See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/337332291

Biosynthesis and Properties of Silver Nanoparticles of Fungus Beauveria

bassiana

Research · November 2019

CITATION READS

1 24

4 authors, including:

Maan Abdul Azeez Shafeeq Alsalihi

Mustansiriyah University
14 PUBLICATIONS   4 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Effect View project

Effect of Imidocloprid on Environment View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Maan Abdul Azeez Shafeeq Alsalihi on 18 November 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 International Journal of ChemTech Research
CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, ISSN: 0974-4290, ISSN(Online):2455-9555
Vol.10 No.9, pp 1073-1083, 2017

Biosynthesis and Properties of Silver Nanoparticles of Fungus

Beauveria bassiana
Marwah Amer Qamandar1*, Maan Abdul Azeez Shafeeq1
1
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Iraq

Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study was biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles
(AgNPs) using Beauveria bassiana biomass and characterize them as fungi is very effective
secretaries of extracellular enzymes, as culturing and keeping it in the laboratory is very simple
. Extracellular secretion of enzymes offers the advantage of obtaining great quantities in a
relatively pure state, free from other cellular proteins associated with the organism, and can be
simply processed by filtering of the cells and isolating the enzyme for nanoparticles synthesis
from cell-free.
Methods: The fungus was cultured in sterile conditions in the laboratory to obtain pure strain
and reacted with aqueous Silver nitrate (AgNO3) for a period from January to march 2016 in
order to convert the metal silver particles to silver nanoparticles, a surface Plasmon resonance
band was observed at 234 nm in UV-vis spectrophotometer. The morphology and structure of
synthesized AgNPs were analyzed by using UV-Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron
microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction
(XRD).
The results: From the FTIR analyses showed that the AgNPs have large amount of C-C
and O-H bonds. The average crystallite size of the calculated by Scherer's equation, it was 49
nm.
Conclusion: From the present study, it can be concluded that Beauveria bassania mycelia
extract with neutral pH and appropriate temperature is an effective method in the synthesis of
silver nanoparticles. Also, it is able to produce metal nanoparticles and nanostructure via
reducing enzyme intracellular or extracellular. The current approach suggests that rapid
synthesis of nanoparticles of silver nitrate would be appropriate for developing a biological
process for mass scale production of formulations.
Keywords: Silver nanoparticles; Beauveria bassiana; green synthesis; FTIR ;(SEM).

INTRODUCTION

Nanoparticles are particles having one or more dimensions of the order of 100 mm or less,
nanoparticles synthesize by a biogenic enzymatic process are far superior, compare to those particles produced
by chemical methods. Despite that the latter methods are able to produce large quantities of nanoparticles with a
defined size and shape in a relatively short time, they are complicated, outdated, very cost, inefficient and
produce harmful toxic wastes that are dangerous, not only to the environment but also to human health. With an
enzymatic method, the use of expensive chemicals is eliminated, and the more useful “green” route is not as
energy intensive as the chemical method and is also environment friendly [1]. „Green synthesis‟ is a procedure
of synthesis and assembly of nanoparticles and has been used for a series of special production procedures. This
Marwah Amer Qamandar et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(9): 1073-1083. 1074

process, defined as the development of clean, non-toxic and environmentally acceptable ways which include
organisms ranging from bacteria to fungi and even plants [2]. An important character of metal nanoparticles
synthesis is their ability to remain dispersed in liquids without clusters due to the proteins in fungus filtrate play
role as stabilizing and capping agents[3]. Microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi play an
important role in the treatment of toxic metal through reduction of metal ions and are considered as potential
Nano factories. Filamentous fungi are ideal candidates for environmental friendly synthesis of AgNPs [4]. A
number of researchers have been experimenting on the microbes ,especially fungi like Cladosporium tropicum,
Aspergillus niger, Pencillium sp. But few experiments have been informed using bacteria like Bacillus
thuringiensis, to synthesize silver nanoparticles [5, 6]. The anamorphic entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria
bassiana belong to the order Hypocreales (Ascomycota) which have a worldwide distribution as members of
the natural soil flora [7]. B. bassiana is a cosmopolitan ascomycete fungus that is able to inhabiting a wide
range of environments, including soil, insects, and plants. The fungus is able to live as a saprophyte in the soil,
as an endophyte in plants, or as an entomopathogen affecting a wide range of arthropods [8].
In the present study, we have isolated, pure fungal strain for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and the
synthesized AgNPs were characterized by using UV-Visible spectroscopy spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction
(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope, (SEM) hot stage
microscopy and Atomic force microscopic analysis(AFM).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chemicals

PDA was manufacturered in United Kingdom , Silver nitrate was manufacturered in Germany,
Hydroxide sodium was manufacturered in Iraq, PDB was manufacturered in India. All the chemicals purchased
were of analytical grade.

Preparation of broth and culture of Beauveria bassiana

The fungal Beauveria bassiana was obtained from the Directorate of Agriculture and Research /
Ministry of Science and Technology. It was cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The media was sterilized
in the autoclave at 121ºC for 15min. After cooling it was supplemented with chloramphenicol 250mg/L as
bacteriostatic agent. The fungal spores were taken from original cultures and inoculated in PDA and incubated
for 7 days at 25ºC [9]. PDB broth was prepared in1000 ml Erlenmeyer flask and sterilized in the autoclave. It
was allowed to cool broth and provided with chloramphenicol 250 mg/L then inoculated aseptically with a
5Mm actively grown culture disc of the fungus (5 discs per 250ml) and incubated for 2 weeks at 25ºC [10].

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles

The biomass were harvested after 2 weeks of the growth by sieving through Whatman No.1 filter paper
followed by 3 times extensive wash with distilled water to remove any medium components from the biomass.
Twenty grams of fresh and clean biomass were taken into an Erlenmeyer flask containing 500 ml of deionized
water. The flask was incubated at 25ºC for120h. After incubation, the cell filtrates were obtained by passing it
through Whatman No. 1 filter paper and later by Millipore filter 0.2 μm. Then it was brought in contact with
50mM of 100ml (AgNO3) (Fig.1).
Marwah Amer Qamandar et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(9): 1073-1083. 1075

Fig (1) Biomass of Beauveria bassiana

Molecular weight of AgNo3

Ag=107.87, N=14, O=16 = 107.87 + 14 + 16 × 3 = 169.87. So the molar mass of AgNo3 is 169.87,
therefor 1000 ml of 50 mM contains 169.87 × 50 /1000 = 8.4935 gm of AgNo3 (Was added to 1000 ml of
deionized water ,800 ml of this solution was added 200 ml of cell filters and heated at 60 c for 10 min and was
shacked with magnetic hot plate stirrer and adjust PH to 7 by adding drops of NaOH solution, the flasks were
covered with aluminium foil to prevent photoreaction of silver nitrate[11]. the flask was incubated at 25°C in a
dark condition for 120 h, AgNPs turned brownish yellow color solution[12] .The control without adding
AgNO3 was maintained under the same conditions, separately. The protein, enzyme and other compound
existing in the fungal liquid work as reducing agents and are responsible for conversion of silver nitrate to silver
nanoparticles (Fig 2). The reaction may be written as:
B. bassiana (fungal liquid) + silver nitrate solution =silver nanoparticles.
The culture filterate was efficaciously used as straight bio-reductant to convert Ag+into Ag ° [13].

Fig (2) comparison between three types of solution.

A- 50mM AgNo3 solution. B-Fungal cell filtrate. C- AgNPs solution
Marwah Amer Qamandar et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(9): 1073-1083. 1076

RESULTS

(Fig.3) shows the 3D image and granulation characterization biosynthesized nanoparticles characterized
using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA‐3000, Angstroms Advanced Inc. USA AFM contact mode) in the
Lab of Baghdad University /Iraq [14]. The figure displays the 3D image and distribution chart for AgNP3
which placed on glass the average size is found to be around 89.99 nm and the roughness and the root mean
square are 4.08nm, 4.97nm respectively. Also, the figure refers that the shape of this particle is semi rode
distribution as matrix on the vertical axis, which means that the thin film is homogenous and uniform.

Fig (3): 3D AFM images of AgNPs

Fig (4) shows the solution of the developed nanoparticles of silver, which was centrifuged at 4000rpm
for 60 min. The solid residues of AgNPs were mixed with deionized water and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 60
min. After that, the drops of residue deposited on a slide and heated at 60ºC for 30 min. The phase variety and
grain size of synthesized Silver nanoparticles was determined by Shimadzu X-Ray diffractometer (XRD
6000).The silver nanoparticles were studied with CUKα radiation at a voltage of 40 KV and current of 30 (MA)
with a scan speed in 5.0000 (deg/min). The particle size of the prepared samples was determined by using the
Scherrer′s equation as follows [15].

Where D is the crystal size, λ is the wavelength of X-ray, is the Braggs angle in radians and β is the
full width at half maximum of the peak in radians, the microstrain value „‟ and the dislocation density „σ‟ was
evaluated by using the following relations[16].
 ………………
Marwah Amer Qamandar et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(9): 1073-1083. 1077

160
140
120

Intensity (a.u.)
100
80
60
40
20
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2 Theta (deg)

Fig (4): XRD pattern of (AgNPs) thin

Table 1: powder X-ray diffraction data of (AgNPs) thin film

2Theta β (deg) D (nm)  x10-4 lines-2.m-4 σ x 1014
(deg) lines/m2
28.05 0.35 23.27295 14.88853 18.46279
14.03 0.33 24.19577 14.32068 17.0813
32.67 0.10 82.36097 4.20709 1.474202

The color intensity of synthesized AgNPs increased with duration of incubation, the color of the
solution changed to dark brown after 120 h of incubation for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The bioreduction of
silver ions in the solution was observed periodically by measuring the UV-Vis spectroscopy of the solutions.
The reaction was rapid as the yellowish- brown color appeared within 120 h and the reaction confirmed the
formation of AgNPs and there was no color change further. The optimum time required for the completion of
reaction from our study was 120 h; It was observed that the reduction of silver ions reaches saturation within 48
h of incubation. (Fig. 5) Shows the UV-Vis spectra using Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer from 190nm
to 1100 nm at regular intervals. Vis spectroscopy is used for the characterization of colloidal particles. noble
metal particles possess strong Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption in the visible region and are highly
sensitive to the surface modification[17]. The AgNPs solution was exposed to ultra-sonication at room
temperature and their surface plasmon resonance was recorded at 234nm.

100

80
Transmettance

60

40

20

0
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Wavelength (nm)

Fig (5): Transmittance spectrum of (AgNPs) thin film

Marwah Amer Qamandar et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(9): 1073-1083. 1078

For using the fundamental relation of photon transmission and absorbance, the absorbance (A) is
defended as the logarithm (base 10) of the reciprocal of the transmittance
A=log 10 … … … … (3)
T is the transmittance and A is the absorbance of the (Fe3O4). A thin film was prepared by chemical
method and deposited by drop casting technique on glass. The reflection of the film has been found by using the
relationship: (Fig. 6)
R+T+A=1………… (4)

0.25 2.9
2.7
0.2

Reflactive index
2.5
Reflactance

0.15 2.3
0.1 2.1
1.9
0.05
1.7
0 1.5
200 400 600 800 1000 200 400 600 800 1000
wavelenght (nm) wavelength (nm)

Fig (6): Reflectance index spectrum of (AgNPs) thin.

From the reflection R of the thin film, the refraction index can be calculated from the following
relationship [18]: n= … … … …(5)
The maximum value is 2.5. The optical absorption coefficient α was evaluated by tauc relationαhv= (hv-Eg)n
whenα=2.303 Where t is the film thickness , hv is the photon energy, Eg= And no= 0.5 for
allowing direct transition. Plotting the graph between (αhv)2 versus photon energy (hv) provides the
value of the direct band gap. The extrapolation of the straight line to (αhv) 2 = 0, provides the value of
the band gap s [19], shown in (fig. 7). The optical band gab is 4.95 eV.

alfaenergy
30
(αhv) (ev/nm)²

20

10 alfaenergy

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
photon energy (ev)

Fig (7): (αhv) versus photon energy plot of (AgNPs) thin film

FTIR analysis was carried out to identify the possible interactions between silver and bioactive
molecules, (Fig. 8) Which may play role in the synthesis and steadiness (capping) of silver nanoparticles, FTIR
spectroscopy was used to identify the functional groups of the active compounds depend on the peak value in
the infrared region [20]. FTIR spectra obviously show that the biomolecules especially proteins prevailing in
the filtrate are responsible for the synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles [21].
Marwah Amer Qamandar et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(9): 1073-1083. 1079

Fig (8): FTIR spectra of Beauveria bassiana

Fig (9) shows the FTIR spectra of (AgNPs) the peak at around 3300 cm-1 is from C-H SP3 stretching
modes, 3000 cm-1 is from C-H SP2 stretching modes , 2300 cm-1 that corresponds to the bending vibrations of
the O-H and 1600 cm-1 that corresponds to the bending vibrations of the C-C cm-1 which depend on the
oxidation degree of (AgNPs) .

Fig (9) FTIR spectra of (AgNPs)

Scanning electron microscopy images offer further understanding about the morphology and size
details of AgNPs. The silver nanoparticles (freeze-dried) were measured under a scanning electron microscope
AIS2300C (Oxford instruments scanning electron micrographs enabled visualization and shape of the silver
nanoparticles [22] (Fig.10). SEM analyses of the synthesized AgNPs clearly showed clustered and irregular
shapes which magnified at magnification: 5x to 100,000x.
Marwah Amer Qamandar et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(9): 1073-1083. 1080

Fig (10): SEM image of AgNps (440 x)

Microscopy and thermal analysis of AgNPs was determined by using Lecia DM 2500 hot stage
microscopy in the Central Service Laboratory, College of Education for Pure Science Ibn –Al-Haitham, as
shown in (fig. 11).

Fig (11) : Hot stage images of Beauveria bassiana silver nanoparticles 500x
Marwah Amer Qamandar et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(9): 1073-1083. 1081

DISCUSSION

In this study, AgNPs were synthesized extracellularly by Beauveria bassiana at room temperature. The
AgNPs were quite stable without using any toxic chemicals as capping agents.The filtrated was treated with
AgNO3; the reaction started after 24 h of incubation in dark condition,with a change in color of filtrate from
pale yellow to brownish yellow, indicating the formation of silverbionanoparticles which correlated with the
results obtained by[23] [24][25].In addition, they have given a characteristic band at 240 nm. Thus, it indicates
the complete reduction of silver ions to turn yellowish brown color in aqueous solution due to excitation of
surface plasmon vibration in silver nanoparticles [26]. the UV-Vis spectrum study on silver nanoparticles
produced by the fungus,A. fumigatus. They found two absorbance peaks in the UV range corresponding to
220 nm (may be due to absorption by amide bond) and 280 nm (may be attributed to the tryptophan and tyrosine
residues in the proteins) which indicated the secretion of some proteinic components into the medium by A.
fumigatus [27]. In another study, investigated the extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by Fusarium
oxysporum. They reported that F. oxysporum secreted NADH-dependent reductase which was probably
responsible for the reduction of silver ions and the formation of silver nanoparticles [28].However, the
bioreduction of the Ag+ could be related with metabolic processes utilizing nitrate by reducing nitrate to nitrite
and ammonium [29]. The reduction of silver ions by F. oxysporum strains has been attributed to anitrate-
dependent reductase and a shuttle quinine extracellularprocess. The extracellular biosynthesis of silver
nanoparticlesusing the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus has been explored [30] [31]. The pH was
found to be an important parameter affecting AgNPs synthesis in Beauveria bassiana. At lower pH, protein
structure gets affected and the protein becomes denatured and loses its activity so big size of nanoparticles NPs
was observed [32]. The enzyme reductase catalyzing the synthesis is probably deactivated gradually as the
conditions become alkaline, and this may be the reason for reduced synthesis and increase in size which is
noticed at higher pH values. A similar conclusion is informed on AgNPs production by Penicillium fellutanum
[33]. In the study of AFM, the morphology of synthesized sliver nanoparticles was found to be spherical shape
In summary, B. bassiana has the ability to synthesize AgNPs. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed appropriate
uniformity and stability when the substrate concentration50mM incubated at 25ºC with biomass weight 20 g at
pH 7 with young biomass culture with 14 days for 5 days.

CONCLUSION

We have carried out production of silver nanoparticles as safe and economically viable by successfully
synthesized using culture filtrates of Beauveria bassania with high stability, “green” method for nanoparticle
synthesis, which is fast replacing traditional chemical syntheses, is of great concern because of eco-friendliness,
economic visions, feasibility and varied range of many applications. Currently, various sorts of biological units
which serve a dual role as both the reducing and stabilizing agents have been used. In the synthesis of bioactive
nanoparticles, the mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles is an effective protocol and completely safe. From the
present study, it can be concluded that Beauveria bassania mycelia extract with neutral pH and appropriate
temperature is an effective method in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. B. bassiana is highly promising for
the green, sustainable production of nano-metals, and also enhances its widespread application as an important
strategy.

References:

1. Bootharaju, M. S., Pradeep, T. Understanding the degradation pathway of the pesticide, chlorpyrifos by
noble metal nanoparticles. Langmuir 2012 ;28:2671-2679.‫‏‬
2. Mohanpuria, P. Rana, NK. Yadav, SK. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles: technological concepts and future
applications J. Nano part. Res 2008; 10:507–517.
3. Li, G. He, D. Qian, Y. Gao, GS. Guan, et al. Fungus-mediated green synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
using Aspergillus serious. Int J Mol Sci. 2012; 13:466-476.
4. Lambam, SD. Joshi, SR. Characterization and biosynthesis of Silver nanoparticles using a fungus
Aspergillus Niger, Int Let of Nat Sci 2014; 10: 49-57.
5. Banu, A. Najitha, C. Balasubramanian, P. Vinayaga Moorthy. "Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles
using Bacillus Thuringian is against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)." Parasitol
Res 2014; 113:311-316.‫‏‬
6. Padman, Aparna J., et al. Biomediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Exiguobacterium
Mexican. Biotechnol let 2014; 36:2079-2084.‫‏‬
Marwah Amer Qamandar et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(9): 1073-1083. 1082

7. Zimmermann, G. an Anschutz-Nachr, Pfl. Bayer Characterization of Metarhizium anisole isolates from

Tasmanian pasture soils and their pathogenicity to redheaded cockchafer (Coleoptera:
Scarabaeidae: Adoryphorus colony).J Invert Pathol 1997; 69:285-288.
8. Boomsma, JJ. Jensen, AB. Meyling, NV. Evolutionary interaction networks of insect pathogenic fungi.
Annual Rev Entomol. 2014; 59:467–485.
9. Fernandes, EKK. Moraes, AML. Pacheco, RS. Rangel, DEN. Miller, MP. Bittencourt, et al. Genetic
diversity among Brazilian isolates of Beauveria bassiniana comparisons with non-Brazilian isolates and
other Beauveria species. j Asia-pacific Entomol 2009; 107: 760-774.
10. Senthamizhlselvan, P. Sujeetha, JARP. Jeyalakshmi, C. Growth, sporulation and biomass production of
native entomopathogenic fungal isolates on a suitable medium.The Biologist (Lima) 2010; 3: 466-469.
11. Elizabath Antony, Mythili Sathiavelu, Sathiavelu Arunachalam. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from
the medicinal plant bauhinia acuminata and biophytum sensitivum–a comparative study of its biological
activities with plant extract. Int J Appl Pharm 2017;9:22-29.
12. Cölfen, H.. Biomineralization: a crystal-clear view. Nat mat 2010;9:960-961.‫‏‬
13. A Wilson, S Prabukumar, G Sathishkumar, S Sivaramakrishnan. Aspergillus flavus mediated silver
nanoparticles synthesis and evaluation of ITS antimicrobial activity against different human pathogens.
Int J Appl Pharm 2016;8:43-46.
14. Naveen, H. Gaurav Kumar, KS. Karthik, L. Bhaskara Rao, KV. Extracellular biosynthesis of silver
nanoparticles using the filamentous fungus Penicillium sp , Archives Appl Sci Res 2010; 2:161-167.
15. Murali, KR. Elango, P. Andavan, P. Venkatachalam, K. Preparation of CdSxSe1-x films by brush
plating technique and their characteristics. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 2008; 19: 289–293.
16. Kale, RB. Genetic diversity among summer and winter Beauveria bassiana populations as revealed by
AFLP analysis. J Asia-Pacific Entomol 2005; 20: 1-9.
17. Ali, S. G., Khan, H. M., Jalal, M., Ansari, M. A., Mahdi, A. A.,et al. Green synthesis of silver
nanoparticles using the leaf extract of Putranjiva roxburghii wall. and their antimicrobial
activity. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2015; 8:335-338.‫‏‬
18. Das, R., Pandey, S. Comparison of Optical Properties of Bulk and Nano Crystalline Thin Films of CdS
Using Different Precursors.Intern J of Material Sci 2011; 96:101-1052.
19. R.H. Misho, W.A. Murad. Band gap Measurements in Thin Films of Hematite Fe203, Pyrite FeS2 and
Troilite FeS Prepared by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
(1992);27:335-345.
20. Sathyavathi, R., Bala,M., Venugopal,R., D. Narayana Rao. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using
Coriandrum sativum leaf extract and their application in nonlinear optics. Advanced sci letters 2010;
3:138-143.‫‏‬
21. Dhanasekaran, D., Thangaraj, R. Evaluation of larvicidal activity of biogenic nanoparticles against
filariasis causing Culex mosquito vector. Asian Pacific j of tropical disease 2013; 3:174-179.‫‏‬
22. Dakhil, A. S. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) using Lactobacillus and their effects on
oxidative stress biomarkers in rats. J of King Saud University-Sci 2017;‫‏‬29:263-388.
23. Mukherjee P, Ahmad A, Mandal D. Bioreduction of AuCl4−ions by the fungus, Verticillium sp. and
surface trapping of the gold nano- particles formed. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001 ;40:3585–3588.
24. Najitha Banu A, Balasubramanian C, Vinayaga Moorthi P.Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using
Bacillus thuringiensis against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).Parasitol Res
2014;113:311–316.
25. Soni N, Prakash S. Efficacy of fungus mediated silver and goldnanoparticles against Aedes aegypti
larvae. Parasitol Res 2012;110:175–184.
26. Vigneshwaran N, Ashtaputrea NM, Varadarajana PV, Nachanea RP,Paralikaraand KM,
Balasubramanyaa RH, et al. Biological synthesis of silvernanoparticles using the fungus Aspergillus
flavus. Mater Lett 2007; 61:1413–1418.
27. Bhainsa, K. C., D'souza, S. F. Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the
fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Colloids and Surf B: Biointer 2006;47:160–164.
28. Ahmad, A., Mukherjee, P., Senapati et al. Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the
fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Colloids and Surf B: Biointer 2003; 28:313–318.
29. Lengke FM, Fleet EM, Southam G. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by filamentous Cyanobacteria a
from a silver (I) nitrate complex. Langmuir 2007;23:2694–2699.
30. Bhainsa CK, D‟Souza FS. Extracellular biosynthesis of silvernanoparticles using the fungus Aspergillus
fumigatus. Colloids Surf B 2006 ;47:160–164.
 Marwah Amer Qamandar et al /International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2017,10(9): 1073-1083. 1083

31. Ingle AP, Gade AK, Pierrat S, Sconnichsen C, Rai MK. Mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the
fungus Fusarium acuminatum and its activity against some human pathogenic bacteria.Curr Nanosci
(2008);4:141–144.
32. Banu A, Rathod V. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles by Rhizopus stolonier. Int J
Biomed Adv Res 2011; 2:148–58.
33. Kathiravan V, Ravi S, Ashokkumar S. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Melia dubia leaf extract
and their in vitro anticancer activity. Spectrochim Acta – Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014;130:116–
21.

*****

*****

View publication stats