Unit:-1 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

➢ PARALLEL OPERATION OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER:

By parallel operation we means two or more transformers are connected to a same supply on the primary side and to
a same load on the secondary side, then it is called as parallel operation of transformers.
➢ NECESSITY OF PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS: (Why parallel operation of transformers is
needed?)

1. increased load: When load is increased and it exceeds the capacity of existing transformer, another transformer may be
connected in parallel with the existing transformer to supply the increased load.
2. Non-availability of large transformer: If a large transformer is not available which can meet the total requirement of
load,
two or more small transformers can be connected in parallel to increase the
capacity.
3. Increased reliability: If multiple transformers are running in parallel, and a fault occurs in one transformer,
then the other parallel transformers still continue to serve the load. And the faulty transformer can
be taken out for the maintenance.
4. Transportation is easier for small transformers: If installation site is located far away, then transportation of smaller
units is easier and may be economical.

➢ CONDITIONS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION:

1. Voltage ratio of all connected transformers must be same.
2. The per unit (PU) percentage impedance of each transformer on its own base must be same.
3. The polarity of all connected transformers must be same in order to avoid circulating currents in transformers
4. The phase sequence must be identical of all parallel transformers.
5. The short-circuit impedances should be approximately equal
➢ ADVANTAGES FOR PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMER
1. Maximize electrical power system efficiency.
2. Maximize electrical power system Stability.
3. Reliability of power supply can be improved.
4. It provides a flexible solution opportunity.
➢ DISADVANTAGES FOR PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMER
1. Increasing short-circuit currents that increase necessary breaker capacity.
2. High probability of error due to technical confusion in the system.
3. Risk of formation of circulating currents between transformers.
4. it is a complex system, a lot of auxiliary equipment is needed.
5. Due to high current, it can cause big errors in cases where it is not used correctly.
➢ EXCITATION PHENOMENON IN TRANSFORMERS:
It is known that though secondary is open, the transformer draws current from supply, when primary is excited by rated voltage.

This current is not load current and is basically required to produce core flux. But due to non-linearities of core material such as hysteresis

and saturation, the no load current is not sinusoidal in nature. Let us study the effect of hysteresis and saturation on the waveform of

no load current which is also called exciting current.

➢ CURRENT INRUSH PHENOMENON ( SWITCHING TRANSIENT ): In the steady state operation, both V 1 and Φ
are sinusoidal and Φ lags V1 by 90° as shown in the Fig.2. When the primary voltage V 1 is switched on to the transformer,
the core flux and the exciting current undergo a transient before achieving the steady state. They pass through a transient
period. The effect of transient is severe when voltage wave pass through origin.

Fig. 2 Current inrush

In the inductive circuit flux can start with zero value. But the steady state value of flux at start is -Φm , as shown in the Fig. 2,
at t = 0. Thus during transients a transient flux called off-set flux, Φt = Φm originates such that at t = 0, Φt +Φss is zero at the
instant of switching. This transient flux Φt then decays according to circuit constants i.e. ratio L/R. This ratio is generally
very small for transformers. Thus during transients, the total flux goes through a maximum value of 2Φm. Such effect is
called doubling effect. This is shown in the Fig.3. Due to the doubling effect, core flux achieves a value of 2Φm due to which
transformer draws a large exciting current. This is due to the fact that core goes into deep saturation region of magnetisation.
Such a large exiting current can be as large as 100 times the normal exiting current. To withstand electromagnetic forces
developed due to large current, the windings of transformer must be strongly braced. This large current drawn during
transient is called inrush phenomenon.

Fig. 3 Doubling Effect

 ➢ VARIABLE FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER:

▪ A new power transmission technology has recently been made available which is simple and reliable.
▪ This technology is called VARIABLE FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER.
▪ A VFT has been in commercial operation since 2004 and has proven to be a reliable power transmission technology
▪ There are presently two VFT’s in commercial operation. They are:
1) Hydro-Quebec’s Langlois substation, Canada.
2) Laredo VFT substation, Texas.
➢ What is VFT?
▪ The variable frequency transformer (VFT) is a controllable, bi-directional transmission device that can
transfer power between networks of two grids under some or all operating conditions .
• The two grids need not be synchronous. While primarily designed to move power across an asynchronous interconnection.
• The VFT has also shown itself to have remarkable stabilizing benefits.
• The VFT is not only compatible with other devices but in some cases enhances the performance of nearby
existing equipment's.
• The VFT is composed of a rotary transformer , a torque motor and an associated drive and control system.
➢ VARIABLE FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER:
➢ CONSTRUCTION OF VARIABLE FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER:

• The Variable Frequency Transformer consists of a stator which is much like the stator of a hydro generator.
• There are laminations of steel stacked inside a stator frame. Windings are configured into a three phase four
pole arrangement.
• Stator is connected to one power system via a Step-up Transformer.
• The rotor is constructed in the same manner as the stator. The rotor also contains three phase four pole
windings.
• One grid is connected to the stator windings, while the other grid is connected to the rotor. The net effect is
that a circular transformer has been produced, with the windings separated by an air gap.
• The VFT contains a device known as the collector. The collector consists of three phases of brushes and large
copper slip rings. Also on the shaft of the VFT a DC drive motor is connected.
• This motor is used to align the rotor with respect to the stator and maintain the rotation necessary to bridge the
difference in the frequency of the two grids.
• Through the slip ring arrangement, rotor of VFT is connected to another power system through a Step-up
Transformer.
➢ WORKING OF VARIABLE FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER:
• The Stator of VFT is connected to one Grid through Step-up Transformer and Rotor is connected to another Grid
through Step-up Transformer. Now we will see how Power Transfer take place in such doubly fed machine i.e. VFT.
For any AC system the equation of power flow,
P = V1V2Sinδ / X
Where V1 and V2are voltages and δ is the angle between them.
• Here in case of VFT, the voltage V1 is voltage of one Grid (say connected to Stator) and V2is voltage of another Grid
(say connected to Rotor). As it is expected that both the Grid are operating at same voltage level and turn ratio
of Step-up Transformer are also same, that means V1 = V2 = V (say). Thus the power flow equation for VFT will reduce to
P = V2Sinδ / X
Thus δ is here variable quantity which we can change.
• The drive motor connected to the shaft of rotor just changes the angle
δ by rotating the rotor. The angle introduced in the rotor with respect to the stator, by the torque motor, is proportional
to the amount of torque (T) applied to the shaft. Therefore we can say that, power flow through a Variable Frequency
Transformer i.e. VFT is directly proportional to torque applied by the drive motor.
In the figure below, suffix R stands for Rotor while suffix S for Stator. Phase angle difference between Stator voltage
and Rotor voltage can easily be seen in the figure.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS:
1) Current transformers (CT)
2) Voltage transformers or potential transformers (VT or PT)
➢ CURRENT TRANSFORMER: CONSTRUCTION
▪ Current transformer is Instrument transformer which is used for measure high current of transmission line.
▪ It produces an alternating current (AC) in its secondary which is proportional to the AC current in its primary.
▪ By using C.T we can measure high current from normal rating ammeter (0-5A).
▪ C.T have primary winding of few turns of thick copper conductor which is connected to series with heavy current
carrying conductor.
▪ The secondary winding is made of more number of turns of thin copper conductor. The secondary winding is
connected to coil of normal rating ammeter.

Designed for insulation voltages up to 40.5 kV

Fig. Current Transformer Symbol / Circuit Diagram

➢ WORKING OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

▪ The C.T is step up transformer which step up the voltage of primary side to secondary side. Thus the current reduces
from primary to secondary.

Let,
N1 = Number of Primary Turns
N2 = Number of Secondary Turns
I1 = Primary Current
I2 = Secondary Current
For a transformer,
I1/I2 = N2/N1
As N2 is very high compared to N1, the ratio I1 to I2
is also very high for current transformers.
Such a current ratio is indicated for representing
the range of the current transformer.
 ➢ TYPE OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

On the basis of their applications in the field, current transformers can be broadly classified into two types,
1. Indoor current transformers
2. Outdoor current transformers

1. Indoor current transformers: Current transformers designed for mounting inside metal cubicles are
known as Indoor Current Transformers.

Classification

Types of constructions
Method of insulation
•Tape insulated 1.Wound Type CT
•Cast resin (epoxy, polyurethane or polycrete) 2.Toroidal (Window) Type CT
3.Bar Type CT

Fig. Window type Indoor C.T

2. Outdoor current transformers: These current transformers are designed for outdoor application.
Classification

Outdoor oil-filled CTs Based on the application ANSI/IEEE standards

1. Measurement CT 1.Class T
1. Live tank type CT
2. Protection CT 2.Class C
2. Dead tank type CT

Fig. Outdoor current transformers

➢ ADVANTAGES OF CT
1. Large currents can be measured safely.
2. Isolates the high-current line from the measuring devices (like voltmeter and ammeter).
3. Acts as a controlling device to operate protecting devices such as pilot lights and relays.
4. A single current transformer can be fed to numerous instruments.
➢ DISADVANTAGES FOR C.T
1. Measures only alternating current.

➢ APPLICATIONS FOR CT
1.Protection for high voltage lines and substation.
2.Protection for capacitor banks.
3.Protection for power transformers.
4. Revenue metering.
➢ POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:

• Potential transformer are also known as voltage step-down transformers or voltage transformers or instrument
transformer, in which the voltage of a circuit is reduced to a lower voltage for measurement.
• The electromagnetic device used for the transformation of the higher voltage of the circuit to the lower voltage is
called a potential transformer.
• The output of a low voltage circuit can be measured through voltmeters or watt meters.
• These are capable of increasing or decreasing the voltage levels of a circuit, without a change in its frequency and
windings.
➢ CONSTRUCTION OF POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:

• The potential transformer consists of primary winding with more turns and secondary winding with less number of turns.
• The high input AC voltage is given to the primary winding (or connected to the high voltage circuit to measure).
• The lower output voltage is taken across the secondary winding by using a voltmeter.
• The two windings are magnetically coupled to each other without any connection between them.
• The potential transformer connected to the power circuit whose voltage
should be measured is connected between the phase and the ground.
• That means the primary winding of a potential transformer is connected
to the high voltage circuit and the secondary winding of a transformer is
connected to a voltmeter.
• Due to the mutual induction, the two windings are magnetically coupled
to each other and work on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
• The decreased voltage is measured across the secondary winding with
respect to the voltage across the primary winding using multimeter or
voltmeter.
• Due to the high impedance in the potential transformer, the small current
flows through the secondary winding and operates similarly to the
ordinary transformer with no or low load.
• Hence these types of transformers operated at a voltage range of 50 to
200VA. Fig. Potential Transformer Circuit Diagram
➢ TYPES OF VOLTAGE OR POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS:- These are available in single or three-phase and
operate with the highest accuracy. These are used to operate and control measuring devices, relays and other devices.

Based on the function Based on the Construction

• Metering voltage transformers • Electromagnetic Potential Transformers
• Protection voltage transformers • Capacitive Potential Transformers
➢ ADVANTAGES OF POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:
1. The capacitive potential transformer is used for measurement of higher voltages.
2. The potential transformer enables the ordinary voltmeter to measure very high voltages.
3. The potential transformer offers electrical isolation between voltammeter and very high voltage power lines.
➢ DISADVANTAGES OF POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:
1. The Potential transformer can only measure AC voltage. It can not measure DC voltage.
2. The potential transformer is more expensive than the ordinary transformer.

➢ APPLICATIONS OF POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS:-

1. Used in relay and metering circuits
2. Uses in power line carrier communication circuits
3. Used in protection systems electrically
4. Used for protecting feeders
5. Used for the protection of impedance in the generators.
6. Used in synchronization of generators and feeders.
7. Used as protection voltage transformers
➢ WELDING TRANSFORMER: CONSTRUCTION:-
• Welding transformer is a step down transformer. It has a magnetic core with primary winding which is thin and has large
number of turns on one arm.
• A secondary winding with less number of turns and high cross-sectional area on the other arm. Due to this type of
windings in primary and secondary it behaves as step down transformer.
• So we get less voltage and high current from the secondary winding output. This is the construction of AC welding
transformer.
• A DC welding transformer also has same type of winding the only difference is that we connect a rectifier (which
converts ac to dc) at the secondary to get dc output. We also connect a inductor or filter to smooth the dc current. This
will be construction of dc welding transformer. The diagrams are shown below

Fig 2. AC welding transformer

Fig 2. DC welding transformer
➢ WORKING:-
• As it is a step down transformer we have less voltage at secondary which is nearly 15 to 45 volts and has high current
values which is nearly 200 A to 600 A it can also be higher than this value.
• For adjusting the voltage on secondary side there are tappings on secondary winding by this we can get required amount
of secondary current for welding.
• These tappings are connected to several high current switches. Now one end of secondary winding is connected to the
welding electrode and the other end is connected to the welding pieces as shown in fig 2.
• When a high current flows a large amount of I2R heat is produced due to contact resistance between welding pieces and
electrode. Because of this high heat the tip of electrode melts and fills the gap between the welding pieces. This is how a
welding transformer works.
➢ VOLT – AMPERE CHARACTERISTICS OF WELDING
TRANSFORMER:

Figure shows the volt – ampere characteristics of welding

transformer.
➢ ARC CONTROL OF WELDING TRANSFORMER:
The impedance of welding transformer must be higher than the normal transformer to control
arc and also to control current. We can use different reactors for controlling the arc. They are
1.Tapped reactor.
2. Moving coil reactor.
3.Magnetic shunt reactor.
4. Continuously variable reactor.
5. Saturable Reactor.
Now let us see each of this methods for arc control of welding transformer in detail. Fig. Welding Transformer
1.TAPPED REACTOR: Below is the circuit for arc control using tapped reactor is given below.
• With the help of taps we control the current.
• It has limited current control.
2. MOVING COIL REACTOR: Below is the circuit for arc control using moving
coil reactor.
• The distance between primary and secondary decides the
amount of current.
• If the distance between the primary and secondary is high
then the current is less.

3. MAGNETIC SHUNT REACTOR: Below is the circuit for

arc control using magnetic shunt reactor. By adjusting the
central magnetic shunt flux is changed. By changing the flux
current can be changed. 4. CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE REACTOR: Below is the
circuit for arc control using continuously variable reactor.

By varying the height of reactor core insertion is changed.

If core insertion is greater reactance is higher so output
current will be less.
5. SATURABLE REACTOR: Below is the circuit for arc control using saturable reactor.

• The reactance of the reactor in this is adjusted by changing the value of

D.C excitation which is obtained from D.C. controlled transducer.
• Higher the D.C. currents, reactor approaches to saturation. This changes
the reactance of reactor.

• By changing the reactance current can be changed.

• By using above reactors current can be controlled
which helps to control the arc.
• In this post we have learnt about welding transformers.

➢ ADVANTAGES OF WELDING TRANSFORMER:

•This welder is approximately maintenance free.
•Operating expenses are fairly sensible.
•Initial cost is commonly very low.
•This is perfect for farm repair.
➢ DISADVANTAGES OF WELDING TRANSFORMER:
• DC welding is unable to fix arc blow problems.
• Equipment is more expensive as DC currents require an internal transformer to switch the current.
• More spatter
• Weld quality is not as smooth as with DC welding.
• Less reliable and therefore more difficult to handle than DC welding

➢ APPLICATIONS:
Welding transformer used for housed in a welding machine, is used to convert the high-voltage input or,
primary power, from the wall plug and this is usually from 208 to 600 volts, with a low alternating current
(AC) from 15 to 55 amps.
➢ PULSE TRANSFORMER:
• A pulse transformer is one kind of transformer that is designed & optimized for voltage pulse transmission in between its
two windings as well as to the connected load.
• These types of transformers are used for the transmission of signals in control circuits with less power & the
essential component within high-power SMPS.
• This kind of transformer is used in radar, TV, digital computers, and many more. The main functions of pulse transformer
are: a) The voltage pulse amplitude can be changed b) The pulse polarity can be changed
c) Pulse amplifier’s different stages can be coupled d) Used like an Isolation Transformer
• Pulse transformers are classified into two types like power pulse transformers & signal pulse transformers. Power pulse
transformers are used to change the power-level voltages from one range to another.
• These types of transformers are available in either 1-phase or 3-phase primary designs or changes based on the connected
winding.
• Signal transformers use electromagnetic induction for transmitting data from one type of circuit to another circuit. So these
are used most frequently to enhance or reduce the voltage from one face of a power transformer to another face.
• By using these transformers, the number of windings turns ratio will decide the voltage change.
➢ CONSTRUCTION & WORKING OF PULSE TRANSFORMER:

• The pulse transformer’s main function is to produce a signal for a

semiconductor device as well as to give electrical isolation.
• A toroidal-shaped pulse transformer is shown below which includes two windings
like primary & secondary. The pulse transformer construction is shown below.
• It consists of one primary winding and one secondary winding.
• Each winding consists of same number of turns therefore any winding works as
primary or secondary winding.
• The pulse to SCR is given by 1:1 or 1:1:1 pulse transformer.
• The pulse to the back to back SCR is given by the three winding
pulse transformer.
• The firing circuit of gate pulse by 1:1 pulse transformer is given
in the figure B.
• The function of the series resistor R is to limit the holding current of the SCR.
• The function of diode D is to prevent reversing gate current. Fig. Pulse Transformer Construction
• The 1:1:1 pulse transformer is used to generate pulse for back to back SCR.
➢ ADVANTAGES OF PULSE TRANSFORMER:
▪ Small Size
▪ Low cost
▪ It can operate at high frequency
▪ High isolation voltage
➢ DISADVANTAGES OF PULSE TRANSFORMER
▪ The secondary waveform should be different from primary waveform at low frequency.
▪ The DC current flows through primary winding in order to reduce saturation of the core.
➢ APPLICATIONS OF PULSE TRANSFORMER:
▪ Power Electronics
▪ Communication
▪ Digital electronics
▪ Radars

Fig. Pulse Transformer