GEO-CE 222: 20.

It is a combination of those two

representations and gives a 3-D view of
1. A technical specialty that deals with soil
formations and contacts.
and rock as supporting materials for
21. This are defined as wavy undulations
structures.
developed in the rocks of the Earth’s
2. Is a basic science that is concerned with
crust due to horizontal compression
the study of the history of the earth, the
resulting from gradual cooling of the
rocks of which it is composed and the
Earth’s crust, lateral deflection and
changes that it has undergone or is
intrusion of magma in the upper strata.
undergoing.
22. Rocks are bent around an imaginary line
3. It deals with the application of geologic
called _______________.
fundamentals to engineering.
23. This is where the continuity of the rock
4. This are formed from rock as it is acted
mass breaks.
upon by physical, chemical and
24. These are fractures in the crustal strata
biological forces.
along which appreciable shear
5. “Soil is any earthy material that can be
displacement of the adjacent rock blocks
removed with a spade, shovel or
have occurred relative to each other,
bulldozer and is the product of natural
probably due to tectonic activities.
weathering. This soil includes gravel
25. The fracture along which the shear
and sand deposits.”
displacement has taken place is called
6. “Soil may be considered as the superficial
_______________.
unconsolidated mantle of disintegrated
26. It is a fracture where little or no
and decomposed rock material.”
movement has taken place.
7. “Soil is the weathered transformation
27. These _____________ can occur in
product of the outermost layer of the
several sets and are approximately
solid crust, differentiated into horizons
parallel within a specific set.
varying in type and amounts of mineral
28. This is a material whose physical,
and organic constituents, usually
mechanical property, etc., are not all the
unconsolidated and of various depths.”
same in each direction.
8. It serves as parent material for natural soil
29. It is the surface/plane of separation
formation.
between two series of rock
9. Rocks have solidified from a molten or
beds/geological formations that belong
partly molten siliceous solution.
to two different geologic ages and they
10. What do you call the molten solution?
are, in most cases, different in their
11. When magma cools and solidifies in
geologic structure.
direct contact with the atmosphere it is
30. Sedimentary layer deposited over eroded
called ___________.
horizontal sedimentary layer.
12. When magma is cooling in the
31. Sedimentary layer deposited over eroded
subsurface leads to ____________.
angular (tilted or folded) rock.
13. Rocks that are naturally consolidated or
32. Sedimentary layer deposited over eroded
unconsolidated transported materials.
igneous or metamorphic rock.
14. Rocks form as a result of subjecting
33. This is a branch of mechanics that
igneous or sedimentary rocks to elevated
studies the mechanical properties of
temperatures and pressures.
various types of soil and its strength at
15. It is the study of the ways in which rocks
different moisture-content levels.
or sediments are arranged and deformed
34. He is the Father of Modern Soil
on the earth.
Mechanics.
16. Any rock unit that is recognizable and
35. Three Phase System of Soil Mass
mappable in the field is called
36. A material is permeable if it contains
__________.
continuous voids. All materials such as
17. It is the boundaries between formations.
rock, concrete, soils etc., are permeable.
18. The two-dimensional view of rock
37. ____________________ is simply a
distribution.
contour of constant total head.
19. It is a view of a vertical slice of the
38. It is a phenomenon by which the soil on
earth, like you might see at a road cut or
the downstream sides od some hydraulic
a stream cut.
structures get lifted up due to excess
pressure of water.
39. The pressure that is exerted on the soil 55. Walls that are thinner in section. The
due to the seepage of water is called base slab is the cantilever portion. These
_________________. walls are made of reinforced concrete.
40. The pressure transmitted through gain to 56. Walls are similar to cantilever walls
gain at the contact points through a soil except that the stem of the walls span
mass is termed as horizontally between vertical brackets
_______________________________. known as counterforts. The counterforts
41. If the pores of a soil mass are filled with are provider on the backfill side.
water and if a pressure induced into the 57. Walls that are similar to counterfort
pore water, tries to separate the grains, walls except the brackets or buttress
this pressure is termed as walls are provided on the opposite side
_______________________________. of the backfill.
42. According to this theory, constant ratios 58. It is the subject concerned with the study
exist between stresses and strains. of the response of rock to an applied
43. This is a process involving a gradual disturbance caused by natural or
compression occurring simultaneously engineering process.
with a flow of water out of the mass and 59. It deals with the engineering applications
with a gradual transfer of the applied of the basic principles and the
pressure from the pore water to the information available in the subjects of
mineral skeleton. engineering geology and rock mechanics
44. This is a process which involves an in an economic way.
increase in the water content due to an 60. The term ______________ applies to a
increase in the volume of the voids. large extent of rock, from several meters
45. One of the most important and the most to few kilometers, which can include
controversial engineering properties of many discontinuities of different forms.
soil or ability to resist sliding along 61. It is the steepest inclination of the plane
internal surface withing a mass. to horizontal.
46. This is the field and laboratory 62. It is the trace (or intersection) of the
investigations required to obtain the dipping plane with the horizontal
essential information on the subsoil. reference plane. It is also the orientation
47. Two Types of Slopes on Earth. of the horizontal line drawn on the
48. This slope is those that exist in nature dipping plane. It is perpendicular to the
and are formed by natural causes. dip direction.
49. This slope examples are the side of 63. This is also known as dip azimuth, is the
cuttings, the slopes of embankments direction of the horizontal trace
constructed for roads, railway lines, (projection) of the line of dip, measured
canals etc. and the slopes of earth dams clockwise from the north.
constructed for storing water. 64. It is the interface between a
50. This slope is used to designate a constant superstructure and its supporting soil.
slope of infinite extent. An example of 65. It is the study of different types of
this is the long slope of the face of a foundation and their proper applications.
mountain. It is the application and practice of the
51. This slope is limited extend. An example fundamental principles of soil
of this is the slope of embankments and mechanics and rock mechanics in the
earth dams. design of foundations of various
52. It is an extremely important structures.
consideration in the design and 66. This is the maximum bearing capacity of
construction of earth dams. soil at which the soil fails by shear.
53. Wall that resists movement because of 67. This normally comprises two footings
their heavy sections. They are built of connected by a beam called strap.
mass concrete or stone or brick 68. This is a special case of a combined
masonry. No reinforcement is required footing.
in these walls. 69. It is a long footing supporting two or
54. Walls that are not as heavy as gravity more columns in one row.
walls. A small amount of reinforcement 70. It is a large footing usually supporting
is used for reducing the mass of several columns in two or more rows.
concrete. 71. Developed their support from end-
bearing on strong soil. “hardpan” or
 rock. The overlying soil is assumed to 87. Younger layers of rock sit atop older
contribute nothing to the support of the layers.
load imposed on the pier. 88. Layers of sedimentary rock are
72. Pass through over burden soils that are originally deposited flat.
assumed to carry none of the load and 89. Rock layers A and B must be older than
penetrate far enough into an assigned the intrusion (C) that disturbs them.
bearing stratum to develop design load 90. Layers of rock are continuous until they
capacity by side wall friction between encounter other solid bodies that block
the pier and bearing stratum. their deposition or until they are acted
73. Are the same construction as the two upon by agents that appeared after
mentioned above, but with both side deposition took place.
wall friction and end bearing assigned a 91. This deals with the application of
role in carrying the designed load. When geological knowledge in the field of
carried into rock, this pier may be mining. Also deals with mineral
referred to as a socketed pier or a exploration, estimation and exploration.
“drilled pier with rock socket”. 92. It is the study of physical properties like
74. Are piers with a bottom bell of density and magnetism of the earth or its
underream. A greater percentage of the parts.
imposed load on the pier top is assumed 93. It deals with occurrence, movement and
to be carried by the base. nature of groundwater in an area. This
75. It is frequently termed soil stabilization, may also be called hydrogeology.
which in its broadest sense is alteration 94. This branch is relatively more recent and
of any property of a soil to improve its deals with the occurrence, distribution,
engineering performance. abundance, mobility etc., of different
76. It is defined as that of applied sciences elements in the earth crust.
which deals with the application of 95. Defined as a process of decay,
geology for a safe, stable land disintegration and decomposition of
economical design and construction of a rocks under the influence of certain
civil engineering project. physical and chemical agencies.
77. Different physical features of the earth, 96. It may be defined as the process of
such as mountains, plateaus, valleys, breaking up of rocks into small pieces
rivers, lakes, glaciers, and volcanoes in by the mechanical agencies of physical
terms of their origin and development. agents.
78. The different changes occurring on the 97. It may be defined as the process of
earth surface like marine transgression, breaking up of mineral constituents to
marine regression, formation or form new components by the chemical
disappearance of rivers, springs and actions of the physical agents,
lakes. 98. It is a general term used when the
79. Geological work of wind, glaciers, surface of the earth is worn away by the
rivers, oceans, and groundwater and chemical as well as mechanical actions
their role in constantly moulding the of physical agents and the lower layers
earth surface features. are exposed.
80. Natural phenomena like landslides, 99. It is the physical breakdown of rock
earthquakes and weathering. masses under the attack of certain
81. This deals with the study of minerals. atmospheric agents.
82. ____________ are basic units with 100. It is when the rock sometimes is found
different rocks and ores of the earth are to break off into concentric shells.
made up of. 101. When weathering occurs part of the
83. This deals with the study of rocks. This disintegrated rock material is carried
is the most important branch of geology away by running water or any other
from the civil engineering point of view. transporting agent.
84. This is a kind of study of the earth’s 102. The chemical decomposition of the
history through the sedimentary rocks. rock is called _____________________
This is also called stratigraphy. which is nothing but chemical reaction
85. Strata means between gases of the atmosphere and
_______________________. minerals of the rocks.
86. Graphy means 103. It is the reaction of oxygen with
_______________________. chemicals in a rock.
104. It is a process in which a rock absorbs 122. It is a formation which only seepage is
water into its chemical structure. possible and thus the yield is
105. It is caused by carbonic acid in water insignificant compared to an aquifer. It
reacting with and degrading rock. is partly permeable.
106. It is caused by Sulphur and Nitrogen 123. It is an impermeable formation which
compounds in the air reacting with water may contain water but incapable of
to form acids that then fall to the transmitting significant water quantities?
ground. 124. It is an impermeable formation neither
107. This type of weathering occurs when containing not transmitting water.
living organisms break up rocks. 125. The amount of pore space per unit
108. The movement of the atmosphere in a volume of the aquifer material.
direction parallel to the earth surface. 126. Water exists within the interstice and is
109. The vertical movement of the known as the ground water.
atmosphere are termed as 127. It is the space above the water and
___________________. below the surface.
110. It is the process of simply removing the 128. It is the belt overlying the zone of
loose sand and dust sized particles from saturation and it does contain some
as area, by fast moving winds. interstitial water and is thus a
111. This type of wind erosion which is continuation to the zone of saturation.
caused by rubbing and grinding actions 129. This is the depth from the surface,
and produce many charges. which is penetrated by the rocks of
112. The larger and heavier particles such as vegetation.
sands or gravels, which are moved by 130. The science dealing with the study of
the winds but not lifted more than 30 to earthquakes in all their aspects.
60 cm of the earth surface. 131. The exact spot underneath the earth
113. The finer clay or dust particles which surface at which an earthquake
are lifted by the moving winds by a originates.
distance of hundreds of meters above the 132. This is the point at the surface, which is
earth’s surface. immediately above the focus or origin of
114. These are huge heaps of sand formed the earthquake.
by the natural deposition of windblown 133. The point which is diametrically
sand sometimes of characteristics and opposite to the epicenter is called
recognizable shape. ______________.
115. These dunes that look like a new moon 134. It is defined as the ratio of an
in plan are of most common earthquake based on actual effects
occurrences. produced by the quakes on the earth.
116. It is similar to barchans in section but 135. It is defined as the rating of an
in plan it is not curved like barchans earthquake based on the total amount of
such that its longer axis is broadly energy released when the over strained
transverse to the direction of the rocks suddenly rebound, causing the
prevailing winds. earthquake.
117. These dunes are the elongated ridges of 136. These originated due to relative
sand with their longer axis broadly movements of crystal block on faulting,
parallel to the direction of the prevailing commonly, earthquakes are of this type.
wind. 137. That owes their origin to causes
118. The massive deposit formed when distinctly different from faulting, such as
finest particles of dust traveling in earthquakes arising due to volcanic
suspension with the wind are transported eruptions or landslides.
to considerable distance and 138.
accumulated.
119. May be defined as the science of the
occurrences, distribution and movement
of water below the surface of the earth.
120. It is an important source of water
supply throughout the world.
121. Water entrapped in the interstices of
sedimentary rock at the time it was
deposited.