This document summarizes head losses in pipelines with minor losses. It discusses losses due to contractions, enlargements, pipe entrances and exits, bends, and valves. It provides formulas to calculate head loss for each using loss coefficients and velocity head. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating head loss through contractions and enlargements, as well as determining flow rates. The maximum power that can be transported through a pipeline is also discussed and calculated in an example. Finally, the document briefly covers pipelines arranged in series and parallel configurations.
This document summarizes head losses in pipelines with minor losses. It discusses losses due to contractions, enlargements, pipe entrances and exits, bends, and valves. It provides formulas to calculate head loss for each using loss coefficients and velocity head. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating head loss through contractions and enlargements, as well as determining flow rates. The maximum power that can be transported through a pipeline is also discussed and calculated in an example. Finally, the document briefly covers pipelines arranged in series and parallel configurations.
This document summarizes head losses in pipelines with minor losses. It discusses losses due to contractions, enlargements, pipe entrances and exits, bends, and valves. It provides formulas to calculate head loss for each using loss coefficients and velocity head. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating head loss through contractions and enlargements, as well as determining flow rates. The maximum power that can be transported through a pipeline is also discussed and calculated in an example. Finally, the document briefly covers pipelines arranged in series and parallel configurations.
This document summarizes head losses in pipelines with minor losses. It discusses losses due to contractions, enlargements, pipe entrances and exits, bends, and valves. It provides formulas to calculate head loss for each using loss coefficients and velocity head. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating head loss through contractions and enlargements, as well as determining flow rates. The maximum power that can be transported through a pipeline is also discussed and calculated in an example. Finally, the document briefly covers pipelines arranged in series and parallel configurations.
Eng. Osama Dawoud http://www.haestad.com/library/books/awdm/online/wwhelp/wwhimpl/java/html/wwhelp.htm Lecture 4 Head Losses in Pipelines Part2 Minor Losses • Additional losses due to entries and exits, fittings and valves are traditionally referred to as minor losses
V2 Q2 hm = k L = kL 2 2g 2 gA Losses due to contraction A sudden contraction in a pipe usually causes a marked drop in pressure in the pipe due to both the increase in velocity and the loss of energy to turbulence.
2 V2 hc = kc 2g Value of the coefficient Kc for sudden contraction
V2 Head losses due to pipe contraction may be greatly reduced by introducing a gradual pipe transition known as a confusor
kc'
2 V2 hc' = kc' 2g Losses due to Enlargement A sudden Enlargement in a pipe
(V1 − V2 ) 2 hE = 2g Head losses due to pipe enlargement may be greatly reduced by introducing a gradual pipe transition known as a diffusor
V − V2 2 2 hE' = k E' 1 2g Loss due to pipe entrance General formula for head loss at the entrance of a pipe is also expressed in term of velocity head of the pipe 2 V hent = K ent 2g Loss at pipe exit (discharge head loss) In this case the entire velocity head of the pipe flow is dissipated and that the discharge loss is 2 V hexit = 2g Loss of head in pipe bends V2 hb = kb 2g Loss of head through valves 2 V2 hv = K v 2g Minor loss calculation using equivalent pipe length
kl D Le = f Example 1 In the figure shown two new cast iron pipes in series, D1 =0.6m , D2 =0.4m length of the two pipes is 300m, level at A =80m , Q = 0.5m3/s (T=10oC).there are a sudden contraction between Pipe 1 and 2, and Sharp entrance at pipe 1. Fine the water level at B
e = 0.26mm v = 1.31×10-6 Q = 0.5 m3/s Solution Z A − ZB = hf hL = h f 1 + h f 2 + hent + hc + hexit 2 2 2 2 L1 V1 L2 V2 V1 V2 V22 hL = f1 + f2 + kent + kc + kexit D1 2 g D2 2 g 2g 2g 2g Q 0.5 Q 0.5 V1 = = = 1.77 m/ sec , V2 = = = 3.98 m/ sec , π π A1 (0.6)2 A2 (0.4)2 4 4 VD VD Re1 = 1 1 = 8.1105 , Re 2 = 2 2 = 1.22 10 6 , υ υ 0.26 = = 0.00043, = 0.00065, D1 600 D1 ⎯moody ⎯⎯→ f1 = 0.017 ⎯moody ⎯⎯→ f 2 = 0.018
hent = 0.5, hc = 0.27, hexit = 1
2 2 2 2 L1 V1 L2 V2 V1 V2 V22 hL = f1 + f2 + kent + kc + kexit D1 2 g D2 2 g 2g 2g 2g
= 0.1 2g 2g 2g 2 6V2 = 0. 1 2g V2 = 0.57 m / s Q = V2 A2 = 0.57 4 0.482 = 0.103m 3 / s Power in pipelines Power = QH = gQH N .m / s = Watt 745.7 Watt = 1 HP (horse power)
At Entrance → Power = γ Q H Power dissipated due to friction = γ Q h f Power dissipated due to minor loss = γ Q hm At Exit → Power = γ Q (H − h f − hm ) Calculate the max transported power through pipe line
At Exit → P = γ Q (H − h f − hm ) neglect minor loss P = γ Q (H − h f ) → Q = VA L V 3 P = γ 4 D HV − f π 2
D 2g dP f L V 2 Max. at → = 0 = γ π4 D 2 H − 3. . dV D 2g f L V2 H = 3. . = 3 hf D 2g H The max transported power through pipe line at hf = 3 Efficiency in power transportation through pipelines
γQH − h f − hm H − h f − hm η= = γQH H H − hf H −H ηmax = = 3 100 = 66.67% H H Example 3 Pipe line has length 3500m and Diameter 0.5m is used to transport Power Energy using water. Total head at entrance = 500m. Determine the maximum power at the Exit. F = 0.024
Pout = γ Q ( H − h f ) H 500 Max. Power at → h f = = m 3 3 V = 3.417 m/s L V2 3500 V 2 hf = f = 0.024 D 2g 0.3 2 g
Q = AV = π4 (0.3) (3.417) = 0.2415 m3 /s
2 P = γQH − h f H = gQ H − 3 = gQ 23 H = 1000(9.81)(0.2415) 23 (500) 789785 = 789785 N.m/s (Wa tt) = = 1059 HP 745.7 Lecture 5 Pipelines in series & parallel Pipelines in Series
