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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 3449

Fifth edition
2005-09-15

Earth-moving machinery — Falling-object

protective structures — Laboratory tests
and performance requirements
Engins de terrassement — Structures de protection contre les chutes
d'objets — Essais de laboratoire et critères de performance

Reference number
ISO 3449:2005(E)

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ISO 3449:2005(E)

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ISO 3449:2005(E)

Contents Page

Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ v
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 2
4 General................................................................................................................................................... 2
5 Laboratory tests.................................................................................................................................... 4
6 Performance requirements .................................................................................................................. 8
7 Labelling ................................................................................................................................................ 9
8 Reporting of test results .................................................................................................................... 10
Annex A (normative) Typical test report........................................................................................................ 11
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 13

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ISO 3449:2005(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 3449 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 127, Earth-moving machinery, Subcommittee SC 2,
Safety requirements and human factors.

This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition (ISO 3449:1992), which has been technically revised.

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ISO 3449:2005(E)

Introduction
This International Standard provides performance criteria for falling-object protective structures (FOPS). It
recognizes that there are various classes and sizes of machines that operate in a variety of environmental
conditions. It is intended to assure operators of reasonable protection from falling objects of different sizes and
masses.

Its laboratory tests are a means of evaluating the characteristics of the structures used to protect the operator
from localized impact penetration and, indirectly, of the load-carrying capacity of the supporting structure to
resist impact loading.

This International Standard establishes a consistent, repeatable means of evaluating characteristics of FOPS
under loading and prescribes performance requirements for these structures under such loading in a
representative test.

For similar tests on FOPS for excavators and excavator-based machines, see ISO 10262.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3449:2005(E)

Earth-moving machinery — Falling-object protective

structures — Laboratory tests and performance requirements

1 Scope
This International Standard specifies laboratory tests for measuring the structural characteristics of, and gives
performance requirements in a representative test for, falling-object protective structures (FOPS) intended for
use on ride-on earth-moving machines as defined in ISO 6165. It is applicable to both FOPS supplied as an
integral part of the machine and those supplied separately for attachment to the machine. It is not intended to
apply to FOPS intended for use on landfill compactors, excavators, rollers, trenchers, pipelayers, for the
additional seat for operation of an attachment (e.g. attachment backhoe), or on machines with a power rating
of less than 15 kW.

NOTE This International Standard can be used to provide guidance to the manufacturers of roll-over or falling-object
protective structures should it be decided to provide such protection for these or other machines for a particular application.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 148:1983, Steel — Charpy impact test (V-notch)1)

ISO 898-1:1999, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel — Part 1: Bolts,
screws and studs

ISO 898-2:1992, Mechanical properties of fasteners — Part 2: Nuts with specified proof load values — Coarse
thread

ISO 3164:1995, Earth-moving machinery — Laboratory evaluations of protective structures — Specifications

for deflection-limiting volume

ISO 3471:1994, Earth-moving machinery — Roll-over protective structures — Laboratory tests and
performance requirements

ISO 6165:—2), Earth-moving machinery — Basic types — Vocabulary

1) Under revision.
2) To be published. (Revision of ISO 6165:2001)

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ISO 3449:2005(E)

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1
falling-object protective structure
FOPS
system of structural members arranged in such a way as to provide operators with reasonable protection from
falling objects (trees, rocks, small concrete blocks, hand tools, etc.)

3.2
roll-over protective structure
ROPS
system of structural members whose primary purpose is to reduce the possibility of a seat-belted operator
being crushed should the machine roll-over

NOTE Structural members include any subframe, bracket, mounting, socket, bolt, pin, suspension or flexible shock
absorption used to secure the system to the machine frame, but exclude mounting provisions that are integral with the
machine frame.

3.3
deflection-limiting volume
DLV
orthogonal approximation of a large male, seated operator wearing normal clothing and a hard hat

NOTE See ISO 3164.

3.4
level I impact protection
impact strength for protection from small falling objects (e.g. bricks, small concrete blocks, hand tools)
encountered in operations such as highway maintenance, landscaping and other construction site services

3.5
level II impact protection
impact strength for protection from heavy falling objects (e.g. trees, rocks) for machines involved in site
clearing, overhead demolition or forestry

3.6
representative test
test of a specimen whose material, dimensional and processing requirements are typical of production FOPS

4 General
The FOPS may be integrated into the operator cab structure.

This test procedure is generally destructive of the FOPS assembly, as permanent deformation will occur to the
structure, and might not reproduce structural deformations, owing to variation in the actual impact of the falling
objects.

Two levels of performance criteria are specified for impact protection, based on the machine end use.

a) Level I: protection against the impact of a round test object dropped from a height sufficient to develop an
energy of 1 365 J. See Figures 1 a) and 2 a).

b) Level II: protection against the impact of a cylindrical test object dropped from a height sufficient to
develop an energy of 11 600 J. See Figures 1 b) and 2 b).

The drop height of the test object is defined as a function of its mass, as shown in Figure 1.
NOTE Although FOPS meeting these criteria do not give crush protection under all the circumstances in which the
machine could be struck from above, it is expected that protection from penetration will be ensured under conditions a)
and b).

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