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Unit 1

The document discusses different types of programmable logic devices including PALs (Programmable Array Logic), PLAs (Programmable Logic Arrays), and FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays). PALs have a programmable AND array and fixed OR array, allowing generation of required product terms. PLAs have both programmable AND and OR arrays, providing more flexibility. FPGAs consist of programmable logic blocks and interconnects that can be configured to perform complex functions after manufacturing. These programmable devices allow users to electrically implement Boolean functions for various applications.

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50 views4 pages

Unit 1

The document discusses different types of programmable logic devices including PALs (Programmable Array Logic), PLAs (Programmable Logic Arrays), and FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays). PALs have a programmable AND array and fixed OR array, allowing generation of required product terms. PLAs have both programmable AND and OR arrays, providing more flexibility. FPGAs consist of programmable logic blocks and interconnects that can be configured to perform complex functions after manufacturing. These programmable devices allow users to electrically implement Boolean functions for various applications.

Uploaded by

muskan verma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 1: Programmable Logic Introduction

programmable Logic structures Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs), Programmable Array Logic
(PALs), Programmable Gate Arrays (PGAs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)
Sequential network design with Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) Design of sequential
networks using ROMs and PLAs Traffic light controller using PAL.

Programmable Logic Devices


Programmable Logic Devices PLDs are the integrated circuits. They contain an array of AND
gates & another array of OR gates. There are three kinds of PLDs based on the type of arrays,
which has programmable feature.
 Programmable Array Logic
 Programmable Logic Array
The process of entering the information into these devices is known as programming. Basically,
users can program these devices or ICs electrically in order to implement the Boolean functions
based on the requirement. Here, the term programming refers to hardware programming but not
software programming
1. Programmable Array Logic PAL
PAL is a programmable logic device that has Programmable AND array & fixed OR array. The
advantage of PAL is that we can generate only the required product terms of Boolean function
instead of generating all the min terms by using programmable AND gates. The block
diagram of PAL is shown in the following figure.

Here, the inputs of AND gates are programmable. That means each AND gate has both normal
and complemented inputs of variables. So, based on the requirement, we can program any of
those inputs. So, we can generate only the required product terms by using these AND gates.
Here, the inputs of OR gates are not of programmable type. So, the number of inputs to each OR
gate will be of fixed type. Hence, apply those required product terms to each OR gate as inputs.
Therefore, the outputs of PAL will be in the form of sum of products form.
Example
Let us implement the following Boolean functions using PAL.
A=XY+XZ′ B=XY′+YZ′
The given two functions are in sum of products form. There are two product terms present in
each Boolean function. So, we require four programmable AND gates & two fixed OR gates for
producing those two functions. The corresponding PAL is shown in the following figure.
Here, the inputs of OR gates are of fixed type. So, the necessary product terms are connected to
inputs of each OR gate. So that the OR gates produce the respective Boolean functions. The
symbol ‘.’ is used for fixed connections.
2. Programmable Logic Array PLA
PLA is a programmable logic device that has both Programmable AND array & Programmable
OR array. Hence, it is the most flexible PLD. The block diagram of PLA is shown in the
following figure.

Here, the inputs of AND gates are programmable. That means each AND gate has both normal
and complemented inputs of variables. So, based on the requirement, we can program any of
those inputs. So, we can generate only the required product terms by using these AND gates.

Here, the inputs of OR gates are also programmable. So, we can program any number of required
product terms, since all the outputs of AND gates are applied as inputs to each OR gate.
Therefore, the outputs of PAL will be in the form of sum of products form.
Example
Let us implement the following Boolean functions using PLA.
A=XY+XZ′
B=XY′+YZ+XZ′
The given two functions are in sum of products form. The number of product terms present in the
given Boolean functions A & B are two and three respectively. One product term, Z′X
is common in each function.

So, we require four programmable AND gates & two programmable OR gates for producing
those two functions. The corresponding PLA is shown in the following figure.

All these product terms are available at the inputs of each programmable OR gate. But, only
program the required product terms in order to produce the respective Boolean functions by each
OR gate. The symbol ‘X’ is used for programmable connections.

Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)


A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit that can be programmed or
reprogrammed to the required functionality or application after manufacturing. Important
characteristics of field-programmable gate arrays include lower complexity, higher speed,
volume designs and programmable functions. With more technological advances, field-
programmable gate arrays are a convenient proposition for most designs and markets.
A field-programmable gate array consists of logic blocks which are programmable,
reconfigurable interconnects and input/output pads.The logic blocks used in a field-
programmable gate array could consist of memory elements such as flip-flops or memory blocks.
The logic blocks are capable of performing simple to complex computational functions. Field-
programmable gate arrays are in many ways similar to programmable read-only memory chips.
However, unlike programmable read-only memory chips, which are limited to hundreds of gates,
a field-programmable gate array can support several thousand gates. Another salient feature of
field-programmable gate arrays is the ability to be reprogrammed, unlike application-specific
integrated circuits which are manufactured for specific tasks.
Field-programmable gate arrays are used in a wide range of applications, and in markets such as
aerospace, defense, data centers, automotive, medical and wireless communications.

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