SUMULONG COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES WEEK

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

2
SY. 2020-2021

ACTIVITY SHEET #1
COURSE SUBJECT: GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
SUBJECT TEACHER: MS. MARY KATHLEEN B. GONZALES
LESSON: FORMATION OF HEAVY ELEMENTS

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:

1. Enumerate pieces of evidence/s of formation of heavier elements during star formation

and evolution.
2. Identify different elements related with the formation and evolution of star.

Introduction

What happens in the beginning?

Universe started with a hot and infinitely hot dense point which is called as
singularity, because of too much dense it expands and particles combined
forming the simplest elements, eventually stars were formed and there starts
the formation of heavier elements.

Big Bang theory – proposed by Georges Lemaitre, postulates that the universe emerged from a state of
enormous density and energy. Everything came from a single point and
expanded to know what we call the universe.

How elements were formed?

Nucleosynthesis – is the formation of atomic nuclei (center of atom- protons and neutrons), occurred
right after the Big Bang. Started as quarks forming the protons and neutrons.

3 types of Nucleosynthesis

1. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis -formation of light elements, hydrogen and helium by combination of
protons and neutrons right after the big bang. The other light element, Lithium was also formed through
this type of nucleosynthesis.

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2. Stellar Nucleosynthesis- formation of elements in the stars’ interior, occurs through nuclear fusion and
electron capture. Responsible for the formation of elements heavier than Helium, He until Fe.

Formation of Hydrogen to Helium: (under Stellar Nucleosynthesis)

Proton-proton chain, fusion of four hydrogen nuclei to form a helium nucleus.

Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen Cycle- conversion of hydrogen to helium among massive stars by using
carbon as catalyst.

What happens once a star has used up the hydrogen in its core?

 Proton-proton chain and CNO Cycle will stop. Wala ng hydrogen

 Helium stars to be expended and burned.
 Helium is burned to produce Carbon through the process called Tri-alpha process 3
helium ang nag combine

Triple-alpha Process – alpha particle is equivalent to helium atom, first reaction forms unstable
Beryllium

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 Alpha Ladder Process – additional helium burning reactions results
to synthesis or formulation of heavier nuclei up to iron, Fe.

3. Supernova Nucleosynthesis- believed to be the reason for the

formation of heavier nuclei after Iron. The pathway of heavier nuclei
to be formed is through neutron nuclei.
Neutron capture- created a heavier isotope of the same element making it stable or radioactive,
radioactive are unstable nuclei undergo radioactive decay (i.e beta decay) – electron is emitted; atomic
number of the nucleus to increase by one, becoming an isotope of the element.

Pieces of Evidence

One remarkable evidence to support stellar nucleosynthesis and star formation theory is the discovery of
interstellar dusts and gasses which justifies the stages of stellar formation which are happening across the
universe. In addition, infrared radiation being emitted in the process of stellar formation serves as a strong
indication that stellar nucleosynthesis is a concurrent with stellar formation and evolution.

Nuclear Reaction

Alpha Emission: a particle with two protons and two neutrons is emitted resulting to a lighter new
element.

Beta Emission: a neutron becomes a proton, and an electron will be ejected resulting to a new element
with the same mass.

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 Gamma Emission: gamma ray will be emitted when a radioactive nuclide leaves a nucleus in an excited
state.

ACTIVITY #1
General Instructions
 Accomplish the performance task below. I gave you this activity in advance so you can
have more time to conceptualize and improve your output.
 In presenting the outputs, you may choose from the following modes:
 Encode in MS Word/WPS.
Follow this format:
Font Style: Arial
Size: 12
Spacing: single spacing
Margin: 1” margin (all sides)
Size: short (letter) size.
 Write your responses in your notebook then have it scanshoot. Use CamScanner to
achieve quality scanshot. You may download it at Android PlayStore or Apple App
Store. (Make sure that the picture is clear enough to be reviewed.)

 When you’re done, upload your output in Google Classroom, don’t forget to rename your
file by using the format below:
o AS #_SUBJECT_GRADE AND SECTION_SURNAME, NAME
(Example: AS 1 EAL_G11 AB 2B_GONZALES, KATHLEEN)

Written Output (Total points: 30)

Directions: Based on your understanding about the formation of heavier elements during stellar
nucleosynthesis, predict the reactants, and products which will be formed by the following reactions
inside the table.

16
Example: 8 16 He+ 42¿ ¿ 8O 20
10 Ne Ne

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Written Output (Total points: 20)
Directions: Determine the type of chemical reaction in each item (a-emission, b-emission, y-emission). In
addition, write the product of the following chemical reactions on the space provided for product side.

49 0
1. K →¿ + 19¿ −1e ¿ 10. Th → 234 234
90 Th + 90 ¿¿ ¿

239 4
2. Pu→¿ + 94 ¿ 2 He ¿

231 235
3. U→ 90 Th + 92¿ ¿ ¿

99 99
4. Tc → 43Tc + 43¿ ¿ ¿

5. 235
U →¿ + 92 ¿ 2 He ¿
4

6. 27
13 Al + ¿ → 30
15 P

90 90
7. Sr → 39 Y 38 +¿ ¿ ¿

8. 38
19 K → −1e +¿ ¿
0

9. 28
Mg → 14Si + 12¿¿ ¿
28

“You don’t have to be great to start, but you have to start to be great.”
–Zig Ziglar

Prepared by:

Ms. Mary Kathleen B. Gonzales, LPT

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