DERIVATIVE AND ITS APPLICATIONS

OBJECTIVE:-
 To Visualise the use of derivative in the development and working mechanism of
radar gun.
LIMITATIONS:-
Basic History, definition and some real life application of derivatives are only
mentioned.
INTRODUCTION:-
 HISTORY:-
Calculus was developed independently by English physicist and mathematician Sir
Isaac Newton (1642–1727) and German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
(1646–1716) around the middle part of the seventeenth century. Newton was a
physicist as well as a mathematician. He found that the mathematics of his time was
not sufficient to solve the problems he was interested in, so he invented new
mathematics. About the same time, another mathematician, Leibniz, developed the
same ideas as Newton. Newton was interested in calculating the velocity of an object
at any instant. For example, if a person sits under an apple tree, as legend has it
Newton did, and an apple falls and hits the person’s head, that person might ask
how fast the apple was traveling just before impact. More importantly, many of
today’s scientists are interested in calculating the rate at which a satellite’s position
changes with respect to time (its rate of speed). Most investors are interested in how
a stock’s value changes with time (its rate of growth). In fact, many of today’s
important problems in the fields of physics, chemistry, engineering, economics,
biology, and the other sciences involve finding the rate at which one quantity
changes with respect to another, that is, they involve finding the derivative.

The radar speed gun was invented by John L. Barker Sr., and Ben Midlock, who
developed radar for the military while working for the Automatic Signal Company
(later Automatic Signal Division of LFE Corporation) in Norwalk, CT during World War
II. Originally, Automatic Signal was approached by Grumman Aircraft Corporation to
solve the specific problem of terrestrial landing gear damage on the now-legendary
PBY Catalina amphibious aircraft. Barker and Midlock cobbled a Doppler radar unit
from coffee cans soldered shut to make microwave resonators. The unit was
installed at the end of the runway (at Grumman’s Bethpage, NY facility), and aimed
directly upward to measure the sink rate of landing PBYs. After the war, Barker and
Midlock tested radar on the Merritt Parkway.[1] In 1947, the system was tested by
the Connecticut State Police in Glastonbury, Connecticut, initially for traffic surveys
and issuing warnings to drivers for excessive speed. Starting in February 1949, the
state police began to issue speeding tickets based on the speed recorded by the
radar device.[2] In 1948, radar was also used in Garden City, New York.[3]
Source:-Encyclopedia.com and Wikipedia
Gottfried Wilhelm leibneiz Sir Issac Newton
 DEFINITIONS:-
Calculus:-The branch of mathematics that deals with the finding and properties of
derivatives and integrals of functions, by methods originally based on the summation
of infinitesimal differences.
Derivative:-By the geometrical approach: The slope of the curve for the given
function is called the derivative of a function. By physical approach: The
instantaneous rate of change of a function concerning the variable at a point is called
the derivative of a function.
Radar gun:- A handheld device used by traffic police to estimate the speed of a
passing vehicle.

Police holding a radar gun

 DISCUSSION:-
Types of Derivatives
First and second-order derivatives are two types of derivatives categorised based on
their order. These can be described as follows:-
Derivatives of First-Order
The first order derivatives show whether the function is going up or down, so they
show which way the function is going. The first derivative, also known as the first-
order derivative, is a rate of change that occurs instantly. The slope of the tangent
line can also be used to anticipate it.

Derivatives of Second-Order
Second-order derivatives are used to figure out what the graph of a given function
looks like. Concavity can be used to classify the functions. The concavity of a graph
function can be divided into two categories:

 Concave up

 Concave Down

Formulas for Derivatives

 d/dx (k) = 0, where k is any constant
 d/dx(x) = 1
 d/dx(x^n) = nx^(n-1)
 d/dx (mx) = m, where m is a constant
 d/dx (√x) = ½√x
 d/dx (1/x) = -1/x2
 d/dx (log x) = 1/x, x > 0
 d/dx (e^x) = e^x
 d/dx (a^x) = a^x log a
Trigonometric functions
 d/dx (sin x) = cos x
 d/dx (cos x) = -sin x
 d/dx (tan x) = sec2x
 d/dx (cosec x) = -cosec x cot x
 d/dx (sec x) = sec x tan x
 d/dx (cot x) = -cosec2x
Real-World Applications of Derivatives
 To calculate the profit and loss in business using graphs.
 To check the temperature variation.
 To determine the speed or distance covered such as miles per hour,
kilometre per hour etc.
 Derivatives are used to derive many equations in Physics.
  In the study of Seismology like to find the range of magnitudes of the
earthquake.
 The pace at which a population (whether a group of humans or a colony of
bacteria) grows over time, can be used to forecast population size changes
soon
 Temperature variations as a function of location can be used to forecast
weather
 Stock market fluctuations throughout time can be used to forecast future
stock market behaviour
 Automobiles
 An odometer and a speedometer are always present in a car. These two
gauges operate together to give the driver information about his speed and
distance travelled
 A radar gun can determine the automobile’s speed and report the distance
the car was from the radar gun by using a derivative
Derivative are being used in our life for serving lots of purpose whether we know it or we
dont.It almost covers all the branches of study such as physics, chemistry, mathematics,
biology, statistics , etc.
Applications of Derivatives in Mathematics
Derivatives is widely used in mathematics for solving different problems. It is mainly used in
calculus. Some of the applications of derivative in mathematics is briefly discussed below:-

 Rate of Change of a Quantity

This is the general and most important application of derivative. For example, to check
the rate of change of the volume of a cube with respect to its decreasing sides, we can
use the derivative form as dy/dx. Where dy represents the rate of change of volume of
cube and dx represents the change of sides of the cube.

 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

To find that a given function is increasing or decreasing or constant, say in a graph, we
use derivatives. If f is a function which is continuous in [p, q] and differentiable in the
open interval (p, q), then,
F is increasing at [p, q] if f’(x) > 0 for each x ∈ (p, q)
F is decreasing at [p, q] if f’(x) < 0 for each x ∈ (p, q)
F is constant function in [p, q], if f’(x)=0 for each x ∈ (p, q)

 Tangent and Normal To a Curve

A tangent is a line that touches the curve at a point and doesn’t cross it, whereas normal
is perpendicular to that tangent.
Let the tangent meet the curve at P(x1, y1).
Now the straight-line equation which passes through a point having slope m could be
written as;
Y – y1 = m(x – x1)
We can see from the above equation, the slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) and at
the point P(x1, y1), it is given as dy/dx at P(x1, y1) = f’(x). Therefore,
Equation of the tangent to the curve at P(x1, y1) can be written as:
Y – y1 = f’(x1)(x – x1)
Equation of normal to the curve is given by;
Y – y1 = [-1/ f’(x1)] (x – x1)
Or
(y – y1) f’(x1) + (x-x1) = 0
Maxima and Minima

 To calculate the highest and lowest point of the curve in a graph or to know its
turning point, the derivative function is used.
 When x = a, if f(x) ≤ f(a) for every x in the domain, then f(x) has an Absolute
Maximum value and the point a is the point of the maximum value of f.
 When x = a, if f(x) ≤ f(a) for every x in some open interval (p, q) then f(x) has a
Relative Maximum value.
 When x= a, if f(x) ≥ f(a) for every x in the domain then f(x) has an Absolute Minimum
value and the point a is the point of the minimum value of f.
  When x = a, if f(x) ≥ f(a) for every x in some open interval (p, q) then f(x) has a
Relative Minimum value.

Monotonicity
Functions are said to be monotonic if they are either increasing or decreasing in their entire
domain. F(x) = ex, f(x) = nx, f(x) = 2x + 3 are some examples.
Functions which are increasing and decreasing in their domain are said to be non-monotonic
For example: f(x) = sin x , f(x) = x2
Monotonicity Of A function At A Point
A function is said to be monotonically decreasing at x = a if f(x) satisfy;
F(x + h) < f(a) for a small positive h
F’(x) will be positive if the function is increasing
F’(x) will be negative if the function is decreasing
F’(x) will be zero when the function is at its maxima or minima
Approximation or Finding Approximate Value
To find a very small change or variation of a quantity, we can use derivatives to give the
approximate value of it. The approximate value is represented by delta △.
Suppose change in the value of x, dx = x then,
Dy/dx = △x = x.
Since the change in x, dx ≈ x therefore, dy ≈ y.
Point of Inflection
For continuous function f(x), if f’(x0) = 0 or f’”(x0) does not exist at points where f’(x0) exists
and if f”(x) changes sign when passing through x = x0 then x0 is called the point of inflection.
a) If f”(x) < 0, x ∈ (a, b) then the curve y = f(x) in concave downward
b) If f” (x) > 0, x ∈ (a, b) then the curve y = f(x) is concave upwards in (a, b)
For example: f(x) = sin x
Solution: f’(x) = cos x
F”(x) = sinx = 0 x = nπ, n ∈ z
Applications of Derivatives Examples
Example 1:
Show that the function f(x) = x³ – 2x² + 2x, x ∈ Q is increasing on Q.
Solution:
F(x) = x³ – 2x² + 2x
By differentiating both sides, we get,
F’(x) = 3x² – 4x + 2 > 0 for every value of x
Therefore, f is increasing on Q.

Example 2:
The tangent to the curve y=x² – 5x + 5 parallel to the line 2y = 4x + 1, also passes through a
point. Find the coordinates of the point.
Solution:
Dy/dx = 2x – 5 = 2
2x1 = 7[:.X=x1]
⇒x1 = 7/2
Y1 = (49/4) – (35/2) + 5 = (49 – 70 + 20)/4 = -¼
Y + ¼ = 2(x – 7/2)
4y + 1 = 8x – 28
⇒ 8x – 4y – 29 = 0
X = ⅛, y = -7 satisfies the equation
Example 3:
The tangent to the curve,

Passing through the point (1, e) also passes through another point. Find it.
Solution:

At x = 1, slope of tangent m = 3e
Equation of tangent :
Y−e = 3e(x−1)
⇒y = 3ex – 2e
(4/3,2e) lies on it.

CONCLUSION:-
Derivatives are frequently employed in everyday life to determine the extent to which
something is changing. The government employs them in population censuses, many
disciplines, and even economics. Knowing how to utilise derivatives, when to use them, and
how to use them in everyday life is an essential element of any job, so getting a head start is
always a good idea.
REFERENCES:-
1. Sahani,S.K.(PhD)[To get the ideas of how to design a project work and work on it and
also to learn about derivative]
2. Google LLC(search engine)[To get brief ideas on derivatives and it’s applications]
 A STUDY ON
THE
MEANING AND APPLICATION OF
DERIVATIVE.

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
PRINCE KUMAR JHA
XI’B’ Roll no:-104

Submitted to
DR. SURESH KUMAR SAHANI,PhD.
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS ,
MITHILA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (MIT)
JANAKPURDHAM-45600,NEPAL.

DEDICATION
I dedicate this topic “derivative and it’s application “ to my teachers,
Friends, parents and family members.

OBJECTIVE
LIMITATIONS
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
DEFINITIONS
Calculus
Derivative
Radar gun
DISCUSSION
Types of derivative
Formulas for derivative
Trigonometric functions
Real world application of derivative
Application of derivative in mathematics
•Rate of Change of a Quantity
•Increasing and Decreasing Functions
•Tangent and Normal To a Curve
•Maxima and minima
•Monotonicity
•Approximation or finding approximate value
•Point of inflection
Application of derivative examples
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES