UML Class Diagram

The class diagram depicts a static view of an application. It represents the types of
objects residing in the system and the relationships between them. A class consists of
its objects, and also it may inherit from other classes. A class diagram is used to
visualize, describe, document various different aspects of the system, and also
construct executable software code.

It shows the attributes, classes, functions, and relationships to give an overview of the
software system. It constitutes class names, attributes, and functions in a separate
compartment that helps in software development. Since it is a collection of classes,
interfaces, associations, collaborations, and constraints, it is termed as a structural
diagram.

Purpose of Class Diagrams

The main purpose of class diagrams is to build a static view of an application. It is the
only diagram that is widely used for construction, and it can be mapped with object-
oriented languages. It is one of the most popular UML diagrams. Following are the
purpose of class diagrams given below:

1. It analyses and designs a static view of an application.

2. It describes the major responsibilities of a system.
3. It is a base for component and deployment diagrams.
4. It incorporates forward and reverse engineering.

Benefits of Class Diagrams

1. It can represent the object model for complex systems.
2. It reduces the maintenance time by providing an overview of how an
application is structured before coding.
3. It provides a general schematic of an application for better understanding.
4. It represents a detailed chart by highlighting the desired code, which is to be
programmed.
5. It is helpful for the stakeholders and the developers.

Vital components of a Class Diagram

The class diagram is made up of three sections:
o Upper Section: The upper section encompasses the name of the class. A class
is a representation of similar objects that shares the same relationships,
attributes, operations, and semantics. Some of the following rules that should
be taken into account while representing a class are given below:

1. Capitalize the initial letter of the class name.

2. Place the class name in the center of the upper section.

3. A class name must be written in bold format.

4. The name of the abstract class should be written in italics format.

o Middle Section: The middle section constitutes the attributes, which describe

the quality of the class. The attributes have the following characteristics:

1. The attributes are written along with its visibility factors, which are
public (+), private (-), protected (#), and package (~).

2. The accessibility of an attribute class is illustrated by the visibility

factors.

3. A meaningful name should be assigned to the attribute, which will

explain its usage inside the class.

o Lower Section: The lower section contains methods or operations. The

methods are represented in the form of a list, where each method is written in
a single line. It demonstrates how a class interacts with data.
Relationships
In UML, relationships are of three types:

o Dependency: A dependency is a semantic relationship between two or more

classes where a change in one class cause changes in another class. It forms a
weaker relationship.
In the following example, Student_Name is dependent on the Student_Id.

o Generalization: A generalization is a relationship between a parent class

(superclass) and a child class (subclass). In this, the child class is inherited from
the parent class.
For example, The Current Account, Saving Account, and Credit Account are
the generalized form of Bank Account.

o Association: It describes a static or physical connection between two or more

objects. It depicts how many objects are there in the relationship.
For example, a department is associated with the college.

Multiplicity: It defines a specific range of allowable instances of attributes. In case if a

range is not specified, one is considered as a default multiplicity.
For example, multiple patients are admitted to one hospital.

Aggregation: An aggregation is a subset of association, which represents has a relationship.

It is more specific then association. It defines a part-whole or part-of relationship. In this kind
of relationship, the child class can exist independently of its parent class.

The company encompasses a number of employees, and even if one employee resigns,
the company still exists.

Composition: The composition is a subset of aggregation. It portrays the dependency

between the parent and its child, which means if one part is deleted, then the other part
also gets discarded. It represents a whole-part relationship.

A contact book consists of multiple contacts, and if you delete the contact book, all the
contacts will be lost.

Abstract Classes
In the abstract class, no objects can be a direct entity of the abstract class. The
abstract class can neither be declared nor be instantiated. It is used to find the
functionalities across the classes. The notation of the abstract class is similar to that
of class; the only difference is that the name of the class is written in italics. Since
it does not involve any implementation for a given function, it is best to use the
abstract class with multiple objects.et us assume that we have an abstract class
named displacement with a method declared inside it, and that method will be
called as a drive (). Now, this abstract class method can be implemented by any
object, for example, car, bike, scooter, cycle, etc.

How to draw a Class Diagram?

The class diagram is used most widely to construct software applications. It not only
represents a static view of the system but also all the major aspects of an application.
A collection of class diagrams as a whole represents a system.

Some key points that are needed to keep in mind while drawing a class diagram are
given below:

1. To describe a complete aspect of the system, it is suggested to give a

meaningful name to the class diagram.
2. The objects and their relationships should be acknowledged in advance.
3. The attributes and methods (responsibilities) of each class must be known.
4. A minimum number of desired properties should be specified as more
number of the unwanted property will lead to a complex diagram.
5. Notes can be used as and when required by the developer to describe the
aspects of a diagram.
6. The diagrams should be redrawn and reworked as many times to make it
correct before producing its final version.
Class Diagram Example

A class diagram describing the sales order system is given below.

Usage of Class diagrams

The class diagram is used to represent a static view of the system. It plays an
essential role in the establishment of the component and deployment diagrams. It
helps to construct an executable code to perform forward and backward engineering
for any system, or we can say it is mainly used for construction. It represents the
mapping with object-oriented languages that are C++, Java, etc. Class diagrams can
be used for the following purposes:

1. To describe the static view of a system.

2. To show the collaboration among every instance in the static view.
 3. To describe the functionalities performed by the system.
4. To construct the software application using object-oriented languages.

5. UML Object Diagram

6. Object diagrams are dependent on the class diagram as they are derived from
the class diagram. It represents an instance of a class diagram. The objects
help in portraying a static view of an object-oriented system at a specific
instant.
7. Both the object and class diagram are similar to some extent; the only
difference is that the class diagram provides an abstract view of a system. It
helps in visualizing a particular functionality of a system.
8. Notation of an Object Diagram

9.

10. Purpose of Object Diagram

11.The object diagram holds the same purpose as that of a class diagram. The
class diagram provides an abstract view which comprises of classes and their
relationships, whereas the object diagram represents an instance at a
particular point of time.
12. The object diagram is actually similar to the concrete (actual) system behavior.
The main purpose is to depict a static view of a system.

Following are the purposes enlisted below:

o It is used to perform forward and reverse engineering.

o It is used to understand object behavior and their relationships practically.
o It is used to get a static view of a system.
o It is used to represent an instance of a system.

Example of Object Diagram

How to draw an Object Diagram?
1. All the objects present in the system should be examined before start drawing
the object diagram.
2. Before creating the object diagram, the relation between the objects must be
acknowledged.
3. The association relationship among the entities must be cleared already.
4. To represent the functionality of an object, a proper meaningful name should
be assigned.
5. The objects are to be examined to understand its functionality.

Applications of Object diagrams

The following are the application areas where the object diagrams can be used.

1. To build a prototype of a system.

2. To model complex data structures.
3. To perceive the system from a practical perspective.
4. Reverse engineering.

Class vs. Object diagram

Serial Class Diagram Object Diagram

No.

1. It depicts the static It portrays the real-

view of a system. time behavior of a
system.

2. Dynamic changes are Dynamic changes

 not included in the are captured in the
class diagram. object diagram.

3. The data values and It incorporates data

attributes of an values and
instance are not attributes of an
involved here. entity.

4. The object behavior is Objects are the

manipulated in the instances of a clas
class diagram.