Wireless LANs

2014

IEEE 802.11 Overview (2)

รศ. ดร. อนันต์ ผลเพิม่
Assoc. Prof. Anan Phonphoem, Ph.D.
[email protected]
Intelligent Wireless Network Group (IWING Lab)
http://iwing.cpe.ku.ac.th
Computer Engineering Department
Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand

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 Outline
• IEEE 802 Standards
• IEEE 802.11 Overview
• IEEE 802.11 Services
• History and present of IEEE 802.11

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 IEEE 802.11 Family

Standards Band Raw Throughput Typical

(GHz) Throughput
802.11 2.4 2 Mbps (Legacy)  1 Mbps
802.11a 5 54 Mbps 20 Mbps
802.11b 2.4 11 Mbps 5 Mbps
802.11g 2.4 54 Mbps 20 Mbps
802.11n 2.4 / 5 300, 600 Mbps 130 Mbps
802.11ac <6 1 Gbps ?

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 IEEE 802.11 Family
Task Group Descriptions
802.11c Improves interoperability
802.11d Multiple Regulatory Domains (Improve Roaming; New
country)
802.11e Quality of Service (QoS); prioritizing voice or video
802.11f Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP)
802.11h Supports measuring and managing the 5-GHz radio
signals in 802.11a
802.11i Enhanced Security (repairs WEP weakness)
802.11j Extensions for Japan
802.11k Passing specific radio frequency health and
management data to higher-level management apps.
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 IEEE 802.11 Family http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11

• IEEE 802.11p - WAVE - Wireless Access for the Vehicular Env. (e.g.
ambulances and passenger cars) (working - 09?)
• IEEE 802.11r - Fast roaming (08)
• IEEE 802.11s - Mesh Networking, Extended Service Set (ESS)
• IEEE 802.11T - Wireless Performance Prediction (WPP) – (cancel ?)
• IEEE 802.11u - Interworking with non-802 networks (for example,
cellular) (proposal evaluation - March 2010?)
• IEEE 802.11v - Wireless network management (early stages - 2010?)
• IEEE 802.11w - Protected Management Frames (early stages - 2009?)
• IEEE 802.11y - 3650-3700 MHz Operation in the U.S. (2008)
(from 802.11a to 3.7 GHz)
• IEEE 802.11z: Extensions to Direct Link Setup (DLS) (September 2010)

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 On the way http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11

• IEEE 802.11aa: Robust streaming of Audio Video Transport Streams

(~ March 2012)
• IEEE 802.11ac: Very High Throughput <6 GHz (~ December 2012)
• 802.11n improvement
• better modulation scheme (expected ~10% throughput increase)
• wider channels (80 or even 160 MHz)
• multi user MIMO
• IEEE 802.11ad: Very High Throughput 60 GHz (~ Dec 2012)
• IEEE 802.11ae: QoS Management (~ Dec 2011)
• IEEE 802.11af: TV Whitespace (~ Mar 2012)
• IEEE 802.11ah: Sub 1Ghz (~ July 2013)
• IEEE 802.11ai: Fast Initial Link Setup (~ Sep 2014)

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 Wireless System Roadmap

Intelligent Wireless http://www.dolcera.com/wiki/index.php?title=Image:Roadmap.jpg

Network Group CPE Department, Kasetsart
(IWING) University
 History: WLAN Technology Roadmap
WLAN standards will emphasize throughput, QoS, security & management…
Wi-Fi
Radio

802.11g
802.11b 802.11n •Migration to dual-band
•Faster data rates with .11n
802.11a
QoS

WME
(eDCF)
802.11e •VoIP & streaming support
Security

WEP
WPA 802.11i
(TKIP) (AES) •Strong AES encryption
802.1x •Port-based authentication
Cisco
CCXv1 CCXv2 CCXv3
Other

802.11k •Cisco interoperability

•Measurements & regulatory
802.11d 802.11h
By Randy Kendzior, Dell, Inc.
Past 2004 2005 2006 September 24, 2004
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 History: Wireless Technology Roadmap
GSM WCDMA
WWAN

GPRS 115 kbps EDGE HSPDA

384 kbps (UMTS) 2 Mbps

Increasing Range and Mobility 

CDMA2000
1xEV-DO 1xEV-DV
1xRTT 144 kbps 2.4 Mbps 3.1 Mbps
MobileFi
802.20
BWA

WiMAX
802.16e
802.16a 2-60 Mbps

Wi-Fi
WLAN

802.11g
802.11b 802.11n
11 Mbps 54 Mbps
802.11a 100+ Mbps

Bluetooth Bluetooth Bluetooth Bluetooth

WPAN

1.1 1.2 EDR 2.x

1 Mbps 3 Mbps
Zigbee Zigbee
802.15.4 250 Kbps 802.15.4’ 1 Mbps
UWB
NG UWB
802.15.3a
100 Mbps+ 480 Mbps
Past 2004 2005 2006 2007+
By Randy Kendzior, Dell, Inc.September 24, 2004
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 Wireless evolution (2011)

http://electronicdesign.com/article/communications/Wireless-Companies-Follow-The-Roadmap-Past-4G-And-On-.aspx
Louis E. Frenzel, June 01, 2011 10
 IEEE 802.11 Standards
802.11s 802.11p
Mesh WAVE

802.11r 802.11u
802.11h Fast Roam WIEN SG
DFS & TPC
802.11e 802.11v
802.11 (’99) 802.11i QoS WNM
MAC + Security CBP SG
2Mbps PHY 802.11k
802.11f RRM 802.11n
Inter AP High APF SG
MAC Throughput 802.11T
802.11m (>100 Mbps) Test
PHY 802.11a (’99) Maint Methods
54 Mbps
5GHz PHY
Study
802.11b (’99) 802.11g groups
11 Mbps 54 Mbps
2.4GHz PHY 2.4GHz PHY Current
work

Published By Peng Yan, Tampere University of Technology, 12/4/2005

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 History: 802.11 Legacy
• 1997: First standard
• Standard name: IEEE 802.11-1997
• Updated: IEEE 802.11-1999
• Starting Point for “Standard-based WLAN”
• Radio and infrared medium
• For 2 Mbps: (fallback to 1 Mbps – Noisy): Direct sequence
Spread Spectrum (DSSS) modulation
• For 1-2 Mbps Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
• Both DSSS and FHSS operate in ISM band 2.4 GHz

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 802.11b
• 802.11b-1999
• Range 50 – 100 m. (depends on obstacles)
• Omni-directional antenna
• Indoor / Outdoor / Point-to-point (high-gain
external antennas)
• Max throughput of 11 Mbps
• fallback 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbps

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 802.11b
• Attenuation: Metal, Thick walls, Water, etc.
• ISM Band 2.4 GHz
• DSSS
• CSMA/CA
• 14 overlapping channels
• Different channels for different countries
• 3 simultaneously channels
• E.g. 1, 6, and 11
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802.11b Channels http://www.air-stream.org/channel_802_11b

Japan

12 & 13
Not for US

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 802.11a
• 2001 (802.11a-1999)
• Max throughput of 54 Mbps
• Typical throughput around 20 Mbps
• ISM Band 5 GHz
• OFDM
• CSMA/CA

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 802.11a
• 12 nonoverlapping channels,
• 8 dedicated to indoor
• 4 to point to point
• Not widely deployed (US. / Japan)
• 802.11b popularity
• Less range / More attenuation
• Lack of roll back compatibility (now support a,b,and g)
• In Europe considering HiperLan2

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 Unlicensed National Information
Infrastructure (U-NII)

• Radio frequency spectrum used by 802.11a

devices
• U-NII Low (U-NII-1)
• 5.15-5.25 GHz
• Require use of an integrated antenna
• Power limited to 50mW
• U-NII Mid (U-NII-2)
• 5.25-5.35 GHz
• Allow for a user-installable antenna (radar avoidance)
• Power limited to 250mW
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 Unlicensed National Information
Infrastructure (U-NII)

• U-NII Upper (U-NII-3)

• 5.725 to 5.825 GHz
• Sometimes referred to as U-NII / ISM due to overlap
with the ISM band
• Allow for a user-installable antenna
• Power limited to 1W
• U-NII Worldwide
• 5.47-5.725 GHz
• Both outdoor and indoor (radar avoidance)
• Power limited to 250mW
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802.11a Channels
http://transition.fcc.gov/pshs/techtopics/techtopics10.html

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 802.11g
• 3rd quarter 2003
• ISM Band 2.4 GHz
• Max throughput of 54 Mbps (Net 24.7 Mbps)
• Fully backwards compatible with 802.11b
• OFDM
• CSMA/CA

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 802.11g Channels
• Same as 802.11b

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11g 22
 802.11n
• Established in Sep 2003
• 2 Competing Alliances (for the draft 802.11n)
• Task group n synchronization (TGn Sync)
• World Wide Spectrum Efficiency (WWiSE)
• Both agree on the usage of multiple input multiple output
(MIMO) antenna technology
• Mostly differences on channel bandwidth allocation, PHY
(OFDM) and MAC
• Max throughput (MAC SAP) ≥ 100 Mbps

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 Status 802.11n
• June 2007 Draft 2.0 (Official  device)
• Draft N, Pre-N
• May08 Draft 4.0, Jan09 Draft 7.0, May09 Draft 10.0 (Working)
• Qualcomm introduces “WCN1312” (June 2009)
• Single-Chip 802.11n Wireless LAN Solution for Handsets and Mobile
Devices
• 2.4 GHz, data rates up to 72 Mbps
• Data rates up to 600 Mbps
• Achieved with max of four spatial streams using a 40 MHz-wide
channel

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MIMO

• MIMO encoder
• divides 108 Mbps  2 x 54 Mbps Stream
• One antenna / stream on same radio channel
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 MIMO-OFDM based IEEE802.11n

http://www.merl.com/areas/images/adaptation.jpg

MCS: modulation and coding schemes

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 Example of Max data rates
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11n

Data rate (Mbit/s)

MCS Spatial Modulation Coding 20 MHz channel 40 MHz channel

index streams type rate
800 ns GI 400 ns GI 800 ns GI 400 ns GI

0 1 BPSK 1/2 6.50 7.20 13.50 15.00

1 1 QPSK 1/2 13.00 14.40 27.00 30.00
9 2 QPSK 1/2 26.00 28.90 54.00 60.00
10 2 QPSK 3/4 39.00 43.30 81.00 90.00

15 2 64-QAM 5/6 130.00 144.40 270.00 300.00

21 3 64-QAM 2/3 156.00 173.30 324.00 360.00

31 4 64-QAM 5/6 260.00 288.80 540.00 600.00

GI: Guard interval

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 802.11n Channel Bandwidth
• TGn Sync uses 40 MHz channels in the 5
GHz spectrum, the same one used by
802.11a
• WWiSE prefers 20 MHz channels in the 2.4
GHz consistently used 802.11b/g spectrum

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 Application Comparison
• 802.11a/b/g focus on computer networking
• 802.11n interests on broad communication and
entertainment areas
• Consumer applications like HDTV
• Streaming video
• Regular use for today 

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Non-overlapping Channels (2.4 GHz)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WLAN_channels

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 802.11 comparison
Family 802.11 802.11b 802.11a 802.11g 802.11n
Frequency 2400-2483.5 MHz 2400-2483.5Hz 5150-5250 MHz 2400-2483.5 MHz 2.4GHz and
5250-5350 MHz 5 GHz
5725-5825 MHz
Band ISM ISM UNII ISM ISM, UNII
Bandwidth 83.5 MHz 83.5 MHz 300 MHz 83.5 MHz Same
Allocation
Number of FHSS: 79 ch 3 12 3 Same as
Channels DSSS: 3 or 6 802.11b/a/g
Channel Width 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz or
40MHz
Standard year Jun. 1997 Sep. 1999 Sep. 1999 Jun. 2003 Oct. 2009

Modified from http://transition.fcc.gov/pshs/techtopics/techtopics10.html 31

 802.11 comparison
Family 802.11 802.11b 802.11a 802.11g 802.11n
Allowable 1 1 1 1 4
MIMO streams
Max PHY rate 2 Mbps 11 Mbps 54 Mbps 54 Mbps 144 Mbps
Up to 600 Mbps
Data <1.2 Mbps < 5 Mbps < 32 Mbps < 32 Mbps <80Mbps, 11g
Throughput <160 Mbps, 11a
Fall-back 1, 2 1, 2, 5.5, 11 6, 9, 12, 18, 6, 9, 12, 18, 20MHz: 7.2,
Data Rate / 24, 36, 48, 54 24, 36, 48, 14.4, 21.7, 28.9,
Stream (Mbps) 54 43.3, 57.8, 65,
72.2

40MHz:15, 30,
45, 60, 90, 120,
135, 150

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 802.11 comparison
Family 802.11 802.11b 802.11a 802.11g 802.11n
MAC CSMA/CA CSMA/CA CSMA/CA CSMA/CA CSMA/CA
Modulation FHSS DSSS OFDM OFDM OFDM/OFDMA
Technology DSSS DSSS DSSS With MIMO
Max. Power 1000mw 1000mw 50, 250, 1000 mw Same
(normal) (30mw) (30mw) 1000mw
Modulation BPSK BPSK,QPSK, BPSK, QPSK, CCK, QAM Same
CCK 16 - 64 QAM

Modified from http://transition.fcc.gov/pshs/techtopics/techtopics10.html 33

 802.11 Wi-Fi
• Specification defined by IEEE
(not compatibility guarantee)
• A special group, Wi-Fi Alliance
• Group of manufacturers
• Test compatibility
• Guarantee interoperability (by issue Wi-Fi Trademark)
• Start with 802.11b
 Dual band/Tri mode (a, b, or g) or more  n
• Security standard Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)

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 802.11 ac http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac

• Draft (Dec. 2012)

• 5 GHz band
• Multi-station throughput:  1 Gbps
• A single link throughput:  500 Mbps
• Higher Throughput
• Wider RF bandwidth (up to 160 MHz)
• More MIMO spatial streams (up to 8)
• High-density modulation (up to 256-QAM).
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 802.11ad http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac

• The Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WiGig)

• Unlicensed 60 GHz frequency band
• Specification version 1.0 WiGig: Dec 2009
• WiGig tri-band enabled devices
• 2.4, 5 and 60 GHz bands
• Data rates up to 7 Gbit/s
• = 8 antenna 802.11ac
• = 50 * highest 802.11n rate
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 802.11e
• MAC Enhancements for Quality of Service
in the capabilities and efficiency of the
protocol
• VoIP, Video conferencing, Movie, …

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 IEEE 802.11i
• Weakness reports in the WEP
• Create a larger number of initialization vectors for
encryption
• Dropping “WEP2”
•  Change to Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)
• a key retains its security over a period of time
• Need 802.1x
• Authenticating method
• Some weaknesses (man-in-the-middle interception)

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MeshDynamics

Since 2002, www.meshdynamics.com/MDPerformanceAnalysis.html

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