Sheet 1

Department: EPE Department Course Name: Measurements and Instrumentations
Semester Fall 2022/2023

Course Code: EPE 221 Instructors: Assoc. Prof. Abdelfattah Eladl
Sheet (1)
1. A voltage has a true value of 1.5V. An analog indicating instrument with a scale range of
0 - 2.5Vshows a voltage of 1.46 V. What are the values of absolute error and correction.
Express the error as a fraction of the true value and the full scale deflection.
Solution
Measured value 𝐴𝑚 = 1.46 V , Ture value 𝐴𝑡 = 1.5 V
Absolute error 𝛿𝑜 = 𝐴𝑚 − 𝐴𝑡 = 1.46 − 1.5 = 0.04𝑉
Absolute correction 𝛿𝑐 = |𝛿𝑜 | = 0.04𝑉
𝛿𝑜 - 0.04
Relative error, 𝛿𝑟 = = × 100 = −2.66%
At 1.5
- 0.04
Relative error expressed as a percentage of full scale deflection = × 100 = −1.6%
2.5
2. A Wheatstone bridge requires a change of 7 Ω in the unknown arm of the bridge to

produce a change in deflection of 3mm of the galvanometer. Determine the sensitivity.
Also determine the deflection factor.
Solution
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 3 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = = 0.429 𝑚𝑚⁄Ω
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 7Ω
1 1
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = = 2.33 Ω/𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 0.429
3. A moving coil voltmeter has a uniform scale with 100 divisions, the full-scale reading is
200 V and 1/10 of a scale division can be estimated with a fair degree of certainty.
Determine the resolution of the instrument in volts.
Solution
200
𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 2𝑉
100
1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 × =2× = 0.2 𝑉
10 10
4. A digital voltmeter has a read-out range from 0 to 9999 counts. Determine the resolution
of the instrument in volts when the full scale reading is 9.999 V.
Solution
The resolution of this instrument is 1 count in 9999
1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 = × 9.999 = 10−3 𝑉 = 1 𝑚𝑉
9999 9999
5. A 0-250 V voltmeter has a guaranteed accuracy of 2% of full-scale reading. The voltage

measured by the voltmeter is 150 volts. Determine the limiting error in percentage.
Solution
The magnitude of the limiting error of the instrument,
2
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝛿0 = 2% 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = × 250 = 5 𝑉
100
𝛿0 5
% 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝛿𝑟 = × 100 = × 100 = 3.33 %
𝐴𝑚 150
6. The expected value of the voltage across a resistor is 50V; however, measurement yields
a value of 49V. Calculate: a) The absolute error; b) The limiting error; C) The relative
accuracy; and d) The percent of inaccuracy.
Solution
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝛿0 = 𝐴𝑚 − 𝐴𝑡 = 49 − 50 = −1 𝑉
𝛿0 −1
% 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝛿𝑟 = × 100 = × 100 = −2 %
𝐴𝑡 50
ture value − measeured value 50 − 49

𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 𝐴 = 1 − = 1− = 0.98
ture value 50
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 𝑎 = 100% − 𝐴% = 100% − 98 % = 2%

7. A moving coil ammeter has a uniform scale with 50 divisions and gives a full-scale
reading of 5 A. The instrument can read up to ¼ of a scale division with a fair degree of
certainty. Determine the resolution of the instrument in mA.
Solution
Full-scale reading = 5 A, Number of divisions on scale = 50
5
𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 0.1 𝐴
50
1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 × = 0.1 × = 0.025 𝐴
4 4
8. Calculate the maximum m percentage error in the sum of two voltage measurements when
V1 = 100 V ± 1% and V2 = 80 V ± 5%.
Solution
𝑉1 = 100 𝑉 ± 1 % = 100 𝑉 ± 𝐼 𝑉
𝑉2 = 80 𝑉 ± 5% = 80 𝑉 ± 4 𝑉
𝐸 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
= ( 100 𝑉 ± 𝐼 𝑉) + (80 𝑉 ± 4 𝑉) = 180 𝑉 ± (1 𝑉 + 4 𝑉)
= 180 𝑉 ± 5 𝑉
= 180 𝑉 ± 2.78 %
9. Calculate the maximum percentage error in the difference of two measured voltages when
V1 = I00 V ± l% and V2 = 80 V ± 5%.
Solution
𝑉1 = 100 𝑉 ± 1 % = 100 𝑉 ± 𝐼 𝑉
𝑉2 = 80 𝑉 ± 5% = 80 𝑉 ± 4 𝑉
𝐸 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
= ( 100 𝑉 ± 𝐼 𝑉) − (80 𝑉 ± 4 𝑉) = 20 𝑉 ± (1 𝑉 + 4 𝑉)
= 20 𝑉 ± 5 𝑉
= 20 𝑉 ± 25 %
10. An 820  resistance with an accuracy of ± 10% carries a current of 10 m A. The current
was measured by an analog ammeter on a 25 mA range with an accuracy of ±2% of full
scale. Calculate the power dissipated in the resistor, and determine the accuracy of the
result.
Solution
𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
𝑃 = (10 𝑚𝐴) 2 × 820 Ω = 82 𝑚𝑊
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑅 = ±10%
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝐼 = ±2% 𝑜𝑓 25 𝑚𝐴 = ±0.5 𝑚𝐴
±0. 5 𝑚𝐴
= × 100% = ±5%
10 𝑚𝐴
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝐼 2 = 2(±5%) = ±10%
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑃 = 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝐼 2 + 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑅
= ±(10% + 10%) = ±20%

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Department: EPE Department Course Name: Measurements and Instrumentations

Semester Fall 2022/2023

2. A Wheatstone bridge requires a change of 7 Ω in the unknown arm of the bridge to

5. A 0-250 V voltmeter has a guaranteed accuracy of 2% of full-scale reading. The voltage

ture value − measeured value 50 − 49

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 𝑎 = 100% − 𝐴% = 100% − 98 % = 2%

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