Civil Rights Powerpoints Notes

 Little Rock Nine  

o Group of black kids that were the first to desegregate the school of Little Rock Central High
o Their effort to enroll was supported by the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Brown vs. Board of Education, which declared segregate
schooling as unconstitutional according to the 14 th amendment.
 1963 March on Washington
o On August 28 1963, a quarter of a million people rallied in Washington, D.C. to demand an end to segregation, fair wages and economic
justice, voting rights, education, and long overdue civil rights protections.
 Bloody Sunday (Selma) 
o On March 7, 1965, in Selma, Alabama, a 600-person civil rights demonstration ends in violence when marchers are attacked and beaten by
white state troopers and sheriff's deputies. The day's events became known as "Bloody Sunday."
 Freedom Riders 
o Civil Rights activists who rode interstate buses to challenge segregation
o Met with a lot of violence, people threw bombs on the buses, and they burst into flames
 Title IX (nine)  
o Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits sex (including pregnancy, sexual orientation, and gender identity)
discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.
o Senator Birch Bayh wrote the 37 words of Title IX. Bayh first introduced an amendment to the Higher Education Act to ban discrimination on
the basis of sex on August 6, 1971 and again on February 28, 1972, when it passed the Senate.
 Black Panthers
o Political party that emphasized Black pride, community control and unification for civil rights., with the goal to elect more people of color to
positions in political office.
o Started out as a community service organization, providing food for communities in need
o Did not believe in non-violence – they wanted to end police brutality.
 National Organization of Women 
o On June 30, 1966, the National Organization for Women was founded by a group of activists who wanted to end sex discrimination. Today,
the organization remains as a cornerstone of the women's rights movement
 Equal Pay for Equal Work (then and now)  
o The Equal Pay Act of 1963, amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, protects against wage discrimination based on sex. The Equal Pay Act
(EPA) protects both men and women.
 Sex Discrimination then and Now 
o Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibits an employer from treating you differently, or less favorably, because of your sex, which is defined
to include pregnancy, sexual orientation, and gender identity.
 Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 
o From the beginning, the SCLC focused its efforts on citizenship schools and efforts to desegregate individual cities such as Albany, Georgia,
Birmingham, Alabama, and St. Augustine, Florida. It played key roles in the March on Washington in 1963 and the Selma Voting Rights
Campaign and March to Montgomery in 1965
 Caesar Chavez and National Farm Workers Association  
o Committed to the tactics of nonviolent resistance practiced by Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., Chavez founded the National
Farm Workers Association (later the United Farm Workers of America) and won important victories to raise pay and improve working
conditions for farm workers in the late 1960s and 1970s
 NAACP (National Association Advancement of Colored People) - past and present  
o Accordingly, the NAACP's mission is to ensure the political, educational, equality of minority group citizens of States and eliminate race
prejudice. The NAACP works to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through democratic processes.
o The NAACP-led Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, a coalition of civil rights organizations, spearheaded the drive to win passage of the
major civil rights legislation of the era: the Civil Rights Act of 1957; the Civil Rights Act of 1964; the Voting Rights Act of 1965; and the Fair
Housing Act of 1968.
 Malcolm X - the Nation of Islam and Black Nationalism  
o Malcolm X was a minister, a leader in the civil rights movement and a supporter of Black nationalism. He urged his fellow Black Americans
to protect themselves against white aggression “by any means necessary,” a stance that often put him at odds with the nonviolent teachings of
Martin Luther King, Jr.
o Malcolm X was a practitioner of the Black Muslim faith, which combines the religious aspects of Islam with the ideas of both black power
and black nationalism
 Women’s Liberation Movement   
o Women's rights movement, also called Women's liberation movement, diverse social movement, largely based in the United States, that in the
1960s and '70s sought equal rights and opportunities and greater personal freedom for women. It coincided with and is recognized as part of
the “second wave” of feminism.
 Gay Rights Movement 1960’s (Stonewall Riots)  
o The gay liberation movement was a social and political movement of the late 1960s through the mid-1980s that urged lesbians and gay men to
engage in radical direct action, and to counter societal shame with gay pride.
 Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights  
o President after John F. Kennedy was assassinated.
o Signed into law – Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, and Civil Rights Act of 1968.
o Civil Rights Act forbade the act of discrimination based on gender, race, and religion in places of business
 Teaching Non-Violence with Professor James Lawson 
o Lawson went to work, preparing protesters with nonviolent tactics and showing them how to respond when confronted with violence. He
organized student sit-ins, marches, protests, and the historic freedom rides of the 1960s. The movement grew, and segregation laws in the
south were soon deemed unlawful.
 History of Transgender Rights in United States  
o Equal Employment Opportunity Commission the Supreme Court held that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1964 extends protections to
individuals who are transgender in Employment. This is based on discrimination on the grounds of transgender status is a form of
discrimination based on sex.
 Civil Rights for Indigenous Groups: Native Americans, Alaskans, and Hawaiians 
o Native Americans
 Native Americans have long suffered the effects of segregation and discrimination imposed by the U.S. government and the larger
white society. Ironically, Native Americans were not granted the full rights and protections of U.S. citizenship until long after
African Americans and women were, with many having to wait until the Nationality Act of 1940 to become citizens.
o Alaska Natives
 Alaska Natives and Native Hawaiians suffered many of the same abuses as Native Americans, including loss of land and forced
assimilation. Following the discovery of oil in Alaska, however, the state, in an effort to gain undisputed title to oil rich land, settled
the issue of Alaska Natives’ land claims with the passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971.
o Native Hawaiians
 Native Hawaiians also lost control of their land—nearly two million acres—through the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in
1893 and the subsequent formal annexation of the Hawaiian Islands by the United States in 1898. The indigenous population
rapidly decreased in number, and white settlers tried to erase all trace of traditional Hawaiian culture. Two acts passed by Congress
in 1900 and 1959, when the territory was granted statehood, returned slightly more than one million acres of federally owned land
to the state of Hawaii.
o Summary
 Despite significant advances, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians still trail behind U.S. citizens of other
ethnic backgrounds in many important areas. These groups continue to suffer widespread poverty and high unemployment. Some of
the poorest counties in the United States are those in which Native American reservations are located. These minorities are also less
likely than white Americans, African Americans, or Asian Americans to complete high school or college.[30] Many American
Indian and Alaskan tribes endure high rates of infant mortality, alcoholism, and suicide.[31] Native Hawaiians are also more likely
to live in poverty than whites in Hawaii, and they are more likely than white Hawaiians to be homeless or unemployed.
 Civil Rights and American with Disabilities Act 
o The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in several areas, including employment,
transportation, public accommodations, communications and access to state and local government' programs and services.
o Different than Civil Rights of the 1950’s and 60’s, because it did not include people with disabilities.
 Black Lives Matter Movement 
o Black Lives Matter (abbreviated BLM) is a decentralized political and social movement that seeks to highlight racism, discrimination, and
racial inequality experienced by black people. Its primary concerns are incidents of police brutality and racially motivated violence against
black people.
 #Me Too Movement  
o #MeToo is a social movement against sexual abuse, sexual harassment, and rape culture, in which people publicize their experiences of sexual
abuse or sexual harassment. The phrase "Me Too" was initially used in this context on social media in 2006, on Myspace, by sexual assault
survivor and activist Tarana Burke.
 John Lewis – Lifetime of Fighting the Fight 
o Major Part of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee – SNCC
o Led first of three marches from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, known as Bloody Sunday
 Faces of Modern Feminism from 1960’s till today 
o Simone de Beauvoir
o Eleanor Roosevelt
o Marlene Dietrich
o Betty Friedan
o Gloria Steinem
o Angela Davis
o bell hooks
o Barbara Walters
o Coretta Scott King
o Maya Angelou
o Audre Lorde
o Ruth Bader Ginsburg
 Marriage Inequality - From Loving vs. Virginia to Obergefell vs. Hodges to the Respect for Marriage Act  
o Loving vs Virginia – Supreme Court decision allowing inter-racial marriage.
o Marriage inequality violated Due Process and the Equal Protection Clauses of the 14 th Amendment.
o U.S. Supreme Court makes same-sex marriages legal in all 50 states in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
o December 2022, President Joe Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act into Law. The law required that individual states recognize same
sex and inter-racial marriages that were lawfully performed in other states