EM 2 MODULE 2 LESSON 5

TRANSFORMATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS

Objectives:

1. To be able to identify the four types of transformation using trigonometric formulas.

2. To be able to determine the type of transformation of trigonometric formulas to be used

3. To use transformations to determine the integral of four types of trigonometric

functions.
Transformation by Trigonometric Formulas

There are four (4) types of transformations employed on integrands in the form of
trigonometric functions. These are the following, including the suggested transformations and
identities to be used:

Type I. ∫ sin m x cos n x dx, where either m or n is a positive odd integer.

If n is odd, write in the form ∫ sin m x cos n – 1 x  cos n x dx and replacing

cos 2 x = 1 – sin 2 x.
If m is odd, write in the form ∫ sin m - 1 x cos n x  sin m x dx and replacing
sin 2 x = 1 – cos 2 x.

Type II. ∫ tan n x dx, or ∫ cot n x dx, where n is an integer.

Use the formulas:

tan 2 x = sec 2 x – 1, cot 2 x = csc 2 x – 1,

Type III. ∫ tan m x sec n x dx, or ∫ cot m x csc n x dx, where n is a positive even

integer.

Use the formulas:

tan 2 x + 1 = sec 2 x,
cot 2 x + 1 = csc 2 x,

Type IV. ∫ sin m x cos n x dx, where both m or n are positive even integer.

Use the formulas: sin 2 x = ½ (1 – cos 2x),

cos 2 x = ½ (1 + cos 2x)

sin x cos x = ½ sin 2x

 Transformation by trigonometric formulas entails the identification of the four types of
transformation to be used. The integrand contains a combination of the sine and cosine function
and they are distinguished by their exponents either odd or even. Also it involves the
combination of the secant and tangent functions or the combination of cotangent and cosecant
functions or the single tangent or cotangent functions. Based on the type there are suggested
transformation formulas to be used based on some trigonometric identities that would be very
helpful. So, it is very convenient to remember the type of classification of transformation to be
used and the corresponding formulas to be used in evaluating it.

Four examples are presented here for each type.

Example (a). Evaluate ∫ sin 3 x cos 2 x dx

Solution:

Having the combination of sine and cosine functions would lead to either type 1
or Type IV. To distinguish between the two types, we must observe the exponents. One
of the exponents is odd. Therefore, the form is under Type I transformation.
The idea is to take the term with the odd exponent and factor with one term
having the exponent of 1. So, sin 3 x will be (sin 2 x) (sin x). There should be a term
having the exponent of 2, in this case, sin 2 x so that we can transform it to its suggested
identity, which is sin 2 x = 1 – cos 2 x.
∫ sin 3 x cos 2 x dx = ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x sin x dx sin 3 x is factored
into (sin 2 x) (sin x)

= ∫ (1 – cos2x) cos 2 x sin x dx5 sin 2 x is replaced by its

equivalent identity,
(1 – cos2x)

= ∫ cos 2 x sin x dx – ∫ cos 4 x sin x dx we make some

distribution of the
integral sign and cos 2
x sin x dx into the
3quantity (1 – cos2x).

𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝑥
= – − − +C each term is evaluated
3 5
using
the Power Formula.
 = – ⅓ cos 3 x + ⅕ cos 5 x + C Ans.

Example (b). Evaluate ∫ tan 4 y dy

Solution:

Having an integrand containing on the tangent function is under type 2, whichever the
exponent is odd or even.

The form is under Type II transformation.

The idea here is to factor the term with at least one factor containing an exponent of 2,
hence, tan 4 y becomes (tan 2 y )(tan 2 y), we do it this way so that we can replace the tan 2 y to
its equivalent trigonometric identity, tan 2 y = sec 2 x – 1.

∫ tan 4 y dy = ∫ tan 2 y tan 2 y dy the term is factored.

= ∫ ( sec 2 x – 1) tan 2 y dy tan 2 y is replaced by sec 2 x – 1

= ∫ tan 2 y sec 2 x dy – ∫ tan 2 y dy tan 2 y dy and the integral

sign is distributed to the
quantity sec 2 x – 1
= ⅓ tan 3 y – ∫ (sec 2 x – 1) dy The first term can be readily be
evaluated using power formula,
while the second term entails a
second round of transformation.

= ⅓ tan 3 y – ∫ sec 2 x dy – ∫ dy The integral sign and dx are

distributed into the quantity and
integration is performed.

= ⅓ tan 3 y – tan y – y + C Ans.

 Example (c). Evaluate ∫ tan4 θ sec4 θ dθ

Solution:

The integrand contains the tangent and secant function, therefore it is of Type III
transformation. sign and dx are distributed into the quantity. The requirement under Type III is
that the exponent of the secant function should be even. So that we can transform sec2 θ into the
equivalent 1 + tan2 θ.

∫ tan 4 θ sec4 θ dθ = ∫ tan4 θ sec2 θ sec2 θ dθ sec4 θ is factored into

(sec2 θ)( sec2 θ)

= ∫ tan4 θ sec2 θ (1 + tan2 θ) dθ Only one sec2 θ is

transformed into the
equivalent 1 + tan2 θ since we
need the other as part of du in
evaluating the integral.

= ∫ tan4 θ sec2 θ dθ + ∫ tan6 θ sec2 θ dθ we distribute

𝑡𝑎𝑛4 θ 𝑡𝑎𝑛7 θ
= + +C we evaluate using the power
4 7
formula for each term.

= ⅕ tan5 θ + 1/7 tan7 θ + C Ans.

 Example (d). Evaluate ∫ sin 4 x cos 2 x dx

Solution:

What distinguishes Type I from Type IV is when both of the exponents of sin and cos
are even. In this example, its form is under Type I transformation.
∫ sin 4 x cos 2 x dx

= ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x dx The term having the greater exponent is broken
down to equivalent terms or factors with the
exponent of two, in this case sin 4 x.
= ∫ (sin x cos x) 2 sin 2 x dx We are familiar with the form (sin x cos x) which
are both under the power of two. Since (sin x cos x)
is a suggested transformation formula under Type
IV. We placed them under one quantity to the
power of two.
= ∫ ( ½ sin 2x) 2 ( ½) (1 – cos 2x) dx replace, sin x cos x = ½ sin 2x and
sin 2 x = ½ (1 – cos 2x),
= ⅛ ∫ sin 2 2x (1 – cos 2x) dx simplify and distribute,

= ⅛ ∫ sin 2 2x dx – ⅛ ∫ sin 2 2x cos 2x dx the second term can be evaluated

using the power formula, the first
term will undergo another
transformation with
sin 2 2x = ½ (1 – cos 4x)
1
= ⅛ ∫ sin 2 2x dx – ⅛ ∙ 2 ∫ sin 2 2x (2) cos 2x dx
3
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
= ⅛ ∫ ½ (1 – cos 4x ) dx – 16 +C
3
1 1
= ∫ (1 – cos 4x) dx – 48 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 + C
16
1 1 1
= ∫ dx – 16 ∫ cos 4x dx – 48 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 +
16
1 1 1 1
= ∫ dx – 16 ∙ 4 ∫cos 4x (4) dx – 48 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 + C
16
1 1 1
= 𝑥 – 64 sin 4x dx – 48 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 + C Ans.
16
EM 2 M2 L5 Activity 1

A. Evaluate the following using the appropriate method.

1. ∫ sin 3 2x dx

2. ∫ cos 3 2𝜃 sin 2 2𝜃 d𝜃

3. ∫ sin 2 3𝛽 cos 2 3𝛽 d𝛽

4. ∫ sec 2 x tan 3 𝑥 d𝑥

5. ∫ sec 5 𝜃 tan 𝜃 d𝜃
EM 2 M2 L5 Assignment 1

A. Evaluate the following using the appropriate method.

1. ∫ cos 7 𝜃 d𝜃

2. ∫ sin 2 𝑦 cos 4 𝑦 d𝑦

3. ∫ cos 6 ½ t dt

𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫
𝑐𝑜𝑠6 𝑥

5. ∫ sin 3 x (2 – 3 cos x) 2 dx

6. ∫ cot 6 𝜃 d𝜃
FOR PRACTICE

Exercises.

A. Evaluate the following using trigonometric transformation.

1. ∫ cos 3 x sin 3 x dx

2. ∫ sin 2 u cos 5 u du

3. ∫ sin 2 x tan x dx

𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
4. ∫
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑡

5. ∫ sin 2 x dx

6. ∫ sin 3 𝑥 sin 3 2𝑥 d𝑥

7. ∫ cos 4 x sin 3 𝑥 d𝑥

8. ∫ tan 3 𝜃 d𝜃

9. ∫ sec 4 𝛽 d𝛽

10. ∫ tan 5 𝑥 d𝑥

11. ∫ sec 4 y tan 4 𝑦 d𝑦