj ef
hfrjîèf)9 f X. jurkus ― quk pfek
hjusjr jhmk, lurÿmhu`fs, hk`u`btk k
efkmîjs nrjvks hfdf dkmbmnbtk k
pmkudfmbjs9 k f Wskuefdfmjs
jkrunbmfsj ― pjtfnïmbhf fpfrtumbstj
jssfhbjef çs bmlkhîûks cfspbtj`jrks.
 

WQØWF@BX
FQNÁMBHJ 

J quj`bejek ej prøpf`bs prfeuzbej

pk`js jak`cjs vjrbj ek jhfref hfd j
frbnkd aftámbhj.

Mf Arjsb`, oê lfrjd h`jssblbhjejs pk`f

dkmfs :8 vjrbjmtks. Wjrj skrkd
hfmsbekrjejs frnámbhjs, js l`frks,
arftfs k hjshjs ek fmek sèf
hf`ktjejs js suastámhbjs ekvkd
rkspkbtjr j frekd mjturj` ek
prfeuîèf, skd jebîèf ek jnrftøxbhfs
fu pkstbhbejs.

Js >3 jdfstrjs utb`bzjejs mj

pksqubsj lfrjd fatbejs kd êrkjs ek
prkskrvjîèf pkrdjmkmtk k zfmjs ek
rkl`frkstjdkmtf, f quk njrjmtbu quk
j prøpf`bs kstbvkssk `bvrk ek jnkmtks
pf`ubefrks, ek pkstbhbejs, lkrtb`bzjmtks
k dktjbs pksjefs, hfmlfrdk
jvj`bjîèf ek hkrtblbhjefrjs mjhbfmjbs
k bmtkrmjhbfmjbs.
bmtkrmjhbfmjbs.
 

UKQHKBQB_JQ
H[QJ Â HFDFJ 
KXWKQJQ Z[K
 J@N[ÂD
QKJ@B_K XK[X
XFMCFX.
MÈF
L[MHBFMJ.
 

1· Wjssf

QKXUJ[QJÎÈF
BMUKXUBMJ@
 

J rkstjurjîèf bmtkstbmj`
K`k â ud `fmnf hfrrkefr hfd ud trámsbtf K â mkssj ljsk quk møs brkdfs rkstjurjr js
dubtf bmtkmsf ek ebvkrsjs suastámhbjs k pfrtjs. \jdfs lkhcjr js pfrtjs jakrtjs pjrj
dbhrfrnjmbsdfs, pfr kstj rjzèf â f bmvjsfr. Wjrtähu`js ek hfdbej mèf ebnkrbejs
bdpfrtjmtk quk hjej ud tkmcj j suj k futrjs tfxbmjs hjkd mj hfrrkmtk sjmnuämkj
‐hcjvk— kspkhälbhj pjrj jarbr j ‐pfrtj—. k f Xbstkdj Bdumk djrhj kstks bmvjsfrks
hfdf vb`ûks k fs jtjhj.
Mèf â tuef f quk kstê mf bmtkstbmf (hfrrkefr),
.
quk tkd j pkrdbssèf ek kmtrjej, pfrâd Bssf nkrj njtb`cfs mknjtbvfs mf hfrpf tfef,
qujmef mfssj sjÿek kstê ekab`btjej, surnkd eksek j qukej ej bdumbejek, prfa`kdjs ek
‐lkmejs— mkssjs pfrtjs quk pkrdbtkd j pk`k jtâ bmlkhîûks ek rkpktbîèf. F hfrpf pfek
pjssjnkd ek dbhrfrnjmbsdfs ef bmtkstbmf kstjr j`bdkmtjef, djs eksmutrbef.
pjrj ekmtrf ej hfrrkmtk sjmnuämkj.
Hfdkr, ebnkrbr, jasfrvkr k k`bdbmjr js sfarjs.
J`âd ejs lkmejs, f quk tjdaâd pfek fhfrrkr
Xk cê sbmjbs pkrdkjab`bejek bmtkstbmj`, j
â j prf`blkrjîèf ekskmlrkjej ek jasfrîèf k k`bdbmjîèf skrèf bmklbhbkmtks.
dbhrfrnjmbsdfs k udj nrjmek `bakrjîèf ek
dbhftfxbmjs, f quk prfvfhj ud ekskqub`äarbf
mj dbhrfabftj bmtkstbmj`.
 

 J QKXUJ[QJÎÈF
BMUKXUBMJ@

J`âd ek skr f `fhj` ek jasfrîèf ek

mutrbkmtks, tjdaâd jarbnj db`cûks
ek dbhrfrnjmbsdfs. Bdjnbmk ud
hfrrkefr hfd vêrbjs pfrtjs k hjej
udj ek`js sø pfek skr jakrtj hfd
udj hcjvk kspkhälbhj, jssbd â f
bmtkstbmf.

F
BD[MFM[UQBKMUK
DJBX KXU[EJEF
WFQ JU[JQ MJ 
AJQQKBQJ 
BMUKXUBMJ@ Â J 
N@[UJDBMJ.
 

X[W@KDKMUJÎÈF
WJQJ 
QKXUJ[QJÎÈF
BMUKXUBMJ@

N@[UJDBMJ

WJQJ Z[K XKQ\K6

J n`utjdbmj â f djbs jaumejmtk
jdbmfêhbef ef hfrpf. Hâ`u`js ef
trjtf njstrfbmtkstbmj`, kmtkrøhbtfs,
rbd, länjef k hâ`u`js ef sbstkdj
bdumk usjd kssk jdbmfêhbef hfdf
lfmtk ek kmkrnbj, skmef quk
jekqujejs hfmhkmtrjîûks sèf
mkhkssêrbjs pjrj j djmutkmîèf ek
udj vjrbkejek ek lumîûks hk`u`jrks.

Lfmtk ek kmkrnb
kmkrnbjj pjrj hâ`u`js
bmtkstbmjbs9 Jouej mj prfeuîèf ek
duhfprftkämj quk prftknk j pjrkek
ef kstõdjnf k bmtkstbmf.

HFDF [XJQ
EFXK [X[J@? ;n j :7n
Wk`j djmcè k mfbtk pfr :; ebjs.
Wfek skr usjej jssfhbjef hfd j

prøpf`bs.
 

Kstuef pua`bhjef mj Hrbt Hjrk Dke ekdfmstrj quk j sup`kdkmtjîèf

hfd n`utjdbmj kstê jssfhbjej hfd j ebdbmubîèf ej pkrdkjab`bejek
bmtkstbmj` kd pjhbkmtks hrätbhfs.

Wfr bssf, sunbrf quk vfhï ljîj f hbh`f

h bh`f ek :; ebjs.

WKQDKJAB@BEJEK
BMUKXUBMJ@

Jmtbabøtbhfs Dfmftfmbj j`bdkmtjr

Dflf k af`fr J`bdkmtfs
j`krnïmbhfs Hfrtbhøbeks
Ebktj bml`jdjtørbj
Hfmsudf ek
af`fr

HÂ@[@JX
BMUKXUBMJBX

WJXXJNKD @B\QK EF BM\JXFQ Z[KEJ EJ BD[MBEJEK

Xämerfdk Lÿmnbhj
 

 \fhï â
rkspfmsêvk`
pk`j suj
dk`cfr 
 vkrsèf. Djbs
mbmnuâd.
 

8· Wjssf

Hbh`f 1:?
 J Ukrjpbj
Mutrbhbfmj`
 

HFDKHK J HFDKQ 
EK DJMKBQJ 
HÄH@BHJ 

J pj`jvrj  ‐häh`bhj— tkd frbnkd mf

nrknf k sbnmblbhj hbrhu`jr, härhu`f, f
quk sk rkj`bzj fu rktfrmj
pkrbfebhjdkmtk. K sk faskrvjrdfs j
mjturkzj brkdfs bekmtblbhjr quk k`j
lumhbfmj j ajsk ek hbh`fs, hfdf pfr
kxkdp`f js kstjîûks (prbdjvkrj,
vkrèf, futfmf k bmvkrmf) k js ljsks
ej `uj (mfvj, hrkshkmtk, hckbj k
dbmnujmtk). Cê tjdaâd mj mjturkzj
j`nf hcjdjef sjzfmj`bejek, quk sk
rklkrk ç tkdpfrêrbf, quk qujmef
rk`jhbfmjef j j`bdkmtfs sbnmblbhj
‐hfmsudbr fs quk sèf täpbhfs ek udj
ektkrdbmjej kstjîèf fu âpfhj ef
jmf—. F`cjmef pjrj møs, skrks
cudjmfs, tjdaâd pfekdfs
bekmtblbhjr quk mjturj`dkmtk vbvkdfs
kd hbh`fs eksek f mfssf mjshbdkmtf.
K f quk djbs kvbekmhbj bssf â j
djmkbrj quk mfs j`bdkmtjdfs, pfbs
sfdfs hfmsbekrjefs pk`j hbïmhbj
hfdf skrks fmävfrfs, fu skoj, jquk`k
quk tkd j hjpjhbejek ek sk
j`bdkmtjr tjmtf ek djtârbj vknktj`
qujmtf jmbdj`.
 

Duek
hjusj k j
 vfhï
duej
klkbtf.f
 

QKXWKBUK J X[J LJXK

EK \BEJ

F djbs bmhrävk` ek tuef â quk tkdfs

db`cjrks ek fpîûks k bmlbmbtjs
hfdabmjîûks ek j`bdkmtfs, quk mfs
prfpfrhbfmjd udj bmlbmbejek ek
rklkbîûks ebstbmtjs udjs ejs futrjs.
Wfrâd, møs mfs jhfstudjdfs j
hfdkr fs dksdfs j`bdkmtfs, kd
qujsk tfejs js rklkbîûks k kd tfejs
js kstjîûks ef jmf. K jssbd, hfdf mèf skrbj sjueêvk` pjrj
j tkrrj sk f bmvkrmf fu f vkrèf lfsskd
ktkrmfs kd tfefs fs hfmtbmkmtks, j
dfmftfmbj j`bdkmtjr tjdaâd mèf â
sjueêvk` pjrj f mfssf frnjmbsdf. Wfbs,
jpkmjs j`nums j`bdkmtfs, pfr djbs
sjueêvkbs quk skojd, mèf mfs
prfpfrhbfmjd tfefs fs mutrbkmtks
mkhkssêrbfs pjrj j djmutkmîèf ej
mfssj sjÿek. K kssj dfmftfmbj
j`bdkmtjr tjdaâd pfek
ekskmhjekjr j`krnbjs k bmtf`krámhbjs
j`bdkmtjrks.
 

Hbh`f
1:
 

Wfr quk 1: ebjs6

HBMHF EBJX? F bmtkstbmf `kvj, kd

dâebj, pjrj sk rknkmkrjr. Â `ê j ajsk
ej bdumbejek.

HJUFQ_K EBJX? Urfhjdfs js pjpb`js

nustjtbvjs prkskmtks mj `ämnuj,
k`bdbmjmef vähbfs k ljhb`btjmef j
bmh`usèf ek mfvfs sjafrks.

\BMUK K [D EBJX? Â f pjssf bmbhbj`

pjrj skrkd hrbjefs mfvfs cêabtfs.

Hubek ef sku p`jhjr. J suj rftbmj

mèf prkhbsj skr pkrlkbtj, djs f
p`jhjr ekvk skr pfsbtbvf pjrj vfhï.

Hrbk dbhrf cêabtfs. Duek f quk â

djbs lêhb` prbdkbrf, k jfs pfuhfs.
 

F Z[K HFDKQ 
WJQJ QKXUJ[QJQ6

WJQJ HFDKÎJQ 
[D MF\F HBH@F F
Z[K MÈF HFDKQ6
 

 J`bdkmtfs hfd j`tf

pftkmhbj` j`krnïmbhf

@jrjmoj, `bdèf, dkxkrbhj, pfmhè,

lrutjs skhjs, djîè, suhf ek djîè,
uvj, vbmcf k hkrvkoj.

@kbtk, trbnf, hkmtkbf k hkvjej pfr

skrkd prftkämjs ek eblähb` ebnkstèf, k
quk pfekd pbfrjr j rkstjurjîèf
bmtkstbmj`.

Jrrfz k db`cf pk`f j`tf rbshf ek

hfmtjdbmjîèf lÿmnbhj ebrktj ef
j`bdkmtf.

 J`bdkmtfs quk
pfekd kstbdu`jr j
lkrdkmtjîèf
prf`blkrjîèf k

F jdkmefbd â ud j`bdkmtf ek eblähb`

ebnkstèf k pfssub ud j`tf
j`tf rbshf ek
hfmtjdbmjîèf pfr jl`jtfxbmj
prfeuzbejs pfr j`nums tbpfs ek
lumnfs hfdums mfs j`bdkmtfs.
 

WFXXF HFDKQ6

Kd hjsf ek bmtf`krámhbj, f hfdkr fu

mèf sø ekpkmek ek vfhï, bssf jtâ j
suj tftj` rkhupkrjîèf.

Jpøs fs 1: ebjs, bmh`uj js lrutjs

lkrdkmtêvkbs jfs pfuhfs, ud tbpf j
hjej skdjmj, sk nfstjr ek hfdk-`js.

Djs rkvkoj j mkhkssbejek ek lrutj

skhj.

Mfssf pjäs trfpbhj` tkd tjmtjs lrutjs

bm mjturj, mèf cê mkhkssbejek ek
lrutjs skhjs mj ebktj.

J ekhbsèf ef quk hfdkr â suj.

@bakrejek mutrbhbfmj`.
 

:7
%

Nfreurjs ek
jebîèf

Lrutjs nfreurfsjs fu
Qjäzks, lrutjs efhks, prftkämj
`kvkdkmtk efhks ek jhfref
87 vknktj` fu jmbdj`
hfd j sjzfmj`bejek
%
\kreurjs k `knudks hfzbefs

<7
%
 

HFDJ MF
DÄMBDF,
8;7 J ;77N EK
LQ[UJX,
 \KQE[QJX K/F[
@KN[DKX WFQ 
EBJ.
Wrklbrj fs vknktjbs hfzbefs
fu rklfnjefs
ljhb`btjr eurjmtk f hbh`f 1: pjrj
j suj ebnkstèf.
 

Z[JMUF HFDKQ6

Jqub kstê ud dfek`f ek p`jmf

j`bdkmtjr quk vfhï pfek usjr
eurjmtk f Hbh`f 1:.

F mÿdkrf ek rklkbîûks ekpkmek ej

suj lfdk. Hfdj sk skmtbr lfdk. Kvbtk
sk j`bdkmtjr mf pb`ftf jutfdêtbhf,
hfdkr pfr hfdkr.

Lfdk k vfmtjek ek hfdkr sèf

mkhkssbejeks eblkrkmtks.

Jpøs f Hbh`f 1:, vfhï vjb ekhbebr sk f

trbnf, `kbtk, db`cf,
db`cf, jrrfz, jdkmefbd k
futrfs j`bdkmtfs ljrèf pjrtk ej suj
ebktj.

@kdarjmef quk, ebktj sèf fs

j`bdkmtfs quk hfdkdfs
rkpktbejdkmtk.
 

W@JMF J@BDKMUJQ 
` b v r k  e k  j ` k r n   ï        m   b h f s 

EKXOKO[D F[ @JMHCK

Fpîèf :? pèf ek jaøafrj + dfrjmnfs ajtbef hfd `kbtk ek hfhf

Fpîèf 1? suhf ektfxblbhjmtk (okoud ek sø`befs)
Fpîèf 8? djmebfhj fu ajtjtj efhk hfzbefs, lbmj`bzjefs hfd
h fd j`khrbd + fvf hfd djmtkbnj
Fpîèf 5? pèf skd n`ÿtkm hfd djbfmksk ek j`cf (ajtkr j abfdjssj ek ajmjmj vkrek hfd
jzkbtk, sj`, j`cf k frânjmf fu djmokrbhèf)
Fpîèf ;? sdfftcbk jmtbfx (`kbtk ek hfhf k lrutj rfxj
rfxj fu vkrdk
vkrdk`cj
`cj + skdkmtk ek hcbj fu
`bmcjîj)
*[sk jîuhjr ek hfhf fu kstâvbj pjrj jefîjr, sk mkhkssêrbf.

*Wjrj jhfdpjmcjr? hjlâ, hcês fu `kbtk ek hfhf

EKXOKO[D F[
F p î è f   :  ?   f   v f  d k x b e f   h   f   d  s j ` s j   ,   h   k a f ` b m c j      k   t k d p k r f   l u    m h b f m j `  

@JMHCK F p î è f   1    ? a   f ` b m c j s   e   k    d u s s j r k ` j   e    k   a ÿ l j ` j   h   f    d j z k b t k    k     f r â n j m f    k    t f d j t k      

h k r k o j   k      j d k b x j   r   f   x j      

F p î è f   8    L   r j m n f   p     k b x k   f   u    h j r m k   h   f    d t k d p k r f   l  u   m h b f m j `   n u j h j d f ` k      
? ,   +  

Z u j ` q u k r   c   f r ê r b f   q     u k 

s k m t b r   l   f d k      

5 
F p î è f     ? p   r f t k b m j   v   k   n k t j `   k d  p  ø a j t b e j   h   f    d d j r j h u o ê      

J@DFÎF K OJMUJQ

J@BDKMUFX LFMUKX EK HJQAFBEQJUF?

Ajtjtj efhk, djmebfhj, djmebfqubmcj (rjäzks)
J@BDKMUFX LFMUKX EK WQFUKÄMJ JMBDJ@?
Wkbxk ek pkqukmf pfrtk fu ek ênuj lrbj
Lrjmnf, hjrmk, fvfs fu pfrhf (quj`qukr hfrtk) fu
@kmtb`cj, nrèf ek abhf, lkboûks (rkdf`cf :1 cfrjs)
J@BDKMUFX LFMUKX EK \BUJDBMJX K DBMKQJBX
: vknktj` vkrek kshurf +
: hf`frbef (pfek skr `knudk fu lrutj, sk nfstjr)
 XFAQKDKXJ? ajmjmj hfd hjmk`j fu hcfhf`jtk >7% pbhjef fu dfrjmnf hfd hrkdk ek `kbtk
 

WÈF EK JAØAFQJ 

BMNQKEBKMUKX

:77n ek pf`vb`cf jzkef

:;7n ek pf`vb`cf efhk
:;7d` ek jzkbtk
1;7n ek jaøafrj,
jaøafrj, djmebfq
djmebfqubmcj
ubmcj fu hkmfurj fu ajtjtj efhk

rfxj fu djmebfhj fu bmcjdk

8;d` ek ênuj
3n ek sj` djrbmcf
Jebhbfmk ud tkdpkrf lumhbfmj`? frânjmf, j`khrbd, hÿrhudj fu
nkrnk`bd j nfstf

DFEF EK WQKWJQF

Kd ud afw` dbsturk fs bmnrkebkmtks skhfs k fs `äqubefs ,

dbsturk hfd js dèfs jtâ lbhjr akd lbrdk j djssj .
Ekpfbs â sø ljzkr af`bmcjs k jssjr mf lfrmf prâ - jqukhbef j
177 nrjus. Lbquk ek f`cf mf pfmtf quk vfhï nfstj.
Xk nfstjr hfd dkmfs hjsqubmcj , â sø ekbxjr dkmfs tkdpf k
sk nfstjr ek`k djbs hjshuebmcf , sø ekbxjr djbs tkdpf.
 

FE[QJMUK
Z[K HFDKQ 
F
HBH@F 1:
 

EKLKXJ EF XBXUKDJ
BD[MK
HCKHI @BXU

J@BDKMUFX   E X U Z Z X   X

Jdkbxj lrkshj
Jdfrj
Jajhjtk

Arêssbhjs
Hjdu-hjdu
Hkaf`j rfxj
Hkrkoj
Hcfhf`jtk >7%
Hrjmakrry
Hÿrhudj
Lrjdafksj
 Ouê
Djrjhuoê
Dbrtb`f
 

J@BDKMUFX   E X U Z Z X   X

Dfrjmnf
Wbtfdaj

Wkqub
Wf`pj ek Jîjä 
Wbmcèf
Qkpf`cf rfxf
Qfdè
Xkdkmtk ek jaøafrj
Xkdkmtk ek hcbj
Xkdkmtk ek nkrnk`bd
Xkdkmtk ek `bmcjîj
Xjrebmcj fu Xj`dèf
Ø`kf ek hfhf kxtrj vbrnkd
 

HCKHI @BXU
EKLKXJ EF EMJ 
J@BDKMUFX   E X U Z Z X   X

Jhkrf`j
  J`khrbd
  Jdïmefj
Jaøafrj

  Jzkbtk ek f`bvj
Ajhurb
Ajajîu
Aurbtb
Hjrjnujtê

  Hjstjmcj ef pjrê
Hjstjmcj ef sjpuhjbj
  Hcê ek hjdfdb`j
Hcê prktf
Hcê ff`fmn

 
 

J@BDKMUFX   E X U Z Z X   X

Hcê vkrek
Nfbjaj
Djthcê
Djmnj
Dk`jmhbj
Frânjmf
Wïssknf
Wjmhs
 

HCKHI @BXU
EKLKXJ EF DBHQFABFDJ 

J@BDKMUFX   E X U Z Z X   X

  J`hjhcflrj
Jhk`nj
  J`cf hru

  J`cf pfrf
  Jspjrnf
Ajmjmj vkrek (abfdjssj)
Hjou
 Hkaf`j arjmhj

  Hkaf`bmcj
  Hfkmtrf
  Hfnudk`fs
  Hfuvk
Hruê

Hruhälkrjs
 
 

J@BDKMUFX   E X U Z Z X   X

Hfhf k ø`kf ek hfhf

 Ojautbhjaj (hfmsudbr j hjshj)
Ifdauhcj
Djmtkbnj
Xj`sj
Xj`sèf
 

NFQE[QJ WJQJ 
HFHÎÈF (HF_BMCJQ)

Ø`kf ek nkrnk`bd

Ø`kf ek jajhjtk

Djmtkbnj nckk

Jzkbtk ek lrutfs ej suj rknbèf

Ø`kf ek hfhf kxtrj vbrnkd

frnámbhf

Djmtkbnj ek hjhju
 

LFMUKX EK KMKQNBJ 
M[UQBUB\J QÊWBEJ 

Ajtjtj
(hfd hjshj) Djmebfqubmcj/ ajtjtj
ajrfj

Ajtjtj efhk
(hfd hjshj)

Ajmjmj Bmcjdk/hjrê
 

LFMUKX EK WQFUKÄMJ 
 JMBDJ@

Wkbxks pkqukmfs, hfdf sjrebmcj, ek ênuj lrbj fu rknbfmj`.

K lrutfs ef djr ek afj prfhkeïmhbj.

Hjrmks ek jvks quj`qukr hfrtk k fvfs prklbrj k prbfrbzk fs

frnámbhfs

Hjrmk frnámbhj afvbmj, prbmhbpj`dkmtk eurjmtk f pkräfef dkmstruj`, ek

hfrekbrf fu suämj. K `bmnubhj skd jebtbvfs.
 

 J M U B - B M L @ J D J U Ø Q B F X , J M U B F S B E J M UK X ,
 JM
 \BB U J D B M J X K D B M K Q J B X
 \
Lf`cjs k vknktjbs vkreks hfdf
arøhf`bs, hfuvk, kspbmjlrk,
rÿhu`j, kmtrk futrfs vkreks
kshurfs.

@knudks k lrutjs hf`frbejs hfd

ajbxj hfmhkmtrjîèf ek jîÿhjr
rkpf`cf rfxf, pbdkmtûks k tfdjtks
frnámbhfs jajhjtk, hfhf, jîjä,
dfrjmnf, jdkbxj, ibwb, jajhjxb k
hcfhf`jtk >7%. Wrbfrbzk js lrutjs
rfxjs k vkrdk`cjs.
 

LFMUKX EK WQFUKÄMJX
 \KNKUJBX

Bmebhjefs pjrj vknktjrbjmfs, k

sunbrf jssfhbjr js rjäzks. Xk vfhï mèf
â vknktjrbjmf, frbkmtf quk mèf hfdj
eurjmtk f hbh`f 1: fu mèf dbsturk
hfd prftkämj jmbdj`.
Kshf`cj prftkämj vknktj` fu jmbdj`.
:77n 
:77n 

:77n 
:77n 
:8,2n  :77n 
3,3n  :77n 
>,;n  :77n 
s
f f
h eb d
f`
l
z
f
k
nr <,<n    <,8n  5,;n 
h, j ,
d f v f
kjb bh d )u j, j ktr f 5,5n 
,
a k l c` eb eb j j
k k j ft bt W
v z z f eb
J e c` ( m f f f mb z
f b jo k h èo h f
èr vr @ b u h
K f k Z
N X L

Nrjdjs ek prftkämj pfr :77n

 

UKDWKQF L[MHBFMJ@

BMNQKEBKMUKX
1 hf`ckrks ek hcê ek j`cf kd pø
1 hf`ckrks ek hcê ek frânjmf eksberjtjef
:/5 ek hf`ckr ek hcê ek tfdb`cf eksberjtjef
:/5 ek hf`ckr ek hcê ek pbdkmtj ef rkbmf dfäej (hfdprjr f nrèf,

dfkr kd hjsj)
:/5 ek hf`ckr ek hcê ek hÿrhudj
1 hf`ckrks ek hcê ek sj` djrbmcf

DFEF EK WQKWJQF
Dbsturk akd js krvjs k fs tkdpkrfs kd udj tbnk`j pkqukmj k
nujrek kd ud pftk ek hfmskrvj pkqukmf.

[sk mjs hjrmks, fvfs k `knudbmfsjs (vknktjrbjmfs).

 J
 Jîè
îèf
f jmt
jm t b lÿmn
lÿ mnbb hj,
hj , j mtb
mt b fxb
fx b e jmtk
jm tk k b dumf
du mfdf
dfeu
eu`` j ef
efrr j .
 

KD DÂEBJ, Z[JMUF
HFDKQ6

:. Qkspkbtk fs sbmjbs ek lfdk.

Eks`bnuk f pb`ftf jutfdêtbhf
ef mÿdkrf ek rklkbîûks.
1.  Jprkmej j eblkrkmhbjr lfdk
k vfmtjek ek hfdkr
8.  Xk qubskr, hj`hu`k k usk
j`nud jpp pjrj tk jouejr mf
hfmtrf`k ebêrbf ejs pfrîûks
k vjrbjîûks.
 

KDJNQKHBDKMUF

17 j 1; hj`frbjs pfr in ek pksf - sk vfhï qukr kdjnrkhkr

Kxkdp`f? >7 (pksf) x 17 (hj`frbjs) 4 :577 hj`frbjs pfr ebj

NJMCF EK DJXXJ DJNQJ F[

DJM[UKMÎÈF EF WKXF

87 j 8; hj`frbjs pfr in ek pksf - sk vfhï qukr njmcjr fu djmtkr

f pksf

Kxkdp`f? >7 (pksf) x 8; (hj`frbjs) 4 15;7 hj`frbjs pfr ebj

jssfhbjef jf trkbmf ek lfrîj.
 

WQFUKÄMJ

:,; j 1.7n ek prftkämj pfr in ek pksf pjrj kdjnrkhkr fu njmcjr

djssj djnrj

Kxkdp`f? >7 (pksf) x 1 4 :57n ek prftkämj jf `fmnf ef ebj.

Kxkdp`fs?
 1 fvfs 4 :5n ek prftkämj
: lb`k ek pkbxk nrjmek 4 87n ek prftkämj

HJQAFBEQJUF

Jhbdj ek :;7n pfr ebj

Ljbxj ek hfmsudf j`tj quk pfek skr jekqujej pjrj pkssfjs
dubtf jtbvjs, trkbmf ek lfrîj fu quk pkrekd pksf rjpbejdkmtk.

:77 j :;7n pfr ebj

Ljbxj ek hfmsudf dfekrjej quk pfek skr jekqujej pjrj
pkssfjs jtbvjs k sjueêvkbs quk qukrkd skhjr skd pkrekr djssj
dushu`jr.

;7n pfr ebj

Ljbxj ek hfmsudf ajbxj bmebhjef pjrj pkssfjs hfd ebjaktks,
rksbstïmhbj j bmsu`bmj fu nfreurj vbshkrj`.

Kxkdp`fs?
: ajmjmj 4 1;n ek hjrafberjtf
: pèf lrjmhks 4 87n ek hjrafberjtf
 

 JW@BHJUB\FX
 JW@BHJUB \FX EK XJßEK
XJßEK

DyLbtmkssWj`
Ljt Xkhrkt
Ebktj k Xjÿek
Djhrfs - Hj`hu`k j suj Ebktj
Ukhmfmutrb

Wfekd tk jouejr mf ebj j ebj pjrj jhfdpjmcjr f aj`jmîf ej suj

j`bdkmtjîèf.

 ÊN[J DBMKQJ
 ÊN[J DB MKQJ@@ EK LFMU
LFMUKX
KX @FMNK
@FMNK EK
HBEJEKX

Wrklbrj ênuj dbmkrj` eurjmtk f trjtjdkmtf.B

mh`usbvk, hfzbmck hfd ênuj dbmkrj`.

Ufdk 87 j 57d` pfr in ek pksf.

Kxkdp`f? <7in x 8; 4 kd dâebj,

dâebj, 1 `btrfs
 

F Z[K MÈF
HFDKQ E[QJMUK
F HBH@F 1:
 

 J@BDKMUFX HFD WFUKMHB

WFUKMHBJ@
J@
 J@KQNÏMBHF K LKQDKMUÊ\KBX
LKQDKMUÊ\KBX

J@BDKMUFX   E X U Z Z X   X

Jdkmefbd

Hkmtkbf

Hkrvkoj / Hkvjej

 @kbtk

@bdèf / @jrjmoj / Dkxkrbhj

Db`cf / Jrrfz

Urbnf / N`ÿtkm

Djîj / [vj / \bmcf

Lrutjs eksberjtjejs

Kxhkssf ek h`jrj ek fvf

Xk fptjr kd hfdï-`f, jebhbfmk ud j`bdkmtf hfd pftïmhbj` j`krnkmbhf pfr

skdjmj. Kvbtk dbsturj-`fs mj ljsk jtuj` ef trjtjdkmtf.
Js lrutjs pfekd skr bmnkrbejs jpøs f hbh`f 1:.
Qkpkmsk sfark f hfmsudf ek lrutjs skhjs, vbvkmef kd ud pjäs trfpbhj`.
Xunbrf quk mèf hfmsudj pfr djbs ek 5 ebjs j`bdkmtfs hfd pftkmhbj` j`krnïmbhf
 k lkrdkmtêvkbs.

Wfekr Bmebvbeuj` WKQDBXXÈF

HFMLBJMÎJ 
QJÄ_KX H[@U[QJBX

H k ` k a r k 

j 

H f d b e j        

HFDKDFQJÎÛKX XJUBXLJÎÈF
DK@CFQBJ EK XJßEK
KXUB@F EK \BEJ  @BAKQEJEK
 

5· Wjssf

K`bdbmjmef
f
Bmvjsfr 
 

Ø@KF EK
FQÂNJMF
Cê vêrbfs sup`kdkmtfs hfd pftkmhbj`
jmtblÿmnbhf. J prøpf`bs â ud ek`ks. \fhï
 oê pfek tkr dk`cfrjef hfd suj jîèf.
Djs jnfrj vfu hfmvkrsjr hfd vfhï
sfark f Ø`kf ek Frânjmf.

F ø`kf ksskmhbj` ek frânjmf â f djbs

pfekrfsf jmtb sâptbhf ek frbnkd
vknktj` (^C Djrtbmej`k).

\êrbjs kspâhbks ef nïmkrf Frbnjmud

tïd kmtrk skus prbmhbpjbs
hfmstbtubmtks hjrvjhrf` k tbdf` quk
sèf jhfdpjmcjefs pfr futrjs
suastámhbjs hfdf `bdfmkmf,
hjrbflb`kmf, hbdkmkmf, hjmlkmf,
`bmj`f`, pbmkmf, quk sèf kmhfmtrjefs
kd dkmfr hfmhkmtrjîèf, djs quk
tjdaâd jprkskmtjd jtbvbejek
dbhrfabjmj.

J jîèf jmtblÿmnbhj k jmtbdbhrfabjmj â

prfpfrhbfmjej pk`f tbdf` k
hjrvjhrf` prkskmtks mf ø`kf ek
frânjmf.

Wfrtjmtf, faskrvk j hfmhkmtrjîèf

ekssks mutrbkmtks mj djrhj
kshf`cbej. F bekj` â udj
 hfmhkmtrjîèf ek >7 j 27%.

Mfdk pfpu`jr ef frânjmf?

Djmokrfmj, ajbjmj, djmokrfmj -
sb`vkstrk, frânèf.

Futrjs bmebhjîûks k Jîèf Ljrdjhf`ønbhj

Kstbdu`jmtk ef sbstkdj mkrvfsf, jmtbfxbejmtk, jmtbdbhrfabjmf, lfrtk
jîèf jmj`nâsbhj, kspjsdf`ätbhj, suefrälbhj, kstbdu`jmtk ej ebnkstèf k ej
jtbvbejek utkrbmj, akd hfdf kxpkhtfrjmtk arjmef. [tb`bzjef pjrj
trjtjr nrbpks k rkslrbjefs, bmebnkstèf, l`jtu`ïmhbj, ebstÿrabfs kstfdjhjbs
k ek hø`bhjs dkmstrujbs, efrks jrtbhu`jrks k dushu`jrks, efr ek ekmtk,
hklj`kbjs k qukbxjs mkrvfsjs.

Ufxbhbejek/Hfmtrjbmebhjîûks
Mkmcudj hfmtrjbmebhjîèf lfb bekmtblbhjej. F frânjmf â rkhfmckhbef
hfdf sknurf pjrj hfmsudf cudjmf. Xkmsbab`bejek j`ârnbhj â rjrj, djs
 oê lfb rk`jtjej.

J sknurjmîj k klbhêhbj ef frânjmf kd efsks jhbdj ejs rkhfdkmejejs

mèf lfb kstjak`khbej, pfrtjmtf nkstjmtks ekvkd kvbtjr qujmtbejeks
jhbdj ejquk`js kmhfmtrjejs kd j`bdkmtfs.
 

FMEK
HFDWQJQ6

\fhï kmhfmtrj kd sbtks hfdf BCKQA

(cttps?//ar.bckra.hfd), `fojs ek
sup`kdkmtfs fu ljrdêhbj ek
djmbpu`jîèf.

J@N[DJX FWÎÛKX?
NJBJ
\BUJ@BUR ^FQIX
HJ@BLFQMBJ MJU[QJ@

Lf`cj ek frânjmf dkebtkrrámkf

sk`vjnkd (Frbnjmud vu`njrk)
Njrjmtbef pjrj hfmtkr pk`f dkmfs

>7% ek hjrvjhrf`

Mjhbfmj`, udj j`tkrmjtbvj?

\BUJ@ BMBA L - \BUJ@ ÁUDJM
Frânjmf? 822 dn (87%)
cttps?//www.vbtj`jtdjm.hfd.ar/prfe
utf/vbtj`-bmba-l/
 

HFDF UFDJQ6

Bmnkrbr j efsk rkhfdkmejej mj

kdaj`jnkd ej djrhj kshf`cbej.
Ekpkmek ej efsk pfr hêpsu`js.

WFQ Z[JMUF
UKDWF6

Hjsfs ek bmlkhîûks ek rkpktbîèf fu

qujerf pkrsbstkmtk pfr Hjmebej, f
bekj` sèf efzk skdjmjs ek
trjtjdkmtf hfd f ø`kf ek frânjmf.

Xbmtfdjs `kvks skd pkrsbstïmhbj

lÿmnbhj?  : hêpsu`j :-8 vkzks jf ebj
lÿmnbhj? 
pfr 1 skdjmjs.

Wjrj mkhkssbejeks jnuejs 

jnuejs  1-8
hêpsu`js 8 vkzks jf ebj pfr :1
skdjmjs.
 

F[UQJX
EFXJNKMX K DFEF
EK [XJQ?
-177
Bmlusèf
d@9 fu ekhfhîèf? 1%, ek ;7 j
- Kxtrjtf L`ubef? : j 5 d@ jf ebj9
- Ubmturj? ; j 17 d@ jf ebj9
- Sjrfpk? 17 j 37 d@ jf ebj9
QKJÎÈF EK OJQBXHC-
- Ø`kf ksskmhbj`? 1 j ; nftjs kd ênuj, CKQSCKBDKQ 
ek 1 j 8 vkzks jf ebj9
- Ø`kf ek frânjmf? 1 j 5 nftjs, jtâ 5
vkzks jf ebj.

Qkjîèf ek k`bdbmjîèf ek lumnfs

 j pbfrj h`ämbhj quk pfek fhfrrkr ek
HJQ\ÈF \KNKUJ@ :1 cfrjs jtâ :; ebjs jpøs bmähbf ek
 JUB\JEF sup`kdkmtf jmtblÿmnbhf. Fhfrrk j
`bakrjîèf ek suaprfeutfs tøxbhfs quk
sèf dktjaf`bzjefs pk`f länjef.

Hjrvèf \knktj` Jtbvjef â ekstbmjef

J`nums sbmtfdjs? Hjmsjîf, lkark,
jf trjtjdkmtf juxb`bjr mfs hjsfs ek
bmtfxbhjîûks `kvks fu ek mêuskjs, efr ek hjakîj, dj` kstjr,
ljebnj bmtkmsj k tfmturj. Wfr bssf,
ekshfmtjdbmjîèf njstrbmtkstbmj`.
f usf ef hjrvèf k hubek suj ektfx.
Jouej mf hfmtrf`k efs njsks k
ebstbmîèf jaefdbmj`.

Eujs efsks ebvbebejs, mfs bmtkrvj`fs

ejs rklkbîûks. Mèf tfdk oumtf hfd
rklkbîûks. J hfmhkmtrjîèf vjrbj ek
;77 j 377dn/ebj. [sf pfmtuj`.
 

WJXXF J WJXXF

WQØWF@BX N@[UJDBMJ 
:; nftjs eb`uäej kd ênuj ;n j :7n djmcè k mfbtk
fu ênuj ek hfhf pfr :; :; ebjs jmtks ef
ebjs pk`j djmcè. jmtblÿmnbhf

 JM
 J MUBLßMNBHF HJQ\ÈF JUB\JEF
Ø`kf ek frânjmf Eujs efsks ebvbebejs, mfs
1 j :1 skdjmjs bmtkrvj`fs ejs rklkbîûks qujmef
skmtbr
lumnfs.rkjîèf ek k`bdbmjîèf efs
EKUFS HBH@F 1:
Jouejr f länjef hfd Kvbtjr j`bdkmtfs
j`bdkmtfs lkrdkmtêvkbs mj
ekstfxblbhjmtks k prkskmîj ek vbru`ïmhbj
sup`kdkmtfs, sk lÿmnbhj k hfd j`tf
mkhkssêrbf pftkmhbj` j`krnïmbhf.

 \BB \Kvbtk
 \ K Qhfdkr
K D HfsÄ dksdfs
H@FX H@JQK_J EF WQWØXBUF
Wjrj hjej ljsk ek vbej fu faoktbvf,
j`bdkmtfs k djmtkr js j ebktj duej.
rklkbîûks mf pb`ftf Ukmcj h`jrkzj ef quk vfhï qukr.
jutfdêtbhf. Hfdj ek jhfref Eklbmj j prbfrbejek ef dfdkmtf.
hfd j lfdk k faoktbvf.

X[W@KDKMUFX  JE
 J E K [ X X Ä M E Q F D K L ß M N B H J 
Xk vfhï
tfefs fs mèf
ebjs hfmsknuk
j ekdjmej hfdkrek Jhkbtk
k`j mfsj hurj.
`bvrj J ej
efkmîj mèf âk dê,
`fuhurj ej
vknktjbs k lrutjs, ekvk bmskrbr ud dfrtk. J suj rkhfdpkmsj â j
 pf`bvbtjdbmhf hfd dbmkrjbs rkdbssèf. Qkhkaj k jhkbtk j hurj.
quk`jtfs k vbtjdbmjs mj lfrdj
jtbvj.
 

;· Wjssf

 \kmhkmef
j
Xämerfdk
Lÿmnbhj
 

EBNKXUÈF
EKUFS 
 \BUJDBMJ E
 

BMEBNKXUÈF?
Z[KD M[MHJ 
XFLQK[ HFD
K@J Z[K JUBQK J 
WQBDKBQJ WKEQJ.

Hkbj ek Mjtj`, hkmj h`êssbhj, vfhï rkumbef

hfd js pkssfjs quk jdj kd vf`tj ek udj
dksj ljrtj. Xèf tjmtjs fpîûks quk vfhï
jhjaj lbhjmef hfd eÿvbej ef quk pknjr k

mf lbd ej mfbtk vfhï hfdku ek tuef k

djbs ud pfuhf, skd hfmtjr, â h`jrf, kd
tuef f quk ‐ak`bshfu— eurjmtk f ebj,
kmqujmtf j hkbj kstjvj skmef prkpjrjej.
Ajtk jquk`j ‐ekprkssèf pøs-prjtf—, vfhï
sk skmtj mf sflê k mkssk dfdkmtf
hfdkîj j pkrhkakr quk f sku jaeõdkm
kstê bmhcjef k quk bssf hfdkîfu j hjusjr
j`nudjs hø`bhjs k f dj` kstjr sk bmstj`j...

Xø quk f nrjmek prfa`kdj mèf â skmtbr

kssk bmhõdfef eurjmtk f pkräfef ek
lkstjs mf lbd ek jmf k sbd jprkskmtjr
kssks sbmjbs k sbmtfdjs mj djbfrbj ejs
rklkbîûks eurjmtk tfef f jmf. Ufejs js
vkzks quk vfhï j`dfîj fu ojmtj, sk skmtk
pksjef, hfd bmhcjîf, efrks k hø`bhjs

jaefdbmjbs, bssf mèf â mfrdj`.

 

DJX, WFQ Z[K

BXXF JHFMUKHK
HFD UJMUJ 
LQKZ[ÏMHBJ6
\fhï ekvk kstjr sk pkrnumtjmef k ku tk kxp`bhf?

:. Dê djstbnjîèf hjusjej pfr? jltjs, hêrbks, bml`jdjîèf mj nkmnbvj k pfuhf

tkdpf pjrj js rklkbîûks9
1. Hfdabmjîûks
1.  Hfdabmjîûks j`bdkmtjrks eksljvfrêvkbs9

8. Eklbhbïmhbj
8.  Eklbhbïmhbj ek kmzbdj ebnkstbvj.

Hfdf ebtf jmtks, j sjÿek ej afhj â prbdfrebj` pjrj tkrdfs sjÿek mf hfrpf
bmtkbrf, jltjs, hêrbks k bml`jdjîûks pfekd prkouebhjr dubtf j djstbnjîèf, pfr
bssf â bdpfrtjmtk f hubejef oumtf jf fefmtf`fnbstj.

F skr cudjmf mèf pfssub

pfssub tfejs js kmzbdjs
mkhkssêrbjs
mutrbkmtks. pjrj j ebnkstèf ek tfefs fs

Djs pfekdfs hfmtjr hfd j jouej ejs ajhtârbjs quk ekhfdpûkd nrjmek pjrtk
ejs prftkämjs, `bpäebfs k hjrafberjtfs ej j`bdkmtjîèf k `bakrjd mutrbkmtks quk
hfmsknubdfs jasfrvkr mf mfssf bmtkstbmf.

J@N[MX DBHQF-FQNJMBXDFX UJDAÂD WFEKD WQFE[_BQ \BUJDBMJBX K

JMUB-BML@JDJUØQBFX Z[K F MFXXF FQNJMBXDF MÈF HFMXKN[K.
 

DJXUBNJÎÈF

Wfrâd, udj ejs hfmebîûks quk djbs

jtrjpj`cjd j djstbnjîèf mfs ebjs ek cfok

â j lj`tj ek jtkmîèf k tkdpf mj cfrj ej

rklkbîèf. Dubtjs pkssfjs tkmekd j hfdkr

jssbstbmef tk`kvbsèf,
tk`kvbsèf, dkxkmef mf hk`u`jr fu

rksf`vkmef prfa`kdjs mf hfdputjefr.

Mèf pjrjd pjrj jprkhbjr f quk kstê mf

prjtf, sujs hfrks, jrfdjs k sjafrks.

Djstbnjd pfuquässbdjs vkzks k oê

kmnf`kd, ksqukhkmef-sk quk f kstõdjnf

mèf tkd ekmtks k `fnf k`k mèf hfmsknubrê

ebnkrbr hfd ljhb`bejek fs j`bdkmtfs.

Hfd bssf, f bmhcjîf, rkl`uxf, js efrks k

hø`bhjs surnkd.
 

HFDABMJÎÛKX
 J@BDKMUJQKX
EKXLJ\FQÊ\KBX

J`nudjs hfdabmjîûks j`bdkmtjrks

tjdaâd pfekd prkouebhjr j ebnkstèf k

hjusjr fs sbmtfdjs, tjbs hfdf? eujs fu

djbs lfmtks ek prftkämj, `äqubefs eurjmtk j

rklkbîèf k djhrfmutrbkmtks ek eblähb`

ebnkstèf hfdf h`jrj ef fvf + trbnf + `kbtk

ek vjhj.

Futrj hjusjefrj ekssks sbmtfdjs â j

njstrbtk, quk â udj bml`jdjîèf ef

kstõdjnf quk fhfrrk qujmef j dkdarjmj

nêstrbhj sflrk krfsèf supkrlbhbj` k â ud efs

prfhkssfs djbs rkhfrrkmtks mf skrks

cudjmfs.
 

HFDABMJÎÛKX
EKXLJ\FQÊ\KBX
Eujs lfmtks ek prftkämjs
J`bdkmtfs hfd pftkmhbj` j`krnïmbhfs (`kbtk + jdkmefbd fu sfoj + trbnf, pfr
kxkdp`f)

@äqubefs eurjmtk js rklkbîûks

Eb`ubîèf ejs kmzbdjs ebnkstbvjs k êhbef h`fräerbhf

Qkpktbîèf ek prftkämjs ek eblähb`

ebnkstèf
Urbnf, hkmtkbf k hkvjej, `kbtk ek vjhj, sfoj, kxhkssf ek h`jrj ef fvf,
jdkmefbd
 

 JO[EJD MJ Z[KAQJ 
EJX DF@ÂH[@JX EFX
 J@BDKMUFX

NKMNBAQK
Juxb`bj j dfvkr j hfdbej djbs
rjpbejdkmtk jtrjvâs ef trjtf
ebnkstbvf

DBF@F EF JAJHJSB
 
(pjrtk eurj)
Klbhjz mj qukarj ek prftkämj

HCÊX EBNKXUB\FX
Cfrtk`è, krvj efhk, af`ef k hcê vkrek jpøs js
rklkbîûks. Jouej mf hfmtrf`k ek njsks k bmhcjîf.
 

KM_BDJX
EBNKXUB\JX

Fs sbmtfdjs ek ajbxf mävk` ek êhbef

h`fräerbhf bmh`ukd? bmhcjîf, bmebnkstèf,

njsks bmtkstbmjbs, jhmk, hfhkbrj jf rkefr ef

rktf k pjrjsbtjs bmtkstbmjbs hrõmbhfs.

Aktjämj CH@? kstbdu`j j `bakrjîèf ek

kmzbdjs bmtkstbmjbs.

Ufdjr : hêpsu`j mf bmähbf ek hjej

rklkbîèf.

Mèf tfdjr hfd f kstõdjnf vjzbf.

Mèf tfdjr sk vfhï tbvkr ÿ`hkrjs

kstfdjhjbs fu eufekmjbs.
 

K@BDBMJÎÈF CKWJUFWQFUKÎÈF

EKXUFSBLBHJÎÈF
 

WQFUKÎÈF WJQJ F
LÄNJEF. \FHÏ
WQKHBXJ6

XK KXUÊ HFD BMUFSBHJÎÈF

Hfmsudf ek ê`hff`, k`bdbmjîèf ek
bmvjsfrks k suastámhbjs jnrkssfrjs.

XK KXUÊ HFD KXUKJUFXK CKWÊUBHJ

Nfreurj mf länjef.

XK KXUÊ HFD XFAQKHJQNJ

[sf ek dkebhjdkmtfs fu
jmjaf`bzjmtks.

:. EKUFS 
1. XB@BDJQBMJ 
8. JHKUB@HBXUKÄMJ
 

K@BDBMJQ 

Møs tkdfs ørnèfs quk tïd j lumîèf ek

ektfxblbhjr f mfssf frnjmbsdf, pfrâd

ebjrbjdkmtk mfs kxpfdfs j dubtfs

hfdpfmkmtks tøxbhfs hfdf f jr pf`uäef,

hfsdâtbhfs, prfeutfs ek `bdpkzj,

jnrftøxbhfs ek j`bdkmtfs k futrfs. J`âd

ek quk, mf trjtjdkmtf ej sämerfdk

lÿmnbhj jf k`bdbmjrdfs fs lumnfs, k`ks

`bakrjd djbs kxftfxbmjs kd mfssf hfrpf.

F länjef, hfdf ørnèf quk dktjaf`bzj

tfxbmjs, tkd quk `bejr hfd tfefs kssks

hfdpfmkmtks ‐kxtrjs— k bssf ljz hfd quk

k`k lbquk sfarkhjrrknjef.

.
 

HFDWFXUFX ABFJUB\FX MJ EKUFS 

AQÊXXBHJ K HQ[HÄLKQJX HßQH[DJ

N`bhfsbmf`jtfs k Bmef`-8-hjrabmf` Hurhudbmj
Qkpf`cf, hfuvk-l`fr, hfuvk-djmtkbnj,
arøhf`bs, jnrbèf, rÿhu`j.

LQ[UJX K CFQUJ@BÎJX WQØWF@BX

@utkf`bmj Jpbnkmbmj

AQÊXXBHJX
Hfdkr :77n
K HQ[HÄLKQJX DFEF EK WQKWJQF
Hru (jpøs hbh`f 1:), vjpfr fu
5x mj skdjmj. rêpbej hfhîèf

Kxkdp`f?
arøhf`bs mj sknumej k tkrîj
rÿhu`j mj qujrtj k qubmtj
hfuvk mj skxtj k sêajef
 

AQØHF@BX

HF_BMCK EF OKBUF HKQUF

F prbmhbpj` hfdpfstf abfjtbvf lfrdjef mf

arøhf`bs â f su`lfrjljmf, quk â akd skmsävk` jf
hj`fr.

:. Ljtbk k pbquk f arøhf`bs kd

pkejîfs pkqukmfs.
1. Jnujrek 87-27 dbmutfs pjrj
pftkmhbj`bzjr js prfprbkejeks ef
j`bdkmtf.
8. Xj`tkjr akd rjpbejdkmtk hfd ud
pfuhf ek nfreurj sjueêvk` k
tkdpkrf lumhbfmj`.

5. Jtkmîèf? Hfzbmcjr fu lkrvkr

ekdjbs k`bdbmj fs mutrbkmtks

F DFEF EK WQKWJQF HKQUF jouej mj sjÿek ef länjef,

prkvbmk hámhkr k hfmtrf`k ej n`bhkdbj ud ljtfr akd
bdpfrtjmtk pjrj f kdjnrkhbdkmtf k njmcf ek djssj
djnrj.

cttps?//puas.jhs.frn/efb/pel/:7.:71:/jhs.ojlh.>a7;2:8
 

K@BSBQ EKUFS

BMNQKEBKMUKX
;7 j :77n hfuvk, sj`sj, sj`sèf, jnrbèf fu
quj`qukr arêssbhj

;7n j :77n ek jhkrf`j, djrjhuoê,

djrjhuoê, hjou fu
quj`qukr lrutj sjzfmj` hfd ajbxj
hfmhkmtrjîèf ek lrutfsk

1;7d` ênuj fu ênuj ek hfhf

HFDF LJ_KQ 
Ajtkr mf `bqubeblbhjefr.
[sjr ud vfj`, pkmkbrj fu pjmf pjrj hfjr.
Akakr f suhf hfjef ljhb`btj j jasfrîèf-
ebnkstèf.

Lbmj`bzjr hfd :; - 17 nftjs ek prøpf`bs

vkrek frnámbhj.

Ufdk f suhf : j 1x/skdjmj.

 

 JO[EJ KSUQJ MJ 

EKUFS

Jhktb`hbstkämj, tjdaâd hfmckhbej

hfdf M-jhktb`hbstkämj (MJH) â usjej

pjrj jouejr mj rkhupjrjîèf jpøs f

usf ek dkebhjdkmtfs quk

sfarkhjrrknjd f länjef, ksnftjd j

n`utjtbfmj. Bdpfrtjmtk mutrbkmtk pjrj

f kqub`äarbf ej ektfx.

Ujdaâd â dubtf usjef pjrj sf`tjr f

duhf kd bmebväeufs hfd bmlkhîûks

rkspbrjtørbjs.

Efsk usuj`? : efsk ek <77dn jmtks

ek efrdbr.
 

WQFUKÎÈF WJQJ F
LÄNJEF

 J sb`bdjrbmj (hjref djrbjmf)

prftknk j lumîèf ckpêtbhj k
tjdaâd j rkkstjak`khk skmef
jssbd jmtb-ckpjtftøxbhj.

 kxhk`kmtk ebnkstbvf, eburâtbhf,

kstbdu`jmtk, prftktfr k hurjtbvf ef
länjef hfdf mf hjsf ek kstkjtfsk
ckpêtbhj, kxhkssf j`hfø`bhf, usf ek
jmjaf`bzjmtks k ckpjtbtk.

Efsk usuj`? 177dn

Dfef ek usjr?

F trjtjdkmtf ekvk skr bmbhbjef hfd :

hêpsu`j , 8 vkzks jf ebj.
Wjrj j efsk ek djmutkmîèf?
: hêpsu`j, 1 vkzks jf ebj.
 

Z[KXUBFMÊQBF EJ \BUJDBMJ E
Jssbmj`k fs kmumhbjefs quk sk jp`bhjd j vfhï?
Qjrjdkmtk tfdf sf`9
[sf prftktfr sf`jr k prftkof dbmcj pk`k
qujmef sjbf mf sf`, kspkhbj`dkmtk eurjmtk
r
tkr fs
k
`bvrkdksks ek ef
mf dkbf vkrèf,
ebj9 fu qujmef kstfu jf jr
v
k
Q Dbmcjs rfupjs, kd nkrj`, hfarkd j djbfr
k
e pjrtk ej dbmcj pk`k, bmh`usbvk pkrmjs k
f
W arjîfs9
s
k`
p Mèf tfdf sup`kdkmtf bmebvbeuj` ek vbtjdbmj
i
db hb E tfefs fs ebjs9
X `
f
ft C
m L Mèf hfdf pkbxks sb`vkstrks fu nfreurfsfs
k `
k
jdt cj (sj`dèf, hjvj`j,
eujs fu trïs vkzksjrkmquk, sjrebmcj k kth)
pfr skdjmj9
jr hb
U D
r
d E Mèf hfdf hfnudk`fs9
[ l
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d W
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Xfu ek ekshkmeïmhbj jlrbhjmj fu
f s
H kt cbspámbhj9
E m
j jt Ukmcf djbs ek <7 jmfs ek bejek9
mb r
f
d p Ukmcf dkmfs ek 17 jmfs ek bejek9
jt
b dB
\ f
f?r èU Kstfu jhbdj ef pksf bekj` k/fu hfd
vb s kxhkssf ek nfreurj jaefdbmj`9
` j
f î
e m Xk prkssbfmf dku fssf kstkrmf (fssf mf
f k
f
eä E tfrêx) hfd f ekef pf`knj fu bmebhjefr, sbmtf
jr
t efr9
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k
fb Zujmef prkssbfmf dbmcjs pjmturb`cjs hfd
r
ê lfrîj, sbmtf efr9
m
fb
t
s Xbmtf-dk hfd dkmfs kmkrnbj k hfd dkmfs
k
u
Z lfrîj dushu`jr ef quk ekvkrbj9
Xflrf ek efkmîj bmtkstbmj` fu hk`äjhj9
 Lbz hbrurnbj ajrbêtrbhj.

Xk vfhï jssbmj`fu quj`qukr udj ejs fpîûks jhbdj, cê nrjmek

n rjmek hcjmhk ek quk
vfhï tkmcj eklbhbïmhbj ek \btjdbmj E.

EFXK [X[J@ EK 1777 [B J ;777[B JF EBJ.

KSJDK EK XJMN[K
Eklbhbïmhbj, qujmef dkmfr fu bnuj` j 17 mn/d@
Bmsulbhbïmhbj, qujmef kmtrk 17 k 87 mn/d@
Xulbhbïmhbj, qujmef djbfr quk 87 mn/d@
Mävkbs øtbdfs, qujmef djbfr quk 57mn/d@
Kxhkssf, qujmef djbfr
djbfr quk :77 mn/d@
mn/d@

XBMJBX EK EKLBHBÏMHBJ EJ \BUJDBMJ E

Hjmsjîf k ljebnj
Nrbpks k rkslrbjefs lrkqukmtks

Efr dushu`jr, øsskj k jrtbhu`jr

Efkmîjs hrõmbhjs, hfdf? ebjaktks, cbpkrtkmsèf, faksbejek
Efkmîjs jutfbdumks
Wrfa`kdjs ek hbhjtrbzjîèf
Ekprkssèf
Xjrs-Hfvbe
 

F WKQEÈF Â
MKHKXXÊQBF WJQJ 
 J H[QJ 
Mj dkebhbmj dfekrmj kstê skmef

kmljtbzjef quk f rksskmtbdkmtf, f

rkdfrsf k j jnrkssbvbejek, j`âd ej

ebktj bmjekqujej k kstb`f ek vbej,

kstèf pfr três ek dubtjs efkmîjs k

ajbxj bdumbejek. Xk j`nuâd tk

djnffu, dkmtbu prj vfhï k tk ebssk

hfbsjs rubms, ekskok vkrejekbrjdkmtk

j kssjs pkssfjs tfejs js aïmîèfs ej

vbej.

Wkrefjr tjdaâd â j hurj kd jîèf.

Wkrefk. K sk pkrefk.

Jhkbtk k rkhkaj j hurj. Xk `bakrtk.

Ku tk jouef j sk jouejr.

Mutr. Xckb`j Wjhckhhf.

 

 J \ÄEJ Â
HÄH@BHJ
[d hbh`f sk kmhkrrj
hfdkîjr futrf. pjrj

Lbmj`bzk f sku hbh`f.

Xbnj f pjssf j pjssf.
Hfmlbk mf prfhkssf.

K hk`kark j rkdbssèf.

Ku hk`karf j dbmcj,
hfdpjrtb`cjmef f dâtfef.
F pfekr ej mutrbîèf.
 

QKLKQÏMHBJX
XJ W`jmt fl Urjebtbfmj` [sjnk. Ofurmj` fl tck Xhbkmhk fl Lffe jme Jnrbhu`turk, 17:5.J@FMXF, O, Q. Urjtjef ek Lbtfdkebhbmj`.
Kebtfrj Bsbs. :223.

J@KMHJQ, H. Q. EK. Djmuj` ek bdp`jmtjîèf k kxkhuîèf ef Xbstkdj ek Jmê`bsk ek Wkrbnfs k Wfmtfs Hrätbhfs ek Hfmtrf`k
(JWWHH) kd bmeÿstrbjs j`bdkmtähbjs. Dfmfnrjlbj ek Wøs-nrjeujîèf. [mbvkrsbejek Hjstk`f Arjmhf, Xèf Wju`f, 177>.
J@FMXF O. Urjtjef ek Lbtflêrdjhfs y mkutrjhâutbhfs. :·ke. Jrnkmtbmj, 1775UKXIK D., UQKMUBMB J.D, Ckrajräud
Hfdpïmebf ek Lbtftkrjpbj. 8·ke. :22;.Ê\B@J @. H.

Ê@\JQKX, \.X.9 HJXUQF, B.D.9 HFXUJ,E.J.9@BDJ,J.H.9DJEQ[NJ, J. @. X. Zuj`bejek ej hjstjmcj-ef-arjsb` ef hfdârhbf ek Qbf

Arjmhf, Jhrk. Jhtj Jdjzõmbhj, vf`. 51, m. 1, p. 1<2‘1>5, 17:1.

JDJQJ@, H. @.9 HCBKQBHJUUB, H.9 AJXÄ@BHF, O. H.9 LKQQKBQJ, M. H. J.9 JMU[MKX, J. K. H. Lumnfs pftkmhbj`dkmtk
dbhftfxbnïmbhfs kd lkboûks (Wcjskf`us vu`njrbs @.) ek eblkrkmtks djrhjs hfdkrhbjbs. Qkv Hbkmt K`ktrõm Jnrfm, vf`. 15, m. 1,
p. <2->>, 17:8.

JXXFHBJÎÈF AQJXB@KBQJ EK HCFHF@JUK, HJHJ[, JDKMEFBD, AJ@JX K EKQB\JEFX (JABHJA). Jdkmefbd. Xèf Wju`f,
17:5. Ebspfmävk` kd? cttp?//www.jabhja.frn.ar/bmekxVcfdk.ctd. Jhkssf kd? oum/17:5.

AJNNBF,K.H.D. Ektkrdbmjîèf ek jl`jtfxbmj D: kd `kbtk pjstkurbzjef pk`fs dâtfefs ek HHE k H@JK utb`bzjmef hf`umj ek
bdumfjlbmbejek. Ebsskrtjîèf ek Dkstrjef. [mbvkrsbejek Lkekrj` ef Wjrjmê, Hurbtbaj, 177<.

AKMMKUU, O. ^.9 I@BHC, D. Dyhftfxbms. H`bm Dbhrfabf` Qkv, vf`. :<, m. 8, p. 52>‘ ;:<, 1778.

Hjrrkbrf, Ekmbsk Djeb (Jutfr)9 Jyfua, Djrbj K`bzjaktc9 \jshfmhk`fs, @ujmj. Xämerfdk Lÿmnbhj? [dj Kpbekdbj Fhu`tj. Ke.?
Wju`f Xkrnbf Hjrrkbr. Xèf Wju`f, 177<.

HJQ\J@CF, J. W. W. Jl`jtfxbmjs? fhfrrïmhbj, ebstrbaubîèf k kstbdjtbvj ek bmnkstèf jtrjvâs ek prfeutfs ek jdkmefbd mj

hbejek ek Wbrjhbhjaj - Xèf Wju`f.

HJQ\J@CF, Q. J. EK Bmhbeïmhbj ek lumnfs k jl`jtfxbmjs kd jrrfz (Frbzj sjtbvj @.). Ebsskrtjîèf ek Dkstrjef. [mbvkrsbejek
Lkekrj` ek @jvrjs, @jvrjs, 1773.

HQ[_,O.\.EJX.Fhfrrïmhbj ek jl`jtfxbmjs k ludfmbsbmjs kd prfeutfs ç ajsk ek db`cf k db`cf utb`bzjef hfdf bmnrkebkmtk
ek rjîèf pjrj jmbdjbs ek hfdpjmcbj, hfdkrhbj`bzjefs mj rknbèf ek Wbrjssumumnj, Kstjef ek Xèf Wju`f. Uksk ek
Efutfrjef. [mbvkrsbejek ek Xèf Wju`f, Wbrjssumumnj, 17:7.

EK-XF[_J, E.J.9 NQKKMK, @.O. Bmtkstbmj` pkrdkjab`bty jme systkdbh bmlkhtbfms bm hrbtbhj``y b`` pjtbkmts? kllkht fl n`utjdbmk.
Hrbt Hjrk Dke9 88 (;)? ::1;-8;, 177;.

EQ[DFME,\[email protected]îj ek jl`jtfxbmjs kd jrrfz k hkrkjbs bdpfrtjefs mj [mbèf Kurfpâbj ‘ Qkvbsèf aba`bfnrêlbhj k

jmê`bsk ek ejefs QJXLL. Ebsskrtjîèf ek Dkstrjef. [mbvkrsbejek Mfvj @bsafj, Dfmtk ek Hjpjrbhj, 17:1. :<8
XJHQJDKMUF, U. Q. Qkvbstj Hbïmhbjs Kxjtjs k Mjturjbs, \f`. :3, m  :, Ojm/Oum 17:<.
◬ 

KXWKQ, Q. C. Ø`kfs ksskmhbjbs ek dkmtrjstf k frânjmf mf hfmtrf`k ek Jspkr- nb``us l`jvus kd db`cf k sfoj. Ebsskrtjîèf ek
Dkstrjef. Bmstbtutf Abf`ønbhf, Xèf Wju`f, 17::.
LJXXABMEKQ, K. L. Kstuef aba`bfnrêlbhf sfark j bmhbeïmhbj ek jl`jtfxbmj kd j`bdkmtfs, k f pfekr hjrhbmfnïmbhf ej
jl`jtfxbmj A:. Dfmfnrjlbj ek Nrjeujîèf. [mbvkrsbejek Hfdumbtêrbj ej Qknbèf ek Hcjpkhø, Hcjpkhø, 17:7.
 LBN[KBQKEF, \. L. EK9 HFXUJ MKUF, W. @. EK F. Bdp`jmtjîèf ef CJHHW mj bmeÿstrbj ek j`bdkmtfs. Nkst Wrfe, vf`. 3, m. :, p.
:77-:::, 177:.

QKLKQÏMHBJX
L[MEJÎÈF EK JDWJQF Ç WKXZ[BXJ EF KXUJEF EK XÈF WJ[@F (LJWKXW). Xuastámhbj hjmhkränkmj tkd jtujîèf
eksvkmejej. Jnïmhbj LJ- WKXA, Xèf Wju`f, 1772. Ebspfmävk` kd? cttp?//jnkmhbj.ljpksp.ar/. Jhkssf kd? oum/17:5.

NFMÎJ@\KX, K. X.9 XB@\J, O. D. A. EJ9 WJ\KXB, U.9 DFQKBQJ, O. H. J bdpfrtámhbj ej ektkrdbmjîèf jmj`ätbhj ek
bmtkrdkebêrbfs rkjtbvfs k ek skus prfeutfs ek rkjîûks hfd abfdjhrfdf`âhu`js? udj dbmb rkvbsèf. Zubd Mfvj, vf`. 8>,
m. 1, p. 8:>-811, 17:5.

NFQJRKA, U. H. H. Jvj`bjîèf ejs hfmebîûks hrätbhjs pjrj f surnbdkmtf ek jl`jtfxbmj mj hjekbj ek prfhkssjdkmtf ek
jdkmefbd (Jrjhcbs cypfnjkj @.). Ebsskrtjîèf ek Dkstrjef. [mbvkrsbejek Kstjeuj` Wju`bstj, Xèf Ofsâ ef Qbf Wrktf, 177>.

ÄMEBHK UKQJWÏ[UBHF LBUFUKQÊWBHF. Krvjs Dkebhbmjbs. 1ke. Wktrøpf`bs, QO? KW[A, 17:8. p. 8;8-8;5.BMXUBU[UF
MJHBFMJ@ EF HÁMHKQ (BMHJ). Hámhkr ek länjef. Qbf ek Ojmkbrf, 17:5. Ebspfmävk` kd?
cttp?//www:.bmhj.nfv.ar/hfmtkÿefVvbkw.jsp6 be4887. Jhkssf kd? jnf/17:5.

Bmstbtutf W`jmtjrud, 1773. p.815.IF@EJX, X.9 kt j`. Wcytfhckdbhj` Xhrkkmbmn, Jmtbhjmhkr jme Jmtbfxbejmt Jhtbvbtbks fl 
Frbnjmud vu`njrk @. suasp. vbrbek (Afbss.) Cjyki.@JMN, Q. D. Fhfrrïmhbj ek lumnfs tfxbnïmbhfs k dbhftfxbmjs kd krvj-
djtk (B`kx pjrjnujrbkmsbs Xt. Cb`. vjr. pjrjnujrbkmsbs) hfdkrhbj`bzjej kd Xjmtj Hjtjrbmj. Ebsskrtjîèf ek Dkstrjef.
[mbvkrsbejek Lkekrj` ek Xjmtj Hjtjrbmj, L`frbjmøpf`bs, 177;.

@K\BXBFM, ^. Dbhrfabf`fnbj Dâebhj k Bdumf`fnbj. :7j ke. Wfrtf J`knrk. Jrtdke,

Jrt dke, 17:7.@FHCMKQ, H.9 XUKBM, E. O. F`ljhtfry

rklkrkmhk symerfdk? ebjnmfstbh hrbtkrbj jme ebllkrkmtbj` ebjnmfsbs. O. Wfstnrje. Dke., Dudajb, v. 52, p. 813-88:, 1778.
@FQKM_B, C., DJUFX, L. O. J. Ämebhk tkrjpïutbhf lbtftkrêpbhf
lbtftkr êpbhf - BUL. 1ke. Wktrøpf`bs, QO. 17:8.

@FQKM_B, C.9 DJUFX, L.O.J. W`jmtjs Dkebhbmjbs mf Arjsb` Mjtbvjs k Kxøtbhjs. 1jke. Mfvj Fekssj, XW.

DJHCBMXIB O[MBFQ, D. Jl`jtfxbmjs? jmê`bsk kd jdkmefbd pfr hrfdjtfnrjlbj kd hjdjej ek`njej. Bm? DFQKJ[, Q. @.
D.9 XBZ[KBQJ, D. K. W. A. Ufxbhf`fnbj Jmj`ätbhj. Nujmjajrj Iffnjm X. J., p. :25-:22, 1773.

DJBJ, [email protected] XJIJUJ, Q.J.W.9 XJAAJN, X.W. Fhfrrïmhbj ek jl`jtfxbmjs kd prfeutfs j`bdkmtähbfs k f ekskmvf`vbdkmtf ek
kmlkrdbejeks. Kmhbh`fpâebj Abfslkrj, vf`. >, m. :8, p. :5>>-:523, 17::.

DJ_BKQF, D.U.9 AKQXFU, @. EFXX. Dbhftfxbmjs kd j`bdkmtfs prfeuzbefs mf Arjsb`. Qkv Arjs Wrfe Jnrfbme, vf`. :1, m. :,
p. 32-22, 17:7.

DBHFUFSBMJX. cttps?//www.a`fns.umbhjdp.ar/hbkmhbjkdsb/17:</7</7</dbhftfxbmjs-rbshfs-suakstbdjefs/
cttps?//www.a`fns.umbhjdp.ar/hbkmhbjkdsb/17:</7</7</dbhftfxbmjs-rbshfs-suakstbdjefs/
F@B\KBQJ, H.J.L.9 NKQDJMF, W.D.@. Jl`jtfxbmjs? hfmhkbtfs sfark dkhjmbsdfs ek tfxbhbejek k sku kmvf`vbdkmtf mj
ktbf`fnbj ef hámhkr ckpêtbhf hk`u`jr. Qkv Xjuek Wua`, vf`. 8:, m. 5, p. 5:>-515, :22>.

F@B\KBQJ, @. EJ X. L. EK9 IF@@KQ, L. L. EK H. Fhfrrïmhbj ek Jspkrnb``us spp. k jl`jtfxbmjs kd jdfstrjs ek jdkmefbd bm

mjturj k pjîfhjs. Qkv Hbïm Jdabkm, vf`. ;, m. :, p. ;>-<3, 17::.

WKQKBQJ, I. H.9 XJMUFX, H. L. EFX. Dbhftfxbmjs k sku pftkmhbj` hjrhbmfnïmbhf. Kmsjbfs k H, vf`. :;, m. 5, p. :5>-:<;, 17::.

QKBX, N. D. \jrbjab`bejek nkmâtbhj ek hkpjs ek Jspkrnb``us l`jvus bsf`jejs ek jdkmefbd. Ebsskrtjîèf ek Dkstrjef.
[mbvkrsbejek ek Xèf Wju`f, Xèf Wju`f, 1772.

Qkvbstj Hbïmhbjs Kxjtjs k Mjturjbs, \f`. :3, m  :, Ojm/Oum 17:<.

◬ 

QFHCJ, D.E.9DJBJ,W.W.9QFEQBN[KX,D.J.H.9DJQUBMX,B.Bmhbeïmhbj ek jl`jtfxbmjs kd jdfstrjs ek jdkmefbd k pjîfhj

hfdkrhbj`bzjejs mj hbejek ek J`lkmjs ‘ DN, Arjsb`. Qkv Arjs Ufxbhf`, vf`. 1:, m. :, p. :;-:2, 1773.
 M[UQBHBFMBXUJ XCKB@J WJHCKHHF

QKLKQÏMHBJX
QFDKQF, J. EK H. Dkmsurjîèf ek abfdjrhjefr ej kxpfsbîèf çs jl`jtfxbmjs kd l`uäefs abf`ønbhfs. Ebsskrtjîèf ek
Dkstrjef. Kshf`j Xupkrbfr ek Jnrbhu`turj @ubz ek Zukbrfz, Wbrjhbhjaj, 177>.

QFXDJMBMCF,
Bmst O.L9<3,
Abf`ønbhf, vf`. F@B\KBQJH.J.L9 ABUUKMHF[QU,J.A.L.
m. 1, p. :7>-::5, 177:.:<3. Klkbtfs ejs dbhftfxbhfsks hrõmbhjs mj prfeuîèf jvähf`j. Jrq

QFXXKUUF, H. J. \9 @BDJ, U. D.9 \BKNJX, Â. H.9 XB@\J, F. L.9 ABUUKMHF[QU, J. D. Klkbtf ej hj`jnkd, ej hf`ckbtj k ej
skhjnkd mj quj`bejek sjmbtêrbj ek jdkmefbd mj skhj. Wksq Jnrfpkh Arjs,
Ar js, vf`. 83, m. ;, p. ;<>-;>8, 1778.

XJABMF, D. Dbhftfxbmjs kd J`bdkmtfs. Bm? FNJ, X. (Ke). Lumejdkmtfs ek Ufxbhf`fnbj. Xèf Wju`f. Jtckmku Kebtfrj,
:22<.XJHQJDKMUF, U. Q. Qkvbstj Hbïmhbjs Kxjtjs k Mjturjbs, \f`. :3, m  :, Ojm/Oum 17:< ek j`tj klbhbïmhbj Hurbtbaj.
 ◬

Ebsskrtjîèf ek Dkstrjef. [mbvkrsbejek Lkekrj` ef Wjrjmê, Hurbtbaj, 177;.

XJWBEBX, M.9 U_BF[\JQJX, H.9 BFMMJEBX, F. kt j`. Uck kllkht fl tck n`utjdbmk jme sydabftbhs fm tck ckj`bmn fl hf`fmbh
jmjstfdfsbs. Qkv Ksp Kmlkrd Ebn9 :7< (5)? 1;;-1<1, 17:5.

XB@\J, O. F. Fhfrrïmhbj ek jl`jtfxbmj A: kd jrrfz hfmsudbef pfr db`btjrks ef kxârhbtf arjsb`kbrf pfr hrfdjtfnrjlbj
kd hjdjej ek`njej k hrfdjtfnrjlbj `äqubej.

X[_[IB, M. kt j`. Qk`jtbfmscbp aktwkkm cj`btfsbs jme psyhcf`fnbh stjtus. Frj` Xurn. Frj` Dke. Frj` Wjtcf`. Frj` Qjebf`.
Kmefe., Xt. @fubs, v. :7<, p. ;51-;5>, 1773.

Ujb`jmk Qjdfs Xjhrjdkmtf Uck Bdpfrtjmhk fl Lffe Hfmtjdbmjtbfm ay Jl`jtfxbms lfr @bvkr Hjmhkr Bmhbekmhk.

Uck rf`k fl nut bm ekrdjtf`fnbhj` ebskjsks? J `btkrjturk rkvbkw A^X Ofurmj`. 1717 djr9 8, k177877;<? :-:1.

^jnmkr MQL, _jpjrf``b DQ, Hruz DQQ, Xhcbklkrekhikr DKD, Hjdpfs JH@. Duejmîjs mj dbhrfabftj bmtkstbmj` k usf ek
prfabøtbhfs mf pøs-fpkrjtørbf ek aypjss nêstrbhf kd R-ek-Qfux k njstrkhtfdbj vkrtbhj` s`kkvk? udj rkvbsèf
bmtknrjtbvj. JAHE Jrq Arjs Hbr Ebn. 17:398:(5)?k:577. EFB? /:7.:;27/7:71-<>1717:3777:k:577.