TECHIES

tBECnUl
„BERIY
SYSTEMS
HELMUT UNGRAD
ABB Relays, Ltd.
Baden, Switzerland

WILIBALD WINKLER
Power System Automation and Protection
Siiesian Technicat University of Gliwice
G/iwice, Poland

ANDRZEJ WlSZNIEWSKI
Power System Automation and Protection
Wroclaw Technical University
Wroclaw Poland ,
Translated by
Peter G. Harrison

M arcel D ekker, In c . N ew Yo r k • B a s e l
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ungrad, H. (Helmut)
[Schutztechnik in Elektroenergiesystemen. English]
Protection techniques in electrical energy systems / Helmut
Ungrad, Wilibald Winkler, Andrzej Wiszniewski; translated by Peter
G. Harrison,
p. cm.
Translation of: Schutztechnik in Elektroenergiesystemen.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8247-9660-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Electric power systems—Protection. I. Winkler, W.
(Wilibald) II. Wiszniewski, A. (Andrzej) III. Title.
TK1005.U48 1995
623.31 '7—dc20 95-32278
CIP

The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities.
For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the
address below.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright © 1995 by MARCEL DEKKER, INC. All Rights Reserved.

Originally published in German as Schutztechnik in Elektroenergiesystemen

©1992 Springer-Verlag, Inc.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, micro­
filming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher.

MARCEL DEKKER, INC.

270 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016

Current printing (last digit):

10 9 8 7 6

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Preface

In spite of careful design and maintenance, power systems and items of

power system plant will always be subject to failure due to electrical or mechani­
cal breakdown. In order to confine the consequences of such failures to the
minimum possible, the defect has to be detected quickly, localized and isolated,
and respective measures taken to ensure the continued supply of electrical energy
to the consumers. These functions are performed automatically today by special
protective devices and systems which constitute an important part of the auxiliary
equipment in power plants and are the tools of the protection engineer.

This book presents the theoretical principles and current state of the art of
protection engineering and also gives an outlook toward future developments.
Correspondingly, the subject matter is dealt with in three parts:
• Part A explains the basic principles of protection engineering.
• Part B presents conventional analogue protection techniques as they are still
being applied throughout the world today.
• Part C is devoted to the fundamentals of digital protection techniques which
are already being introduced and will play an increasingly more important
role in the future.
The structure of the book and the choice of the subject matter reflect the
authors’ many years of experience in development, research and training in the
field of protection engineering. The material is presented in a way which makes
the book equally suitable for use by students of electrical engineering and for the
further training of electrical engineers. It is with this hope and intention in mind
that the authors have written this book.

Helmut Ungrad • Wilibald Winkler • Andrzej Wiszniewski

Contents

Preface............................................................................................................... Hi

Part A: Fundamentals of Protection Engineering

1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 3
1.1 The purpose of protection engineering............................................... 3
1.2 Requirements to be fulfilled by protection devices..............................4
1.3 Basic structure of protection systems.................................................6

2 The Principal Faults on Electrical Power Systems and System

Components..................................................................................................8
2.1 Phase faults......................................................................................... 8
2.2 Ground faults in ungrounded or impedance grounded systems 17
2.3 Open-circuit lines..............................................................................20
2.4 Intertum faults in machines...............................................................23
2.5 Overload........................................................................................... 24
2.6 Real power deficit.............................................................................26
2.7 Other faults and abnormal operating conditions................................27

3 The Main Criteria for Detecting Faults........................................................28

3.1 Overcurrent...................................................................................... 28
3.2 Differential (circulating) current....................................................... 29
3.3 Difference of current phase-angles................................................... 31
3.4 Over- and undervoltage....................................................................32
3.5 Power direction................................................................................ 33
3.6 Symmetrical components of current and voltage.............................. 34
V
vi CONTENTS
3.7 Impedance........................................................................................34
3.8 Frequency.........................................................................................36
3.9 Other criteria monitored by protective devices................................ 37
3.10 Summary.......................................................................................... 38

4 Instrument Transformers for Protection Purposes.......................................39

4.1 Current transformers (c.t's).............................................................. 39
4.1.1 Conventional c.t's................................................................39
4.1.2 Air-gap c.t's.........................................................................50
4.1.3 Non-conventional c.t's........................................................ 52
4.2 Voltage transformers (v.t's).............................................................. 55
4.2.1 Inductive v.t's...................................................................... 55
4.2.2 Capacitive voltage transformers (CVT's)............................58
4.2.3 Non-conventional v.t's........................................................ 59

Part B: Analogue Protection

5 Solid-State Protection Relays and Systems................................................. 64

5.1 General............................................................................................. 64
5.2 Basic design of solid-state protection devices.................................. 65
5.3 Basic modules................................................................................... 66
5.3.1 Signal conditioning...............................................................66
5.3.1. 1 Input transformers.................................................... 66
5.3.1.2 Summation c.t's...................................................... 66
5.3.1.3 Symmetrical component filter.................................. 68
5.3.1.4 Harmonic filter ......................................................... 71
5.3.2 Measuring principles.............................................................72
5.3.2.1 Measurement of a single variable........................... 72
5.3.2.2 Measurement of a several variables:
amplitude comparators........................................... 74
5.3.2.3 Measurement of a several variables:
phase comparators................................................. 75
5.3.3 Timers.................................................................................. 77
CONTENTS vii
5.3.4 Auxiliary supply units......................................................... 77
5.3.5 Tripping logics................................................................... 79
5.3.6 Tripping units..................................................................... 80
5.3.7 Signalling units................................................................... 81
5.3.8 Opto-coupler units.............................................................. 82
5.3.9 Units for continuous monitoring and testing........................ 83
5.4 Combination of the modules and units to protectiondevices 84
5.5 Combination of protection devices to protection systems................85

6 Application of Analogue Protection Devices..............................................88

6.1 Overcurrent protection.................................................................... 88
6.1.1 Instantaneous overcurrent protection.................................. 88
6.1.2 Time-overcurrent protection...............................................91
6.1.3 Voltage controlled time-overcurrent protection................. 93
6.1.4 Directional time-overcurrent protection............................. 95
6.2 Current differential protection........................................................ 100
6.3 Distance protection.........................................................................104
6.3.1 General principle...............................................................104
6.3.2 Types of distance relays.....................................................108
6.3.2.1 Distance relays with a single measuring system... 108
6.3.2.2 Distance relays with several measuring systems... 110
6.3.3 Starting criteria and starting systems................................. 111
6.3.4 Measuring systems for determining fault
distance and direction........................................................ 117
6.3.5 Resulting distance relay operating characteristics..............123

7 Analogue Protection for Power Systems.................................................. 125

7.1 Line protection............................................................................... 125
7.1.1 Methods of protection.......................................................125
7.1.2 Protection devices for detecting phase faults.....................126
7.1.2.1 Non-directional and directional
overcurrent protection......................................... 126
7.1.2.2 Differential (pilot wire) protection........................126
7.1.2.3 Phase comparison protection...............................131
7.1.2.4 Distance protection.............................................. 134
7.1.2.5 Transfer tripping schemes with distance relays.... 137
viii CONTENTS
7.1.2.6 Directional comparison protection......................141
7.1.2.7 Back-up protection for detecting phase faults......147
7.1.3 Auto-reclosure.................................................................. 147
7.1.3.1 Purpose and types of auto-reclosure.................... 147
7.1.3.2 Coordination between auto-reclosure
and line protection functions................................ 149
7.1.4 Protection schemes for detecting ground faults.................153
7.1.4.1 Signals for detecting ground faults...................... 153
7.1.4.2 Ground fault overcurrent protection.................... 154
7.1.4.3 Directional ground fault protection..................... 155
7.1.4.4 Fleeting ground fault protection...........................158
7.1.4.5 Harmonic directional ground fault protection......159
7.2 Protection of multi-winding and auto-transformers........................ 160
7.2.1 Methods of protection.......................................................160
7.2.2 Protection schemes for detecting phase
and ground faults................................................................161
7.2.2.1 Biased differential protection...............................161
7.2.22 Time-overcurrent protection................................166
1.223 Distance protection..............................................166
7.2.2.4 Ground fault protection.......................................167
7.2.3 Buchholz protection.......................................................... 170
7.2.4 Overload protection.......................................................... 170
7.2.5 Integrated protection systems for transformers................. 171
7.3 Busbar protection and breaker back-up protection........................ 173
7.3.1 Introduction.......................................................................173
7.3.2 Current comparison busbar protection...............................173
7.3.2.1 Current comparison with current restraint........... 173
7.3.2.2 High-impedance busbar protection.......................177
7.3.3 Phase comparison busbar protection..................................183
7.3.4 Directional current comparison busbar protection 184
7.3.5 Busbar protection by linking overcurrent
protection devices..............................................................188
7.3.6 Breaker back-up protection............................................... 189

8 Analogue Protection for Machines........................................................... 191

8.1 Generator protection....................................................................... 191
8.1.1 Kinds of faults and selective protection schemes............... 191
CONTENTS ix
8.1.2 Stator ground fault protection...........................................193
8.1.3 Phase faults between windings..........................................202
8.1.3.1 Kinds of protection..............................................202
8.1.3.2 Biased differential protection...............................202
8.1.3.3 Time-overcurrent protection............................... 206
8.1.3.4 Distance protection..............................................207
8.1.4 Inter-tum protection......................................................... 208
8.1.5 Rotor ground fault protection...........................................210
8.1.6 NPS protection................................................................. 214
8.1.7 Loss of excitation protection............................................ 216
8.1.8 Pole-slipping protection..................................................... 219
8.1.9 Stator and rotor overload protection................................. 222
8.1.10 Overvoltage protection...................................................... 223
8.1.11 Underfrequency protection................................................224
8.1.12 Power plant isolation protection........................................225
8.1.13 Reverse power protection.................................................. 227
8.1.14 Guidelines for the choice of generator
protection schemes............................................................ 228
8.2 Protection of generator/transformer units.......................................231
8.2.1 The generator/transformer unit as protected unit..............231
8.2.2 Biased differential schemes............................................... 233
8.2.3 Distance relay as back-up protection on the
HV side of the step-up transformer....................................233
8.2.4 Overfluxing of the step-up transformer.............................234
8.2.5 Miscellaneous generator/transformer unit
protection devices............................................................. 236
8.2.6 Design of a protection system for
a generator/transformer unit..............................................237
8.2.7 Allocation of the protection tripping signals to the
switchgear and turbine valves (tripping logic)................. 239
8.3 Protection of HV three-phase motors....................... 242
8.3.1 Kinds of faults and protection schemes.............................242
8.3.2 Phase fault protection....................................................... 243
8.3.2.1 Overcurrent protection.......................... 243
8.3.2.2 Differential protection..........................................243
8.3.3 Stator ground fault protection.......................................... 244
8.3.4 Overload protection..........................................................244
8.3.4.1 Overload during starting......................................244
8.3.4.2 Overload during steady-state operation............... 245
X CONTENTS
8.3.5 NPS protection................................................................. 245
8.3.6 Undervoltage protection................................................... 247
8.3.7 Out-of-step protection for synchronous motors............... 247
8.3.8 A complete protection system for
HV three-phase motors..................................................... 248

Part C: Digital Protection

9 Computer-Based Protection and Control..................................................252

9.1 Introduction................................................................................... 252
9.2 Digital protection and control system structures............................253
9.2.1 General............................................................................. 253
9.2.2 Areas of responsibility of the different control levels 255
9.2.3 Establishment of computer structures in substations 255
9.3 Special features of digital measurement and control methods 260

10 A/D Conversion of Input Variables.......................................................... 261

10.1 Fundamental considerations...........................................................261
10.2 Analogue signal filter..................................................................... 262
10.3 A/D signal conversion.................................................................... 263
10.4 Verification.................................................................................... 266

11 Digital Signal Conditioning...................................................................... 270

11.1 General remarks on digital filtering................................................270
11.2 Synthesis of infinite impulse response filters...................................273
11.2.1 Synthesis of a digital low-pass filter..................................274
11.2.2 Synthesis of a digital high-pass filter.................................275
11.2.3 Synthesis of a digital bandpass filter..................................275
11.2.4 Synthesis of a digital band rejection filter..........................276
11.3 Synthesis of finite impulse response filters......................................277
11.3.1 Low-pass filter with finite impulse response......................280
11.3.2 Bandpass filter with finite impulse response......................283
CONTENTS xi
11.3.3 Practical applications......................................................... 291
11.4 Representation of the input variable by
its orthogonal components............................................................ 294
11.4.1 Application of convolution with orthogonal functions 294
11.4.2 Orthogonalization by a single time delay........................... 295
11.4.3 Orthogonalization by a double time delay......................... 296
11.5 Digital correlation.......................................................................... 297
11.6 Symmetrical component filters....................................................... 299
11.6.1 Principle based on delaying signals.....................................300
11.6.2 Orthogonal component filters............................................ 302

12 Algorithms for Digital Protection............................................................. 303

12. Introduction....................................................................................303
12.2 Digital measurement of the amplitude of a sinusoidal variable 304
12.2.1 Application of orthogonal components..............................304
12.2.2 Utilization of the correlation coefficients........................... 306
12.2.3 Averaging the absolute values of signals............................306
12.2.4 Application recommendations............................................311
12.3 Measurement of real and apparent components............................. 315
12.3 .1 Determining the component at the zero-crossing
of the input variable........................................................... 315
12.3.2 Determination of the components by averaging............... 318
12.4 Digital measurement of power.......................................................321
12.4.1 Power measurement by correlation
of current and voltage........................................................ 321
12.4.2 Utilization of orthogonal current and
voltage components........................................................... 322
12.4.3 Utilization of correlation coefficients.................................324
12.5 Digital distance measurement.........................................................325
12.5.1 Utilization of real and apparent power values.................... 326
12.5.2 Utilization of real and apparent components
of current and voltage........................................................ 327
12.5.3 Measurement based on a line model of the first order 329
12.5.4 Minimizing the influence of fault resistance
on the distance measurement.............................................333
xii CONTENTS
12.6 Digital frequency measurement...................................................... 340
12.6.1 Frequency measurement by counting
reference impulses............................................................. 340
12.6.2 Frequency measurement by convolution
of a Walsh function........................................................... 342
12.6.3 Frequency measurement by correlation with
sine and cosine functions................................................... 344

13 Logical Structures for Digital Protection.................................................. 347

13.1 Logical function areas.....................................................................347
13.2 Logical structure of simple protection devices................................348
13.3 Logical structure for determining the operating
characteristic of a distance relay.................................................... 349
13.4 Logical structure for transformer differential
protection devices..........................................................................351
13.5 Design of digital protection and control devices.............................353
13.5.1 Hardware...........................................................................353
13.5.2 Signal flow.........................................................................355
13.5.3 System architecture........................................................... 355
13.5.4 Operator control................................................................ 356
13.6 Adaptive protection systems...........................................................357
13.7 The application of expert systems...................................................358

Appendix I: Symbols........................................................................................ 360

Appendix II: Characteristics o f standard low-passfilters................................361

References....................................................................................................... 364

Index................................................................................................................382
 Part A
Fundamentals of Protection
Engineering
1

Introduction

1.1 The purpose of protection engineering

The purpose of protection equipment is to minimize the effects of faults on elec­
trical power systems, which unfortunately can never be entirely avoided. In this
context, an electrical power system is considered as all the plant required to gen­
erate, transmit and distribute electrical power, i.e. generators, power transform­
ers, lines and cables, circuit-breakers, instrument transformers etc. The faults
which occur can be the result of external or internal influences (e.g. lightning
strikes, resulting in an overload). Protection engineering is thus an extremely
important part of the secondary electrical plant and of decisive significance for
the reliable operation of electrical power systems.
Since the damage a fault can cause is mainly dependent on its duration, it is
necessary for the protection devices to operate as quickly as possible. They must,
however, operate absolutely selectively in order to isolate only the faulty item of
plant. They must also operate reliably, i.e. there should be a tendency neither to
overfimction nor underfimction. These requirements are in part contradictory and
finding the right compromise is one of the main tasks of the protection engineer
(see Section 1.2).
The use of automatic equipment to minimize the consequences of a fault by
switching in reserve plant after the defective item of plant has been tripped is
becoming more widespread.
3
4 CHAPTER 1
Among the most important consequences of a fault are:
- damage to plant due to the dynamic effects of the fault current
- damage to plant due to the thermal effects of the current
• loss of system stability
- loss of supply to loads, also during downtime for repairs
- danger to life

1.2 Requirements to be fulfilled by protection devices

The following basic demands must always be fulfilled:
1. Selectivity: The ability to isolate only the defective plant from the rest of the
system; this can be achieved by the following methods:
- time grading, i.e. the protection device nearest the fault trips the fastest and
all the others between it and the power source successivelyslower, delayed
by either a fixed "definite" time or a time inversely proportional to the level
of fault current. Application: overcurrent and distance protection.
- amplitude and/or phase comparison of the currents on both sides of the
protected unit. Application: pilot wire and differential protection.
- determination of direction (of fault power flow) on both sides of the pro­
tected unit by comparing derived signals. Application: directional compari­
son protection and distance protection with a communications channel.
The last two methods are also referred to as "unit protection", because they
only detect faults between the c.t's on both sides of the protected unit and do not
provide back-up protection for neighbouring plant.
2. Reliability: The ability of a protection device to fulfil its purpose throughout
its operational life [1.1]... [1.5]. A distinction is made between:
- dependability: The assurance that the protection device will perform its
designated function and selectively trip the protected item of primary plant
in the event of a fault.
- security: The assurance that the protection device will not trip unless there
is a fault on the protected item of primary plant.
The following term is also used:
- availability: The ratio of the time that a protection device is actually serv­
iceable to the total time it is in operation.
High availability of protection equipment can be achieved by the following:
- high technical quality of all the components in the protection chain (Fig. 1.1a),
i.e. instrument transformers, protection equipment, auxiliary supply batteries
and distribution system, any communication channels, circuit-breaker and its
mechanism and all the interconnections between these components.
INTRODUCTION 5
a)

PLC

V PD - B

0 CB= circuit-breaker
c.t.O c.t. a current transformers
v.t. Fu | v.t. = voltage transformers
PD = protection device
B = battery
Line PLC = power line carrier
Fu = fuses
TC = circuit-breaker trip coil
b)
T PLC1 PLC2
TC2 Li
TC1 PD1 - B1 PD2— B2
cb K ]-® -- iJ
0 O
c.t.2(>
v.t. []Fu1 Fu2

Line

Fig. 1.1: A simple (a) and a redundant (b) protection scheme for an HV line

- optimum design of the protection scheme, e.g. installation of a redundant

protection chain (duplication) for the protection of important HV lines
according to Fig. 1. lb.
- continuous self-monitoring of the protection devices.
- carefully carried out acceptance and commissioning tests, periodic testing,
automatic testing routines etc.
3. Operating speed: The time between the incidence of a fault and the trip
command being issued to the circuit-breaker by the protection is determined
by the power system configuration and in the case of modern protection de­
vices is typically one period of the power system frequency or fractions of a
period [1.6]. Amongst other things, fault clearance times which are too long
increase the thermal stress on the protected plant and endanger power system
stability. The required speed of the protection is also dependent on the signifi­
cance of the item of plant for the power system and its insured value. The to­
tal fault clearance time is the sum of protection tripping time and the rupture
time (including arc extinguishing time) of the circuit-breaker. Since today's
circuit-breakers take two and more periods of the power system frequency to
6 CHAPTER 1
interrupt the current, fault clearance times in the order of about SO ... 80 ms
are possible and these are the times used for HV power systems or parts of
power systems close to large power plants. Times of 100 ms and higher are
typical in MV systems. Preventive protection devices, which do not trip auto­
matically themselves but give warning when dangerous situations arise, may
operate with correspondingly longer time delays.
4. Sensitivity: This is the ability of a protection device to react even to relatively
small deviations of the monitored (normally electrical) variable from its normal
load value due to a disturbance on the primary system.

1.3 Basic structu re of protection systems

Figure 1.2 shows the flow of information between the protected unit and the in­
dividual links of the protection chain. The data describing the physical variables
being monitored are conveyed from the primary system to the protection device
PD and appropriately adjusted by the transducers IT, i.e. c.t's, v.t's, temperature
feelers etc. The protection device can take the form of a single protection relay
performing only a single measurement or - in the case of an especially valuable
item of plant such as a large generator - it can be a protection system comprising
several separate functions.
A very important link in the protection chain from the point of view of reli­
ability is the auxiliary supply AS. This is generally the station battery which also
supplies the circuit-breaker tripping coils CC and the display and recording de­
vices D&R. The auxiliary supply units usually installed in the protection devices
to derive the internal supply voltages also belong in this category. Continuously

PROTECTED UNIT

X IT PD :c y -
IT = instrument transformers
PD = protection device
CC = control circuit
AS = auxiliary supply
.... "Z" A r* D&R = display and recording devices
W

IffiRX —— ■

Fig. 1.2: Basic structure of a protection system

INTRODUCTION 7
monitoring all the auxiliary supply voltages is urgently recommended and moni­
tors to do this are installed in modem protection devices.
A protection device that has detected a fault on the item of primary plant it is
protecting issues a trip command to the circuit-breaker or breakers, which then
isolate it from the rest of the system.
Where the possibility exists of the fault correcting itself (e.g. a fault on an
overhead line ignited by a lighting strike) after it has been isolated for a short
time (a few 100 ms), an attempt can be made following a delay to automatically
reconnect the item of plant tripped to restore the normal status of the power
system.
In the case of digital systems which combine protection and control functions,
what is referred to as a “feeder module” can perform metering, interlocking and
controller functions in addition to the protection functions. The latter operate
nevertheless completely independently, i.e. they continue to function should the
station control system or communication link fail. The feeder modules are
connected to a station control system by a (serial) data link [1.7].
Adaptive protection systems vary their settings or configurations to suit
changing power system operating conditions [1.8].
References

Chapter 1

1.1 H. Ungrad: Criteria for determining the amount of protection required;

Brown Boveri Review, No. 6, 1978, P. 345-347
1.2 H. Ungrad: Methods of ensuring the reliable performance of protection
equipment; Brown Boveri Review, No. 6, 1978, P. 348-357
1.3 H. Hubensteiner, H. Ungrad: Reliability of protection systems; Brown
Boveri Review, No. 1/2, 1983, P. 111-116
1.4 H. Ungrad, G. Schaffer, V. Narayan: A modern supervisory and protec­
tion concept for enhancing power system security; Brown Boveri Review,
No. 9/10, 1984, P. 400-404
1.5 G. Bohme, F. Frey: Redundant protection for EHV networks; Brown
Boveri Review, No. 3, 1980, P. 196-203
1.6 H. P. Tubandt: Selektivschutz im Netz - ein Beitrag zur Versorgungssi-
cherheit. ETG - Fachberichte Selektivschutz; VDE Verlag GmbH, Berlin
- Offenbach, 1983, P. 7-21
1.7 H. Ungrad, K. P. Brand, Cadotsch.: Interaction of machine and line pro­
tection within a coordinated substation control system; IEEE Transac­
tions on Power Systems, 7,2 (May 92), P. 921-926
1.8 J. S. Thorp, S. H. Horowitz, A. G. Phadke: The application of an adap­
tive technology to power system protection and control; CIGRE 1988
Session, 34-03

Chapter 2

2.1 VDE-Vorschriften No. 0102: Leitsatze fur die Berechnung von Kurz-
schluBstromen
2.2 A. Hochrainer: Symmetrische Komponenten in Drehstromnetzen;
Springer Verlag, Berlin, Gottingen, Heidelberg, 1957
2.3 J. Zydanowicz: Podstawy zabezpieczen elektroenergetycznych, Volume
1, WNT Warsaw, 1979
2.4 G. Funk: Symmetrische Komponenten; Elitera Verlag, Berlin, 1976
2.5 H. Happold, D. Oeding: Elektrische Kraftwerke und Netze; Springer
Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1978
2.6 P. M. Anderson: Analysis of faulted power systems; The Iowa State Uni­
versity Press, 1973
2.7 W. Winkler, A. Przygrodzki: Zeitkonstanten von Gleichstromgliedern in
KurzschluBstromen; Zeszyty Naukowe Pol. SL, Elektryka, No. 31, Gli-
wice, 1971
2.8 W. Winkler, Z. Dawid, Z. Pilch, P. Sowa: Performance of compensated
transmission lines; Proc. of the 9th. PSCC, Cascais, 1987, P. 732-738
2.9 C. Urbanke: Echtzeitsimulation von Ausgleichsvorgangen in elektrischen
Netzen; etz-Archiv, Volume 5, 1981, P. 141-147
2.10 G. Brauer: Elektromagnetischer Ausgleichsvorgang bei Erdschlufi im er-
schluBkompensierten Drehstromnetz; Dissertation University of Stuttgart,
1978
2.11 H. Pundt: Untersuchung der Ausgleichsvorgange bei ErdschluB in Ener-
gieversorgungsnetzen; Energietechnik, Volume 10, 1965, P. 469-477
2.12 A. M. Fedoseev: Relaisschutz fur Elektroenergiesysteme; Energija, Mos­
cow, 1976
2.13 H. Kugler: Schaden an Turbogeneratoren; Der Maschinenschaden, Vol­
ume 5, 1972, P. 179-188
2.14 GEC Measurements: Protective relays application guide, Stafford, 1975
2.15 B. Broniewski, W. Winkler: Die Werte von Gegenstromkomponenten in
Synchrongeneratoren bei externen unsymmetrischen Fehlern; Zeszyty
Naukowe Pol. SL, Elektryka, No. 85, P. 19-30
2.16 Z. Pilch, W. Winkler: Phase comparison and distance protection perform­
ance during simultaneous double faults, IEE Conf. Publ. No. 249, Lon­
don 1985, P. 42-45
2.17 J. J. Arnold: The protection of generators against negative sequence cur­
rent; IEE Proc. “Developments in power system protection”, London,
1975, P. 50-56
2.18 P. G. Brown: Generator It2 requirements for system faults; IEEE Paper T
73-045-2
2.19 E. F. Knutter, K. Nimes: Elektronischer Uberlastschutz 7SK2; Siemens
Zeitschrift, Volume 8, 1976, P. 551-557
2.20 Z. Pilch, W. Winkler: Schutz- und Automatisierungskriterien fur indu-
strielle Verteilstationen mit Eigenerzeugung; II International Conference
“Automation and Control of Distribution Systems”, Tabor, 1984, P. 178-
185
2.21 W. Leonhard: Regelung in der elektrischen Energieversorgung; Teubner
Studienbucher, Elektrontechnik, Stuttgart, 1980
2.22 F. X. Vieira, H. V. Prado, A. G. Massaud, G. Nery: National scheme for
controlling emergencies in the Brazilian interconnected system; CIGRE,
Paris, 1984, Report 34-04

Chapter 3

3.1 Electricity Council: Power System Protection, Volume 1, Principles and

Components, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., Stevenage UK and New York, 1981
3.2 H. Clemens, K. Rothe: Relaisschutztechnik in Elektroenergiesystemen;
VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, 1980
3.3 V. Narayan, H. Ungrad, F. Ritter: Frequency relays for load-shedding;
Brown Boveri Review, No. 6, 1978, P. 413-415
3.4 P. G. Harrison: Considerations when planning a load-shedding program;
Brown Boveri Review, No. 10, 1980, P. 593-598
3.5 W. Winkler, Z. Pilch: Automatic load-shedding using the rate-of-change
of frequency criterion for large industrial power systems; Proc. of the
19th. UPEC, Dundee, 1981, Report 17.2

Chapter 4

4.1 A. Wiszniewski: Przekladniki w elektroenergetyce; WNT Warsaw, 1982

4.2 VDE Vorschriften No. 0414: Bestimmungen fur MeBwandler
4.3 M. Chamia: Transient behaviour of associated instrument transformers
and high-speed distance and directional comparison protection; CIGRE
Colloquium in Melbourne, 1979
4.4 W. Winkler. Some factors affecting the performance of current phase
comparison protection; Proc. of the 20th. UPEC, Huddersfield, 1985, P.
453-456
4.5 W. Winkler, Z. Dawid, P. Sowa: Interference harmonics in differential
protection schemes caused by saturated current transformers; Proc. of the
21st. UPEC, London, 1986, P. 146-149
4.6 A. Wiszniewski, W. Winkler, P. Sowa, S. Marczonek: Selection of set­
tings of transformer differential relays; IEE Conference Publication No.
249, London, 1985, P. 204-208
4.7 A. Van der Wal, N. Korponay: Designing current transformers for gen­
erators; ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 45-11 E
4.8 G. Rosenberger. Stromwandler mit Linearkernen; Siemens Zeitschrift 48,
No. 1, 1974, P. 51-53
4.9 N. Korponay, H. Ungrad: The requirements made of current transformers
by high-speed protective relays; ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 45-
10.1E
4.10 W. Winkler: Sensitivity assessment of algorithms for digital fault location
on interference signals in current and voltage; Prace Naukowe Inst. Ener-
goelektryki Pol. Wrocl., No. 66, Wroclaw, 1985, P. 41-47
4.11 H. J. Freygang: MeBwandler fur den Selektivschutz; ETG-Fachberichte,
No. 12, VDE-Verlag GmbH, Berlin - Offenbach, 1985, P. 156-171
4.12 L. Mouton: Non-conventional current and voltage transformers, CIGRE
CE/SC 34, 1980
4.13 A. Bogucki, Z. Pilch, W. Winkler, N. Korponay: Die Ubertragung von
hochfrequenten Schwingungen durch Spannungswandler; Bull. SEV, No.
12, 1971, P. 589-594
4.14 A. J. Schwab: HochspannungsmeBtechnik; Springer Verlag, 1981
4.15 A. Wright: Current transformers - their transient and steady-state per­
formance; Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, 1968
4.16 J. Ermisch: 20 Jahre Forschung auf dem Gebiet nichkonventioneller
Wandler; Elektrie, Volume 43, No. 6, 1989, P. 205-207
4.17 W. Winkler: Verhalten von Vergleichsschutzsystemen bei transienten
Stromwandlersattigungen; etz-Archiv, Volume 10, No. 10, 1988, P. 325-
329
4.18 W. Brendler, H. Koettniz: MeBmittel und MeBmethoden in der ener-
getischen Elektrotechnik unter dem EinfluB der Halbleiter und Mikroelek-
tronik; Elektrie, 1984, P. 144-148
4.19 I. De Mesmaeker, Steiner: Behaviour of distance relay LZ95 in cases of
extreme saturation of the main current transformers; Brown Boveri Re­
view, No. 2, 1985, P. 78-81

Chapter 5

5.1 M. Walter: Die Entwicklung des selektiven Kurzschlufischutzes, Elek-

trizitatswirtschaft, Volume 11, 1967, P. 317-323
5.2 H. Neugebauer: Gleichstrom-Drehspulrelais mit Gleichrichter fur die Se-
lektivschutztechnik; ETZ, Volume 11, 1950, P. 389-393
5.3 H. Gutmann: 25 Jahre Trockengleichrichter in der Selektivschutztechnik;
AEG Mitteilungen, Volume 1, 1963, P. 1-4
5.4 J. Blackburn: Protective Relaying; Marcel Dekker, New York, 1994
5.5 L. Muller: Selektivschutz elektrischer Anlagen; VWEW, 1971
5.6 VDEW-Ringbuch Schutztechnik 2: Richtlinien fur statische Schutzein-
richtungen, 1983
5.7 P. Magajna: Modures, a modular protection system; Brown Boveri Re­
view, No. 1, 1980, P. 45-49
5.8 D. Fahrenkrog-Petersen, H. Leibold: Selektivschutz in Subsystemtechnik;
Siemens Energietechnik, Volume 3, P. 101-104
5.9 AEG-Telefunken: Bausteinsystem fur die Schutztechnik; Part 1
5.10 Siemens Publication: Statischer Phasenvergleichsschutz 7SD31; Descrip­
tions E14041 - F4225 - U211 - A2
5.11 Protection systems using telecommunication; CIGRE CE/SC 34/35, 1987
5.12 J. Zydanowicz, M. Namiotkiewicz: Automatyka zabezpieczeniowa w en-
ergetyce; WNT Warsaw, 1983
5.13 A. Wiszniewski, W. Winkler,, P. Sowa, S. Marczonek: Selection of set­
tings of transformer differential relays; IEE Conference Publication No.
249, London, 1985, P. 204-208
5.14 U. Tieze, Ch. Schenk: Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik; Springer Verlag
Berlin - Heidelberg - New York - London - Paris - Tokyo, 1986
5.15 St. Dominko, J. Wroblewski: Phasenkomparatoren mit integrierten
Schaltungen zum Bau von hochempfmdlichen Phasenrelais; 3rd. Interna­
tional Scientific Conference “Aktuelle Probleme der Schutztechnik”,
Gliwice, 1979, Volume 1, P. 52-56
5.16 AEG-Telefimken Publication: Bausteine fur die Schutztechnik, Parts 1-
6.1, DC/DC-Wandlerplatten NB10, NB21, NB51
5.17 Siemens Publication: Schutztechnik, Gerate und Geratekombinationen;
Catalogue R, 1986
5.18 O. Lanz, R. Schilling, B. Kulendik: The power supply - an important link
in the protection system; Brown Boveri Review, No. 2, 1981, P. 61-63
5.19 ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 66-90 E: DC/DC converters NF 92, NF
93, NF 94
5.20 AEG-Telefunken description E25.02.264.07.84. DE, Ausloseverteiler AL
400
5.21 ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 66-47 E: Matrix plug-in unit EL 91
5.22 ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 66-46 E: Opto-coupler unit Type EB 91
5.23 P. Muller, P. G. Harrison: A systematic approach to testing and supervis­
ing solid-state protection equipment; Brown Boveri Review, No. 2, 1981,
P. 64-69
5.24 VDEW-Richtlinien fur den Schutz von Hochspannungs-Asynchron-
motoren in Kraftwerken, 1984
5.25 M. Fiorentzis: New, fully automatic means of testing generator protection
equipment; Brown Boveri Review, No. 2, 1977, P. 102-107

Chapter 6

6.1 VDEW-Richtlinien fur den Schutz von Hochspannungs-Asynchron-

motoren in Kraftwerken, 1984
6.2 Electricity Council: Power System Protection, Volume 2, Systems and
Methods, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., Stevenage UK and New York, 1981
6.3 ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 60.2 E: Products for control systems —
solid-state relays and protection systems
6.4 Siemens Publication: Generator-Differentialschutz 7UD71
6.5 A. Wiszniewski, W. Winkler, P. Sowa, S. Marczonek: Selection of set­
tings of transformer differential relays; IEE Conference Publication No.
249, London, 1985, P. 204-208
6.6 V. Narayan: Distance protection of HV and EHV transmission lines;
ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 35-30.17 E
6.7 W. Kolb, I. De Mesmaeker: New distance relay for medium and high-
voltage systems; Brown Boveri Review, No. 3, 1980, P. 188-195
6.8 H. Hager, C. J. Pencinger: A new approach to medium voltage transmis­
sion line protection; Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane,
Washington, 1982
6.9 ASEA Relays: Distance relay RAZOA; Application Manual AM03-
7012E, Edition 3
6.10 Statischer Distanzschutz fur Hochspannungsnetze — einsystemig im Sub-
systemgehause 7SL27; Siemens Geratebuch C73000 - G1100-C46-1
6.11 GEC Measurements: Switched distance relay scheme Type SSMM3T;
Publication R-5245C
6.12 AEG-Telefunken Publication: Schnelldistanzschutz SD 135A-G93 fur
Hochspannungsnetze
6.13 E. Zurowski: Neuer, sechsystemiger Distanzschutz fur Hochspannungs.
und Hochstspannungsnetze; Siemens Zeitschrift, Volume 4, 1974, P. 280-
284
6.14 G. Ziegler: Mehrsystemiger Distanzschutz fur Hochstspannungsnetze;
Siemens Energietechnik, Volume 4, 1979, P. 153-156
6.15 W. Kolb, F. liar, G. Bacchini: A new distance relay for HV and EHV
systems; Brown Boveri Review, No. 10, 1980, P. 599-607
6.16 AEG-Telefunken Publication: Distanzschutzeinrichtung fur Hochspan­
nungsnetze SD 335 A
6.17 ASEA Relays: Distance relay system Type RAZFE
6.18 W. Halama: Anregeprobleme des Selektivschutzes und ihre Losung;
ETG-Fachberichte No. 12, Selektivschutz, VDE-Verlag GmbH, Berlin -
Offenbach, 1983, Pl 18-132
6.19 Siemens Publication: Dreisystemiger statischer Distanzschutz fur
Hochspannnungsnetze 7SL40
6.20 I. De Mesmaeker, S. Reinhard: The choice of reference voltages for the
measuring systems of distance relays; Brown Boveri Review, No. 2,
1981, P. 94-101
6.21 H. Barchetti, V. Narayan: Behaviour of distance relays under close-up
three-phase faults; Brown Boveri Review, No. 8/9, 1970, P. 343-347
6.22 H. Rijanto: Verhalten statischer Distanzschutzeinrichtungen mit
polygonaler Ausldsekennlinie bei Stromwandlersattigungen durch sym-
 metrische KurzschluBstrome; Elektrizitatswirtschaft, Volume 21, 1979, P.
832-837
6.23 I. De Mesmaeker, A. Otto, Ch. Stein: The new distance relay LZ95 for
transmission systems; Brown Boveri Review, No. 9/10, 1983, P. 379-383

Chapter 7

7.1 Protection systems using telecommunication; CIGRE CE/SC 34/35, Paris

1987
7.2 ABB Publication: Differential line protection with fibre optics Type
LD91-F
7.3 AEG-Telefunken Publication: Leitungs-Differentialschutzeinrichtung
SQL
7.4 Siemens Publication: Widerstandsstabilisierter Leitungsdifferentialschutz
in Einschubtechnik ES902, Type 7SD12
7.5 Siemens Publication: Elektronischer Leitungsdifferentialschutz mit zwei
Hilfsadern, Type 7SD20
7.6 M. liar: A new transformer differential relay and pilot wire relay; Brown
Boveri Review, No. 2, 1981, P. 70-78
7.7 Siemens Publication: Statischer Leitungsdifferentialschutz mit zwei Hilfs­
adern Type 7SD74
7.8 ASEA Publication: Pilot wire differential protection Type RADHL
7.9 D. Nanko, A. Sanocki, R. Tebich, W. Winkler: A new segregated phase
comparison protection scheme for EHV transmission lines; CIGRE SC 34
Meeting and Colloquium, Turku, 1987
7.10 G. Fielding, M. Elkateb, W. O. Kelham: The application of phase com­
parison protection to EHV transmission lines; International Conference
on Feeder Protection, UMIST, Manchester, 1979
7.11 R. Parmella, A. Stalewski: Voice frequency phase comparison feeder
protection; International Conference on Feeder Protection, UMIST,
Manchester, 1979
7.12 GEC Measurements Publication: Phase comparison carrier protection
Type Contraphase P10
7.13 Siemens Publication: Statischer Phasenvergleichsschutz Type 7SD31
7.14 K. Schneider, G. Ziegler: Modular phase comparison with PLC or fibre
optical link, IEE Conf. Publ. No. 249, London 1985, P. 56-59
7.15 R. Requa: Die Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit des Distanzschutzprinzips;
ETG-Fachberichte 12 - Selektivschutz, Numberg, 1983, P. 22-28
7.16 H. Ungrad, V. Narayan: Behaviour of distance relays under earth fault
conditions on double-circuit lines; Brown Boveri Review, No. 10, 1969,
P. 494-501
7.17 H. Widmer: Application of a family of modem protection signalling
equipment; Brown Boveri Review, No. 8, 1977, P. 446-454
7.18 VDEW-Ringbuch Schutztechnik: Richtlinien fur die Schutzsignaliibertra-
gung - Ubertragungssysteme fur Schutzaufgaben, 1986
7.19 H. Ungrad: Distance relays with signal transmission for main and back-up
protection; ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 35-30.12 E
7.20 A. Otto, R. Schafer, S. Reinhard, F. Frey: Detecting high resistance earth
faults; ABB Review, No. 1, 1990, P. 19-26
7.21 O. E. Lanz: Eine Auswertung von nichtstationaren Signalen fur den
schnellen Schutz von Hochspannungsleitungen; Dissertation, Technical
University of Zurich, 1982
7.22 O. E. Lanz, F. Engler, M. Hanggli. G. Bacchini: LR91 — an ultra high­
speed directional comparison relay for the protection of high-voltage
transmission lines; Brown Boveri Review, No. 1, 1985, P. 32-36
7.23 R. P. Carter: Ultra high-speed relay for EHV/UHV lines base on direc­
tional wave detection principles; IEE Conference Publication No. 185,
London, 1980, P. 166-177
7.24 H. Ungrad: Back-up protection; ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 38-01 E
7.25 K. Becker: Der Reserveschutz im Hochstspannungsnetz; ETG-
Fachberichte, No. 12, Selektivschutz, Numberg, 1983, P. 29-44
7.26 Z. Pilch, W. Winkler: Phase comparison and distance protection perform­
ance during simultaneous double faults, IEE Conf. Publ. No. 249, Lon­
don 1985, P. 42-45
7.27 Richtlinien fur die Kurzunterbrechung in elektrischen Netzen; VDEW,
Frankfurt, 1981
7.28 F. liar: Auto-reclosing; ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 40-20 E
7.29 W. Kolb, I. De Mesmaeker: New devices for auto-reclosure and their
applications; Brown Boveri Review, No. 2, 1981, P. 79-86
7.30 R. Nylen: Auto-reclosing; ASEA Journal, No. 6, 1979, P. 127-132
7.31 J. Zydanowicz: Electroenergetique automatique de protection, Volume
III: Les automatismes de reprise et de prevention; WNT, Warsaw, 1987
7.32 M. Canay: Stresses in turbogenerator sets due to electrical disturbances;
Brown Boveri Review, No. 4, 1975, P. 178-183
7.33 M. Gacka: Schutztechnische Behandlung des ErdschluBfehlers in Mittel-
spannungsnetzen des Kohlebergbaus; Dissertation University of Dort­
mund, 1985
7.34 F. liar, F. Frey, G. Wacha: Power system protection with 900 series solid-
state relays; Brown Boveri Review, No. 10, 1987, P. 579-585
7.35 Siemens Publication: Statisches ErdschluBwischerrelais Typ 7SN7098
7.36 ASEA Relays: Relaskydd for distributionsnat — Applikationsguide AG03
- 7205, 1987
7.37 AEG-Telefimken Publication: Oberschwingungs-ErdschluBrichtungsuber-
wachungseinrichtung RERO bzw. SERO
7.38 P. Schwetz: Ausgleichsstrome beim ErdschluB im geloschten Netz; Elek­
trizitatswirtschaft, No. 22, 1980, P. 854-858
7.39 ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 53-10 E: Instructions for planning differ­
ential protection schemes
7.40 H. J. Muller: Struktureller Aufbau statischer Schutz- und Sekundarein-
richtungen in Mittelspannungsnetzen; ETG-Fachberichte 12 — Selek­
tivschutz, VDE-Verlag GmbH, Berlin - Offenbach, 1983, P. 60-74
7.41 J. B. Royle, A. Hill: Low impedance biased differential busbar protection
for application to busbars of widely differing configuration; IEE Confer­
ence Publication No. 302, Edinburgh, 1989, P. 40-44
7.42 G. Bohme, P. Magajna: Plant protection with relays from the Modures
system; Brown Boveri Review, No. 8/9, 1981, P. 338-347
7.43 Sammelschienenschutz, VDEW, 1984
7.44 Siemens Publication: Elektronischer Sammelschienenschutz Typ 7SS10
7.45 ASEA Publication: Basic theory of bus differential protection Type
RADSS, Pamphlet RK- 637-300E
7.46 AEG-Telefunken Publication: Elektronischer Sammelschienenschutz
7.47 ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 23-62.01 E: Static busbar protection
based on the directional comparison principle
7.48 ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 25-64 E: Static busbar protection Type
INX5
7.49 W. Winkler: Korrekte Funktionsweise von Schutzeinrichtungen trotz
temporarer Stromwandlersattigung; Elektrie, No. 6, 1989, P. 211-213
7.50 G. Potisk, K. W. Zwahlen: The new breaker failure protection system
SX91; Brown Boveri Review, No. 10, 1986, P. 575-578
7.51 IEEE Power System Relaying Committee Report: Summary update of
practices on breaker failure protection; IEEE Transactions on PAS, Vol­
ume 101, No. 3, 1982, P. 555-563
7.52 ASEA Publication: Breaker failure relaying; Lecture 651-909 E, 1984

Chapter 8

8.1 G. Cotto: Harmonisation of protection policies in power stations and on

the network; CIGRE, Paris, 1984, Report 34-14
8.2 K. L. Klein: Schutzeinrichtungen groBer Kraftwerksblocke; ETG-Fach­
berichte 12 - Selektivschutz, Numberg, 1983, P. 45-59
8.3 E. Zurowski: Schutz groBer Kraftwerksblocke im Netzbetrieb; etz-Ar-
chiv, Volume 9, 1976, P. 667-668
8.4 J. Gantner: Protection for turbogenerators; Brown Boveri Review, No. 1,
1980, P. 22-25
8.5 H. Schaefer: Elektrische Kraftwerkstechnik; Springer Verlag, Berlin -
Heidelberg - New York, 1979
8.6 Electricity Council: Power System Protection, Volume 3, Application,
Peter Peregrinus Ltd., Stevenage UK and New York, 1981
8.7 A. M. Dmitrenko, V. M. Kiskatchy, D. D. Levkovich, L. A. Nadel, Y. G.
Nazarov, V. N. Vavin: Protection of large thermal and nuclear power
plants with large units; CIGRE, Paris, 1984, Report 34-06
8.8 ASEA Publication: Generator Protection — Application Guide AG03-
4005E,1986
8.9 H. Ungrad, V. Narayan, M. Fiorentzis, M. liar: Coordinated protection of
a large power plant and the connected network; CIGRE, Paris, 1978, Re­
port 34-05
8.10 G. Bar, H. W. Grau, L. Kienast: Der Generatorschutz in elektronischer
Bauweise im Pumpspeicherwerk Wehr; Elektrizitatswirtschaft, Volume 5,
1979, P. 147-154
8.11 VDEW-Richtlinien fur den elektrischen Blockschutz, 1985
8.12 ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 31-01 E: The selection of generator
protection system
8.13 A. Fischer: Statischer Generatorschutz in Subsystemtechnik; Siemens En-
ergietechnik, Volume 6, 1984, P. 282-285
8.14 ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 63-20 E: Solid-state generator protec­
tion modular system GSX5e
8.15 Siemens Publication: Statischer Maschinenschutz — Gerichteter Erd-
schluBschutz Typ 7SN33
8.16 AEG-Telefimken Publication: StandererdschluBschutz fur Maschinen im
Sammelschienenbetrieb in isolierten bzw. kompensierten Netzen
8.17 L. Fickert: StandererdschluBerfassung bei Generatoren mit hochohmiger
Sternpunktserdung; Elin-Zeitschrift, Volume 1, 1979, P. 15-18
8.18 M. liar, J. Zidar, M. Fiorentzis: Innovations in generator protection;
Brown Boveri Review, No. 6, 1978, P. 379-387
8.19 J. W. Pope: A comparison of 100% stator ground fault protection
schemes for generator stator windings; IEEE Transactions on PAS, No.
4, 1984, P. 832-840
8.20 L. Pazmandi: Protection contre les defauts a la terre du stator des grands
alternateurs; CIGRE, Paris, 1972, Report 34-01
8.21 J. Zydanowicz: Elektroenergetyczna automatyka zabezpieczeniowa, T.2 -
Automatyka eliminacyjna; WNT Warsaw, 1985
8.22 E. F. Knutter, K. Nimes: Neuartiger StandererdschluBschutz fur Hoch-
spannungsmaschinen; Siemens Zeitschrift, Volume 12, 1972, P. 909-911
8.23 Siemens Publication: Statischer Maschinenschutz — StandererdschluB­
schutz 7UE22
8.24 M. liar, V. Narayan, F. von Roeschlaub, C. J. Pencinger: Total generator
ground fault protection; Georgia Technical Protective Relaying Confer­
ence, Atlanta, 1979
8.25 AEG-Telefimken Publication: Maschinenschutz — Generator-Differen-
tialschutz SQG
8.26 ASEA Publication: High-impedance three-phase differential relay Type
RADHA
8.27 ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 65-25 E: Relays for high-impedance dif­
ferential protection Types UZ91 and UZ92
8.28 T. Forford: High-speed differential protection for large generators; IEE
Conference Publication No. 185, London, 1980, P. 30-33
8.29 F. Peneder, H. Butz: Exciter systems for three-phase generators in indus­
trial and medium-size power stations; Brown Boveri Review, No. 1,
1974, P. 41-50
8.30 F. Peneder, H. Butz, M. Fiorentzis: Protection of industrial generators
and industrial networks taking the excitation system into consideration;
Brown Boveri Review, No. 1, 1974, P. 36-40
8.31 ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 62-81 E: Underimpedance relay Type
ZSX102
8.32 Siemens Publication: Maschinen-Impedanzschutz Typ 7SL15
8.33 J. Gantner, A Schwengeler, P. P. Warto: Protection for large turbogen­
erators; Brown Boveri Review, No. 9, 1975, P. 428-434
8.34 Siemens Publication: Statischer Maschinenschutz — Querdifferential
schutz Typ 7UQ21
8.35 S. Wroblewska, H. Dytry: Criteria for detection of single earth faults in
generator excitation circuits; Energetyka, No. 1/2, 1974, P. 14-16
8.36 E. F. Kniitter, G. Ziegler: Elektronischer LaufererdschluBschutz mit
neuartigem MeBprinzip; Siemens Zeitschrift, Volume 12, 1972, P. 906-
909
8.37 K. Henninger, E. F. Kniitter, K. Schmiedel: Zweistufiger Laufererd­
schluBschutz hoher Empfmdlichkeit fur Synchronmaschinen; Siemens En-
ergietechnik, Volume 11, 1979, P. 407-411
8.38 AEG-Telefunken Publication: Maschinenschutz — LaufererdschluBschutz
SLG
8.39 ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 62-15.1 E: Negative-sequence relay
Type IPX146
8.40 J. A. Imhof: Out-of-step relaying for generators; WG report, IEEE Power
System Relaying Committee Report, IEEE Transactions on PAS, No. 5,
1977, P. 1556-1564
8.41 B. Gaillet, J. Gantner: Protection against out-of-step operation of large
synchronous machines; CIGRE SC34, WG-01 Report, Electra, Volume
50, 1974, P. 77-92
8.42 A. Stalewski, J. L. H. Goody, J. A. Downes: Pole-slipping protection;
IEE Conference Publication No. 185, “Developments in power system
protection”, London, 1980, P. 38-44
8.43 H. Ungrad, W. Winkler: Problems and trends in protection of large power
station units; Energetyka, No. 9, 1978, P. 354-357
8.44 M. S. Baldwin, W. A. Elmore, J. J. Bonk: Improved turbine/generator
protection for increased plant reliability; IEEE Transactions on PAS, No.
3, 1980, P. 982-988
8.45 Siemens Publication: AuBertrittfallschutz fur elektrische Maschinen Typ
7VM30
8.46 W. R. Roemish, E. T. Wall: A new synchronous generator out-of-step
relay scheme; IEEE Transactions on PAS, No. 3, 1985, Part I, P. 563-
571, Part II, P. 572-582
8.47 F. liar: Innovations in the detection of power swings in electrical net­
works; Brown Boveri Review, No. 2, 1981, P. 87-93
8.48 American Standard requirements for cylindrical rotor synchronous gen­
erators; ANSI C.50.13
8.49 Siemens Publication: Statischer Maschinenschutz-Uberlastschutz 7SK24
mit 2-kanaligem thermischem Abbild
8.50 V. Narayan, H. Schindler, C. J. Pencinger, D. Carreau: Frequency excur­
sion monitoring of large turbogenerators; IEE Conference Publication
No. 185, London, 1980, A45-48
8.51 H. Ungrad: Design of system protection in connection with large power
station units; etz-Archiv, Volume 9, 1976, P. 535-537
8.52 H Fick, A. Fischer: Kraftwerkentkupplung, ein Schutzgerat zur Vermei-
dung hoher Torsionsbeanspruchungen von Turbosatzen; Siemens Ener-
gietechnik, Volume 12, 1979, P. 431-435
8.53 J. Berdy, P. H. Brown, C. A. Mathews, D. N. Walker, S. B. Wilkinson.
Automatic high-speed reclosing near large generating stations; CIGRE,
Paris, 1982, Report 34-02
8.54 A. Fischer: Standardisierter Blockschutz von Gasturbinenkraftwerken;
Siemens Energie & Automation, No. 3, 1987, P. 28-31
8.55 A. Fischer: Ubererregungsschutz fur Transformatoren; Siemens Zeit-
schrift, No. 1, 1976, P. 20-22
8.56 J. Gantner, F. H. Birch: Transformer overfluxing protection; Electra, No.
31, 1973, P. 65-73
8.57 ABB Relays Publication CH-ES 31-03 E: Modular generator protection
GSX
8.58 P. Magajna, M. Franzl, J. Zidar: Motor protection equipment; Brown
Boveri Review, No. 6, 1978, P. 404-412
8.59 VDEW-Richtlinien fur den Schutz von Hochspannungs-Asynchron-
motoren in Kraftwerken, 1984
8.60 ASEA Publication RK 642-300E: Motor protection Type RAMDA
8.61 W. Amey, K. Nimes: Erweiterter elektronischer Uberlastschutz 7SK2 fiir
groiJe Drehstrommotoren; Siemens Zeitschrift, Volume 8, 1976, P. 554-
557
8.62 A. N. Eliasen: The protection of of high-inertia drive motors during ab­
normal starting conditions; IEEE Transactions on PAS, No. 4, 1980, P.
1462-1471
8.63 S. E. Zocholl, E. O. Schweitzer, A. Aliaga-Zegarra: Thermal protection
of induction motors enhanced by interactive electrical and thermal mod­
els; IEEE Transactions on PAS, No. 7, 1984, P. 1749-1755

Part C (Chapters 9 to 13)

C. 1 A. Antoniou: Digital filters analysis and design; McGraw-Hill, 1979

C.2 P. Bomard, J. C. Bastide: A prototype of a multiprocessor based distance
relay; IEEE Transactions on PAS, Volume 101, No. 2, 1982, P. 491-498
C.3 T. Cholewicki: Elektrotechnika teoretyczna, Volume 2, WNT Warsaw,
1971
C.4 A. J. Degens: Microprocessor implemented digital filters for calculation
of symmetrical components; IEE Proceedings, Pt. C, No. 3, 1982, P. 111-
116
C.5 L. Erickson, M. M. Saha, G. D. Rockefeller: An accurate fault locator
with compensation for apparent reactance in the resistance resulting from
the remote end infeed; IEEE Transactions on PAS, Volume 104, No. 2,
1985, P. 424-436
C.6 C. B. Gilcrest, G. D. Rockefeller, E. A. Udren: High-speed relaying using
a digital computer; IEEE Transactions on PAS, Volume 91, No. 3, 1972,
P. 1235-1258
C.7 Takeshi Hayashi, Tetsuo Kona: New protection algorithm for a digital
control system; CIGRE SC34, Colloquium, Philadelphia, 1975
C.8 IEEE Power System Relaying Committee WG Report: Criterion for the
behaviour of the digital impedance method of transmission line protec­
tion; IEEE Transactions on PAS, Volume 104, No. 1, 1985, P. 126-135
C.10 B. Jeyasurya, W. J. Smolinski: Identification of the best algorithm for
digital distance protection of transmission lines; IEEE Transactions on
PAS, Volume 102, No. 10, 1983, P. 3358-3369
C. 11 B. Jeyasurya, T. H. Vu, W. J. Smolinski: Determination of transient ap­
parent impedances of faulted transmission lines; IEEE Transactions on
PAS, Volume 102, No. 10, 1983, P. 3370-3378
C.12 A. T. Johns, M. A. Martin: New ultra high-speed distance protection us­
ing finite transform technique; IEE Proceedings, Pt. C, No. 3, 1983, P.
127-138
C.13 B. P. Lathi: Systemy telekomunikacyjne; WNT Warsaw, 1972
C.14 B. J. Mann, I. F. Morrison: Digital calculation of impedance for trans­
mission line protection; IEEE Transactions on PAS, Volume 90, No. 2,
1971, P. 270-279
C.15 M. A. Martin, A. T. Johns: New approach to digital distance protection
using time graded impedance characteristics; Proc. of 16 UPEC, Shef­
field, 1981, Report A.5.3
C.16 P. C. Me Laren, M. A. Redfern: Fourier series technique applied to dis­
tance protection; IEEE Transactions on PAS, Volume 94, No. 11, 1975,
P. 1301-1305
C.17 A. V. Oppenheim, R. W. Schafer: Cyfrowe przetwarzanie sygnalow;
WKL Warsaw, 1978
C.18 A. G. Phadke, M. Ibrahim, T. Hlibka: Fundamental basis for distance re­
laying with symmetrical components; IEEE Transactions on PAS, Vol­
ume 96, No. 3, 1977, P. 635-646
C.19 A. G. Phadke, T. Hlibka, M. Ibrahim, M. G. Adamiak: A microcomputer
based symmetrical component distance relay; IEEE PICA Conference,
1979, 79CH 1301-3PWR, P. 47-55
C.20 A. G. Phadke, J. S. Thorp, M. G. Adamiak: A new measuring technique
for tracking voltage phasors, local system frequency and rate-of-change
frequency; IEEE Transactions on PAS, Volume 102, No. 5, 1983, P.
1025-1033
C.21 Final report on computer based protection and digital techniques in sub­
stations: CIGRE CE/SC 34 GT/WG 02, 1985
C.22 R. Poncelot: The use of digital computers for network protection;
CIGRE, Paris, 1970, Report 32-08
C.23 A. M. Ranjbar, B. J. Cory: An improved method for the protection of
high voltage transmission lines; IEEE Transactions on PAS, Volume 94,
No. 6, 1974, P. 1522-1534
C.24 M. S. Sachdev, M. A. Baribeau: A new algorithm for digital impedance
relays; IEEE Transactions on PAS, Volume 100, No. 12, 1981, P. 4815-
4820
C.25 M. S. Sachdev, M. M. Giray: A least square technique for determining
power system frequency; DEEE Transactions on PAS, Volume 104, No.
1, 1985, P. 437-444
C.26 T. Takagi, Y. Yamakoshi, M. Yamaura, R. Konow, T. Matsuhima: De­
velopment of a new type fault locator using the one-terminal voltage and
current data; IEEE Transactions on PAS, Volume 101, No. 8, 1982, P.
2892-2898
C.27 J. S. Thorp, A. G. Phadke: A microprocessor based three-phase trans­
former differential relay; IEEE Transactions on PAS, Volume 101, No. 2,
1982, P. 426-432
C.28 A. Wiszniewski: Accurate fault impedance locating algorithm; IEE Proc.
Pt. C, No. 6, 1983, P. 311-314
C.29 A. Wiszniewski: New algorithm for calculating current and voltage for
fast protection; BEE Proc. Pt. C, No. 1, 1987, P. 81-82
C.30 A. Wiszniewski: Digital algorithms for differential protection of power
transformers; Proceedings of the 9th. PSCC, Cascais, Protugal, 1987, P.
725-731
C.31 Q. S. Yang, I. F. Morrison: Microcomputer based algorithm for high re­
sistance earth fault distance protection; BEE Proc. Pt. C, No. 6, 1983, P.
306-310
C.32 Digital protection techniques and substation functions: CIGRE Publica­
tions, CE/SC 34 GT/WG01, 1989
C.33 Y. V. V. S. Murty, W. J. Smolinsky: Design and implementation of a
digital differential relay for a three-phase power transformer based on the
Kalman filtering theory; IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume
3, No. 2, 1988, P. 525-533
C.34 S. H. Horowitz, A. G. Phadke, J. S. Thorp: Adaptive transmission system
relaying; IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 3, No. 4, 1988,
P. 1436-1445
C.35 C. Christopoulos, D. W. P. Thomas, A. Wright: Signal processing and
discriminating techniques incorporated in a protective scheme based on
travelling waves; IEE Proc. Pt. C, No. 4, 1989, P. 279-288
C.36 R. K. Aggarwal, A. T. Johns: A differential line protection scheme for
power systems based on composite voltage and current measurements;
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 4, No. 3, 1989, P. 1595-
1601
C.37 G. Benmouyal: Design of a universal protection relay for synchronous
generators; CIGRE, 1988, Paris, Report 34-04
C.38 A. Engquist, L. Eriksson: Numerical distance protection for sub­
transmission lines; CIGRE, 1988, Paris, Report 34-04
C.39 O. E. Lanz, W. Fromm: A new approach to digital protection; CIGRE,
1988, Paris, Report 34-12
C.40 I. Korbasiewicz, M. Korbasiewicz, W. Winkler: A microprocessor based
protective system for generator/transformer units; IEE Conference Publi­
cation No. 302, Edinburgh, 1989, P. 56-60
C.41 A. Wiszniewski, J. Szafran: Distance digital algorithm immune to satura­
tion of current transformers; IEE Conference Publication No. 302, Edin­
burgh, 1989, P. 196-199
C.42 D. M. Peck, F. Engler, I. De Mesmaeker: A second generation micro­
processor line protection relay; IEE Conference Publication No. 302,
Edinburgh, 1989, P. 200-204
C.43 G. Koch, G. Ziegler: Modern practices and field experience with MC-
based relays; IEE Conference Publication No. 302, Edinburgh, 1989, P.
315-320
C.44 An international survey of the present status and the perspective of expert
systems in power system analysis and techniques: CIGRE Publications,
CE/SC 38 GTAVG 02 TF 07, 1988
C.45 J. Trecat, Jianping Wang: Expert system application in substation moni­
toring, back-up protection and control; IEE Conference Publication No.
302, Edinburgh, 1989, P. 75-79
C.46 L. L. Lai: Development of an expert system for power system protection
coordination; IEE Conference Publication No. 302, Edinburgh, 1989, P.
310-315
C.47 A. Wiszniewski: Digital high-speed calculation of the distorted signal
fundamental component; IEE Proc. Pt. C, No. 1, 1990, P. 19-24