TITLE:-DETERMINANTS OF YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT; IN BONGA

TOWN,KAFFA ZONE,SNNPE
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
COURSE TITLE:-RESEARCH METHOD FOR AGRICULTURUAL
ECONOMICS
COURSE CODE:-AgEc 341
Prepared by
NAME IDNO
1. Teshome Chekol……………….1648/12
2. Gemechu dinkisa………………2200/12
3. Yonatan Zelie…………………..2178/12
4. Bontu Alemu…………………...2239/12
5. Hewan Nigussie………………..1728/12

Submitted to inst, Amare. K (Msc)

Submission date, Feb 24
Bonga Ethiopia
.

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 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Back ground information

Unemployment is one of the major problems in almost all countries of the world. It has been the
most consistent problem which is facing by all industrially advance as well as poor countries.
Unemployment is defined as the condition of having no job or being out of work or proportion of
People which are able to work and actively searching jobs but they are unable to find it.Globally,
the number of young people is about to become the largest in history relative to the adult
population. According to UNFPA (2005), more than 50 percent of the population is under the
age of 25. In terms of youth alone (15 –29) Age, there are over 1.3 billion youth in the world
today. The majority almost 85percent of the world’s youth live in developing countries, with
approximately 60 percent in Asia; 23 percent in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and
the number of youth living in developing countries will grow to 89.5 percent by 2005.

Youth are the world’s greatest asset for the present and future, but they also represent a group
with serious vulnerabilities. In this increasing global unemployment has hit young people hard
and today’s youths are facing high levels of economic and social uncertainty. Besides, the recent
ILO (2010) report showed that there were an estimated 81 million unemployed young people in
the world and the rate of unemployment rose from 11.9 to 13.0 percent at the end of 2009. This
rate of youth unemployment is the outcome of various social, economic and demographic
factors, Hassen, (2005).

The employment situation of Africans youth, particularly the Sub-Saharan Africa, is serious and
challenges their livelihood. In the region, young people aged 15–24 account for 36 percent of the
working-age population, but accessing employment is very low,

According to Guarcello and Rosati, (2007). The rates of growth of employment opportunities
were inadequate to absorb the growing young Population. Failure to address youth employment
issues will have serious consequences for the economy and society According to Odhiambo,
( 2006).

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Ethiopia has witnessed rapid population growth in recent decades. The population was estimated
to be about 74 million people in 2007, CSA,( 2008).making Ethiopia the second most populous
country in Sub Sahara Africa. The proportion of young people in the overall population has
increased over the last two decades. The young cohort represented about 14 percent of the
population in 2005 and 20 percent of the population. According to Guarcelslo and Rosati,
( 2007). In 2007, the youth population accounted for 28.3 percent of the total population and 39.6
percent of urban population of the country, CSA, (2008).

In Ethiopia, the labour force grows with an increasing proportion of youth; employment growth
is inadequate to absorb the new entrants in the various sectors of the economy. The country has
one of the highest urban unemployment rates worldwide, at about 50 percent of the youth labour
force, According to Berhanu et al, (2005).

The prevailing situation calls for intervention in view of maximizing the number and magnitude
of youth unemployment at the workplace. To this effect, there is a need to identify major
determinates that affect the amount of participation of youth at the workplace in Bonga town.

In light of the above, the objective of this study is to investigate the determinants of youth
unemployment in Bonga town. The investigation is conducted through a review of relevant
literature, on some demographic and socioeconomic determinants of youth unemployment.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Unemployment is a serious socioeconomic problem facing all age groups of a population.
However, youth unemployment is higher than adults. Moreover, ILO (2010) forecasts a
continued increase in global youth unemployment to an all time high with a rate of 13.1 percent
in 2010, followed by a moderate decline in 2011. This rate of youth unemployment has been
recognized as one of the most serious barriers to economic and social development in many
developing and developed countries GTZ, (2010). Analysis of the factors associated with youth
unemployment indicated that the social and demographic characteristics of individuals such as
educational level, work experience, lack of employable skills, sex, migration, attitudes of youth
towards jobs, family economic status are associated with youth employment. this study will
conduct to examine demographic and socio-economic determinants of youth unemployment in

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the Bonga town. Consequently, the results provide information for designing relevant program
and strategy to reduce the problem of youth unemployment in Bonga town.

Even though few studies are conducted on youth unemployment in Ethiopia (Asalfew 2011;
Tegegne, 2011; Amanuel,2016; Dejene et. al., 2016;Alemnew, 2014), the results of these studies
contradict each other which needs further study based on the specific socio-economic situation of
the study area. Hence, this is why the present study focusing on determinants of youth
unemployment to fill the knowledge gap, Besides, the study is meant to generate empirical
evidences and accordingly better understanding of development actors in their future planning
and promotion of youth unemployment.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 General objectives of the study:

The general objective of the study will be to assess the determinant that contribute for youth
Unemployment in the Bonga town.

1.3.2 Specific objectives of the study will be:

• To assess the differentials of youth unemployment in the town.

• To identify the demographic and socio economic factor of youth unemployment in the town

1.4. Research Question

• What are the differentials of youth unemployment?

• What are the demographic and socio economic determinants of youth unemployment?

1.5 Significance of the Study

this study is specific and will focuses on Bonga town and this study may provide the following;-
 It may create public awareness about the problem of youth unemployment.
 It may help people to take proper care to reduce youth unemployment and its
consequences. Underestnding of types of un employment prevail in Ethiopia.
 It may identify provide the gap between different researchers study and may give a clue
for further study. .

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1.6 Scope and limitation of the Study

Unemployment is a broad topic. However, this study intends to look only into youth
Unemployment(15-29) age.The main limitation of this study is that the study will not incorporate
the characteristics of other areas. It will cover only Bonga town and it will study only the age of
15-29, and only consider socioeconomically and demographic youth unemployment but other
determinants are present so it is the limitation of the study.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
This chapter deals with the literature review obtained from secondary sources. The emphasis of
the chapter is on the literature of the research that is relevant to the topic. The review includes
the concepts and theories of youth unemployment. The review also includes empirical literature
about youth unemployment.

2.1 Theoretical Review

Different Economists proposed several theories of youth unemployment over different time
periods. Therefore, this section reveals definitions and concept of youth unemployment and some
of the very prominent theoretical literatures on youth unemployment.

2.1.1 Definition and concept of youth unemployment

Youth: - comprises part of the society who are between age 15-29, MOY,( 2004).
It is the time of life when one is young, but often means the time between childhood and
adulthood (maturity).

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Unemployment: - described as those people without work but looking for work or Available and
ready to work during a reference period, ILO, (2007).
Youth unemployment:-is refers to the share of the labor force age 15-29 without work but
available for and seeking employment.
Employment: - includes those persons who were engaged in productive activity during the
reference period as paid or self employed, ILO, (2007).

2.1.2 Human Capital Theory

According to this theory, education is considered as an important asset for economic

development as well as securing decent and productive job. Schultz (2011) noted that education
plays a great and significant role in the economy of a nation. It increases the productivity and
efficiency of people by increasing the level of cognitive stock of economically productive human
capability which is a product of innate abilities and investment in human beings. He further
illustrated that education increases the chances of employment in the labor market, allows People
to reap pecuniary and non-pecuniary returns and gives them opportunities for job mobility, and
leads to greater output for society and enhanced earnings for the individual worker. He
furthermore, stated that higher education provides the skills needed to perform complex jobs,
making people more productive, thus sustaining economic growth. People with the most human
capital are said to be the most productive, and thus secure the best jobs and the highest salaries.
Thus, education plays an important role in determining the employment status of an individual

2.1.3 Social Capital Theory

Social capital approach focused on the strength of the social tie used by a person in the process
of finding a job. Granovetter (2005) states that strong ties or social networks among people are
frequent, emotionally intense ties with friends, advisors and co-workers.

The information possessed by any member of this circle is quickly shared with the other
members. He also noted that weak ties are infrequent, not emotionally intense, and restricted to
one narrow type of relationship. Individuals with weak ties will be deprived of information from
distant parts of the social system and will be confined to the provincial news and views of their
close friends. Thus, individuals with weak ties could miss job opportunities available through
social networks.
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2.1.4 The Theory of Job Search

Stephen and Jackman formulated the theory of job search. For Stephen and Jackman (2012), a
typical unemployed person looking for work is expected to pass three stages. At stage one;
he/she collects information about job vacancies. Vacancies come with different pre-assigned
wage and conditions. In stage two, he/she decides to apply for the vacancies that he/she learns of.
The decision to apply for it depends on the expected value of getting a job or not. Lastly, he/she
accepts the offer of any job for which he/she applied in getting it. The success of individual’s
application depends on his/her personal characteristics.

Unemployment literally applies to all persons without work and actively looking for work.
Points out that the unemployment rate in an economy is the number of people unemployed
expressed as a percentage of the total labour force. The total labour force is defined as the
number of people employed plus the number of people unemployed.

2.1.5 Types of Unemployment

There are four primary categories of unemployment that are typically will be discussed.
They are normal, structural, frictional, and cyclical unemployment (ILO, 2007).
• Normal or Transitional unemployment
This type of unemployment occurs due to lasts for a few months when people move from job for
better wages or wait for better opportunities.
• Structural Unemployment: Structural Unemployment, one of the three types of
unemployment, is associated with the mismatch of jobs and workers due to the lack of
skills or simply the wrong area desired for work. Structural unemployment depends on
the social needs of the economy and dynamic changes in the economy software. Workers
who find themselves in this situation find that they need to acquire new skills in order to
obtain a new job (ILO, 2007).
• Frictional Unemployment: Frictional Unemployment is always present in the economy,
resulting from temporary transitions made by workers and employers or from workers
and employers having inconsistent or incomplete information. This type of
unemployment is closely related to structural unemployment due to its dependence on the
dynamics of the economy. It is caused because unemployed workers may not always take

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 the first job offer they receive because of the wages and necessary skills. This type of
unemployment is also caused by failing firms, poor job performance, or obsolete skills.
This may also be caused by workers who will quit their jobs in order to move to different
parts of the country. Frictional unemployment can be seen as a transaction cost of trying
to find a new job; it is the result of imperfect information on available jobs. For instance,
a case of frictional unemployment would be a college student quitting their fast-food
restaurant job to get ready to find a job in their field after graduation. Unlike structural
unemployment this process would not be long due to skills the college graduate has to
offer a potential firm (ILO, 2010).
• Cyclical Unemployment: Unemployment that is attributed to economic contraction is
called cyclical unemployment. The economy has the capacity to create jobs which
increases economic growth. Therefore, an expanding economy typically has lower levels
of unemployment. On the other hand, according to cyclical unemployment an economy
that is in a recession faces higher levels of unemployment. When this happens there are
more unemployed workers than job openings due to the breakdown of the economy. This
type of unemployment is heavily concentrated on the activity in the economy. To
understand this better take a look at our Business Cycles section. For instance, advances
in technology and changes in market conditions often turn many skills obsolete; this
typically increases the unemployment rate.
For example, laborers who worked on cotton fields found their jobs obsolete with Eli Whitney's
patenting of the cotton gin. Similarly, with the rise of computers, many jobs in manual book
keeping have been replaced by highly efficient (ILO, 2009).

2.2. Empirical literatures Review

It has often been argued that unemployment is high amongst educated youth in developing
Countries. The empirical evidence is mixed, however. O’Higgins (2005) reviews the experience
of various countries and argues that there is no strong evidence to support the existence of wide
spread educated unemployment in developing countries. The rates of return to education are
substantially higher in developing countries than in the OECD, and all evidence counters the
notion of an impoverished and disadvantaged group of educated young people in developing
countries.

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Highly educated (beyond Grade 12) unemployment constitutes only a minimal proportion of the
total unemployed in both rural and urban areas. A recent survey of unemployment in urban
areas35 reveals an increase in unemployment rates of young people, who have attained high
school or a higher educational level. This could be due to a mismatch between the types of
education provided at schools and the requirements of the lab our market.Women have lower
participation rates and face higher level of unemployment compared to their Male counterparts.
Empirical evidence indicates that the unemployment rate among young women (20-24) was 38.7
per cent while it was only 23.2 per cent for young men in that age category during the same year.
These figures stand in contrast with the general trend for the Sub-Saharan region, where the
unemployment rates for young men (23.1 per cent) exceed those for young women (18.4).32 The
data indicate that women experience higher levels of unemployment than their male counterparts
in Ethiopia. This is consistently true for all working age groups (10 years and above), for all
youth (both urban and rural youth) as well as for urban youth across all reference periods. This
coincides with the findings on rural vs. urban unemployment. Unemployment is one of the most
serious problems facing the African continent.

Three empirical study investigated the determinants of unemployment duration in urban

Ethiopia: Serneels (2004),) and Seife (2004), Mesfin (2012). The first of the two studies used the
same data source and the same methodology. Not surprisingly, results of the study are quite
similar. The authors found that education has powerful effects on labor force participation as
other literatures suggest. Seife (2004) investigated unemployment duration in developing
countries in the context of urban Ethiopia. The author's econometric evidence shows that the
hazard rate employment is significantly affected by age, marital status, and highest level of
education attained, location and support mechanism. Serneels (2007) investigated the nature of
unemployment among young men in urban Ethiopia and found that it is concentrated among
relatively well-educated first-time job seekers who aspire to a public sector job and spend on
average close to four years in unemployment. In most countries the unemployment ratio is higher
for women than for men. The unemployment rate of female and male in South Africa was 15 and
8.1percent respectively. Similarly, the unemployment rate of female and male in sub-Saharan
Africa in 2008 was 8.2 and 7.2 percent respectively (ILO, 2009). So, this rate indicates that
unemployment is more of a problem of females than males in Africa.Ethiopia is a poor agrarian

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country with per capita income of USD 350 (World Bank, 2012). Recently; however, the country
has been achieving a promising economic growth. Ethiopian economy is predominantly
agricultural and its economic policy is Agricultural Development Led Industrial (ADLI) strategy.
About 50 percent of the economy, 90 percent of export earnings and 70 percent of the country
raw materials in the economy is emanated from this sector of the economy. Also this sector
accounts for about 80 percent of Employment opportunity. As part of Africa, a high level of
unemployment and underemployment is one of the critical socio-economic problems facing
Ethiopia. Ethiopia’s population is predominantly young with about 45% of the population being
below 15 years of age. The proportion of working age population (15-64 years) will be estimated
at about 52% (CSA, 2007).

According to(UNDP)Female unemployment is a key indicator of the extent to which females

lack labor market opportunities to generate income. The urban female women unemployment
rate was 43.7 percent compared to 29.4 percent for urban male unemployment,(Berhanue,2005).
According to Ethiopian labor force survey report, the unemployment rate of youth in urban and
rular at country level were 22.9 percent and 3.1 percent respectively (LFS, 2013).

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 3. Research methodology

3.1 Description of the Study Area

The description of the study area is important for asses to the impact of youth unemployment in
the city and the most essential issues are described below as follows.
Location

Bonga is a town and separate woreda in southwestern Ethiopia. Located 449km From A/A and
southwest of Jimma in the Keffa Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region
upon a hill in the upper Barta valley, it has a latitude and longitude of 7°16′N 36°14′E with an
elevation of 1,714 meters above sea level. It is surrounded by Ginbo woreda. Bonga is the
administrative center of the Keffa Zone, with a major market on Saturday and lesser ones on
Tuesdays and Thursdays.
Climate

Since the study area belongs to the Southwestern Ethiopian highlands, it is characterized by
warm, humid and wet subtropical climatic conditions. According to the Bonga meteorological
station, the mean annual rainfall of the area is 1628.8mm/year, i.e. for the years 1996-2013.
Temperature during summer reaches up to 20°C. Even though, there is a rainfall distribution
throughoutthe year, two major seasons of rainfall are common in the area.The first one is from
July to September and the other is from April to May which shows biomedical characteristics of
the rainfall. Based on the summary of hydrometric discharge data of Shite and Dincha at Bonga,
there is a seasonal variation of stream flow, which reflects seasonal of the rainfall. The main
rainy season in all the area is during winter, with a secondary maximum in the spring. Therefore,
the peak stream flows occurred during winter months.It should be noted however that the
duration of the rainfall and its distribution throughout the year can influence the conditions of
surface runoff.
Population

The Bonga town has about 20,858 number of population. Even though the town has these large
numbers of society, the life styles of these societies were positive social values, tolerate people,
that do not have a bad habit like that of stealing or robbery. So having this good value or norm
will initiate some of the fruit marketers to choose Bonga for life and business area also.

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Economic activities and livelihood

Main economic activities in the area are dominated by agriculture that contributes approximately
41% to the GDP, 80% of exports and 80% of the labour force. Other sectors include services and
tourism, manufacturing and trade. Agriculture forms the backbone of the economy with most of
the other sectors (i.e. trade and tourism) being dependent on its strong backward and forward
linkages.The major sources of cash and non-cash income in the study area are agricultural crops,
livestock, honey production and collection of coffee and spices (such as cardamom and long
pepper) from the forest. The latter depends by virtue of their nearness to a forest where such is
available people of Bonga use coeffe as amajor sourse of income.

3.2 Method of Data Collecting

In order to collect the data, questionnaire which consists of structure questions and interview will
prepare to collect Information on socio economic and demographic characteristics of the
respondents. Depending on the results of the pilot survey the data collection instruments will be
finalized after making the necessary corrections.

3.2.1 Data Sources

The necessary data will be conducted using primary and secondary data source .the primary data
will be collected from household head that live in the town. Primary data will be collected by
using questionnaires, interview, physical observation, and key interview. The primary data will
be collected by using tools like mobile phone. The secondary data will be collected from
different written document materials that are available in the study area and also from different
published and unpublished material, and from different institution found in the district. The
observation field will be combined key informant interviews, FGD , direct observation and
questionnaire

3.2.2 Types of Data Required

The study will be used primary data that mean quantitative data collect through household by
preparing interview and questioner schedule and the study will use secondary data This interview
schedule will design and formulate to collect information about socio-economic and
demographic determinants of youth unemployment from sample youth.
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3.2.3 Study Design
The study will use a cross-sectional study design. The target populations will consists of youth
aged 15-29 years at the time of the survey, who reside in the town, will consider as eligible to the
study.

3.3. Sampling Method

There are two general types of sampling methods. These are probability and non-probability
methods of sampling So non-probability sampling methods will use or people have no achance
of being include in the sample. The study will employ purposive method of non-probability
sampling method since most of the time number of youths are more concentrated in the selecting
two wereda(Gimbo&Keykela). The sample respondents will be select randomly using
probability proportional to size from the two woreda(Gimbo&Keykela) Administrations.
3.3.1 Sample size Determination

Unemployed and employed under (aged 15-29 year) is the target population of the study. From
these target population of the two Weredas are 605. From this target population of sample size
are 85 respondents will be select.

In order to determine the sample size the following formal will be use.

Where: n = statistically acceptable sample size

N = Total size of target population

e = level of precision (error level) at 90% confidence level

The reasons why we will try to use this sample selection formula are:

a) It is simple to calculate.

b) Usually this formula used to select small sample size and we also need to select small sample.

3.4 Methods of Data Analysis

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3.4.1 Econometric Analysis
At the multivariate analysis, since the dependent variable is dichotomous, binary logistic
regression model will be fitted. Logistic regression will apply to examine the relationship
between youth unemployment and a set of predictor variables. The logistic regression model will
be explained:-
log(P(i)/1-P(i))=ln(odds)= B0+B1X1+B2X2+B3X3+B4X4+……+BnXn
The corresponding multiplicative model for the odds is:-
P(i)/1-P(i)) = expB0+B1X1+B2X2+B3X3+B4X4+…………+BnXn
Where, P (i) is the probability that ith respondent is unemployed and (1-P(i)) is the probability
that the ith respondent is employed at the time of the survey, Bi’s are the regression coefficients
and the Xi’s are the set of independent variables.
From the Bi’s the odds ratio is estimated as exp (B). The odds ratio is the factor by which the
odds of unemployed change per unit change in the ith independent variables, controlling the
effects of other variables (Johnson and Wichern, 2007; Walker, 2010).

3.4.2 Descriptive Analysis

The analyses for the study will be based on the survey of a sample of enterprises undertaken. The
study will be employed both qualitative and quantitative analysis so as to produce a good
researcher document. The descriptive statistics that is going to be used in this study include
tabular analysis, mean, standard deviation, percentages and frequency of occurrence. Chi-square
and t-tests will be used to test for the significance of the discrete (Dummy) and continuous
variables, respectively.

Variable Descriptions

Dependent Variable

The dependent variable in this study will be youth unemployment status. In the regression
analysis, it will be denoted by 1 if the respondent will be unemployed; otherwise 0 if the
respondent will be employed at the time of the survey.

Independent Variables

1. Sex

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Sex of a respondent is one of the variables that will be considered in the model, being
categorized as (1) female (0) male. Thus, it is hypothesis that sex of the youth and
unemployment will be positively correlated.
2. Age

Age has also impact on the probability of being unemployed. If a person is at very lower age, he
may not have a chance to be employed. But, the more the individual is aged, the higher the
probability of being unemployed (Mesfin, 2012) Thus, it is hypothesis that age of the youth and
unemployment will be negatively correlated. As the increase age of youth, there will be increase
of the hard working potential.

3. Educational status

Educational status of a respondent refers to the highest grade level of a respondent Completed
rather than institutional participation. Categorization of such variable was done in such a way
that it reflects the variation in the level of respondent’s Knowledge in supporting access to
employment. Considering the educational System of the country, level of education of
respondents (1)illiterate (no schooling) and (0) educated or literate (includes college, university
level education).Thus it is hypothesis that education status of the youth and unemployment will
be negatively correlated. As the education status increase, youth unemployment will be increase
so as to increase hard working potentials, skill fullness, finding of or creation of job and solve
the problem.

4. Job Preference

Job preference refers to the choice of a given job among various jobs available in the labour
market is expected to influence the employment status of a respondent. It will be categorized as
(1) preferring paid employment (in government or private Institutions), (0) no preferring any
available job. In the model, preferring any available job will be taken as a reference category.
Thus, it is hypothesis that job preference of the youth and unemployment will be positively
correlated. As the increasing of job prefer of youth the increase of youth being unemployed.

5. Work Experience

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The variable refers to whether a respondent had been engaged in productive works such as self-
employment, government employment or NGOs (Mesfin, 2012. The variable will be categorized
as (1) no work experience and (0) had work experience . Thus, it is hypothesis that work
experience of the youth and unemployment will be negatively correlated. As the increasing of
youth work experiences the decreasing of youth being unemployed rather hard working.

6. Marital Status
Marital status is also expected to influence the employment status of a respondent. The variable
will be categorized as (1) ever married (includes currently married, divorced, widowed and
separated) and (2) never married (single). If the variable is never married, it will be denoted as
(1) and if the variable is ever married, it will be denoted as (0). Thus, it is hypothesis that marital
status of the youth and unemployment will be negatively correlated. As the increasing of youth
marital status the decreasing of youth unemployed rather hard working.

7. Social Network Density

Social network density refers the number of persons such as friends, relatives…etc an individual
would have in exchanging information about jobs available in the labour market using any form
of communication channels.
The density of the networks, will be expected to influence the employment status of a
respondent, can be considered in the model, being categorized as no social networks (1) and
social networks (0)network. Thus, it is hypothesis that social network of the youth and
unemployment will be negatively correlated. As the increasing of youth social net work the
decreasing of youth being unemployed rather hard working since they are informed.

8. Migration status

Migration status will be also expected to influence the employment status of a respondent. It will
be categorized as (1) migrant and (0) non-migrant, hence in the regression analysis, the reference
category will be non-migrant. Thus, it will be hypothesis that migration status of the youth and
unemployment will be positively correlated. As the youth migration status increases, the youth
being unemployed will be also increases.

9. Business Advisory Service

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The variable refers to whether the respondent will get advisory services in the form of training,
skill upgrading, entrepreneurial management and other services from government or NGO’s.
Accessibility to business advisory service is, therefore, expected to influence the employment
status of a respondent, can be categorized as (2) not received business advisory services (1)
received business advisory service. Thus, it will be hypothesis that business advisory service of
the youth and unemployment will be negatively correlated. As the increasing of youth business
advisory service the increasing of youth being unemployed rather hard working.

10. Father’s Education

Father’s educational status refers to the highest grade level a respondents’ father completed at the
time of the survey. The level of father’s education will be expected to influence the
employmentstatus of a respondent and category in to (0) literate and (1) illiterate. In
theregression model, illiterate was taken as a reference category. Thus, it will be hypothesis that
father’s education of the youth and unemployment will be negatively correlated. As the
increasing of father’s education youth unemployment will be decreases.

4 Work Plan
4.1 Budgeting
No Item Unit Amoun Unit Total
t price

Pen No 10 16 160

Stationery Paper Packet 1 300 300

1 Not book No 2 50 100

Ruler No 1 20 20

Binding No 1 25 25

Total 605.00

Communication Three 600

months
2 Telephone

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 Internet 400

Others CD No 3 50 150

3 Copy Paper 50 1.5 75

Total 625.00

Students(we) 200 200

4 Transportation Enumerator 200 200

Total 400.00

5 Contingency 2000

6 total 4230

4.2 Time Schedule

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Activity month

Feb 12 Feb 13 Feb 14 Feb 17 Feb Feb 20 Feb Feb

18 24 26

Specifying the area of X

the study

Title selection X

Literature review X
5
Preparing the proposal X .
Data collection X

Data editing X

Data analysis X

Submission and X X
presentation of the
study

REFERENCES

Berhanu, D., Abraham T. and Hannah D. (2005).Characteristics and Determinants of Youth

Unemployment, Underemployment and Inadequate Employment in Ethiopia. ILO, Geneva.

Labor Force Survey (2013), Statistical Report on the 2013 National Labour Force Survey
Central Statistical Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

GTZ( 2010),Youth Employment Sector Project Implementation of Children.

Tegegn Gebeyaw(2011).Socio-Demographic Determinants of urban Unemployment.

Guarcello, L. and Rosati, F. (2007).Child Labor and Youth Employment: Ethiopia Country
Study the World Bank, New York

Hassen, K. E. (2005) Overview on the State of Global Youth Employment.

Higgins, N. (2005.The challenge of youth Unemployment and Social Security.

Johnson, R.A,and Wichern D.W (2007), Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis.

MOY(2004) National Youth Policy.

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Asalfew,A (2011), Demographic and socio-economic determinants of youth.

Assaad, R. and Levison, D.2013 Employment for Youth growing Challenge.

UNFPA (2002),Youth Unemployment

World Bank (2009),Africa Development Indicators: Youth and Employment in Africa.

ILO (2010),Global Employment Trends for Youth Special Issue on the Impact of the Global
Economic Crisis on Youth, Geneva.

Odhiambo, O. (2006). Natural Resource Management towards EmploymentCreation in Kenya:

Experiences from Kenya Rural Youth Livelihood Strategies. Nairobi, Kenya.

GTZ,(2010),Youth Employment Sector Project Implementation of Children and Youth Rights

Tina Silbernagle Ltd, Frankfurt.

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