ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Integrated design I

Analysis and design of G +2

reinforced concrete Structure

Analysis and design by:-

1. AWET KIROS ……..RTE028/04

2. ROBEL GIDEY ………RTE
3. H/MARIAM BRHANU..RTE
4. NEGASI KIDANE …..RTE
5. KEWANI B/TSIYON ...RTE

Submitted to instructor: MATIAS ABEBE (Msc)

Page 1 of 71
Page 2 of 71
Page 3 of 71
Wind Pressure on Structures based on EBCS-1, 1995.
a) Wind actions are fluctuating with time.
b) They act directly on the external surfaces of enclosed structures and, through
porosity of the external surface, also act indirectly on the internal surfaces.
c) They may also directly affect the internal surface of open structures.
d) Pressures act on areas of the surface producing forces normal" to the surface for the
structure or for individual cladding components.
e) Additionally, when large areas of structures are swept by the wind, frictional forces
acting tangentially to the surface, may be significant.
Basic value of wind velocity for Ethiopia vref,o = 22 m/sec

Reference wind velocity

vref = CDIR CTEM CALT vref,o = 1 * 1 * 1 * 22 = 22 m/sec

Page 4 of 71
 CDIR = CTEM = CALT = 1 → shall be taken as per EBCS 1

Reference wind pressure qref

To calculate the air density, the altitude is considered at the mid height of the building.

Values of Air Density  (EBCS-1, 1995)

Site altitude above sea level 

(m) (Kg/m3)
0 1.20
500 1.12
1000 1.06
1500 1.00
2000 0.94
The reference mean wind velocity pressure qref shall be determined from:
2
ρV
q ref = ref
2

1
= 2 1 ×222

= 0.242kN/m2……………………………………………..Ans

Roughness coefficient
The roughness coefficient Cr(z), accounts for the variability of mean wind speed velocity
at the site of the structure due to:

 The height above the ground level

 The roughness of the terrain depending on the wind direction

=> Cr(z) =KTln(z/zo)

Terrain Categories The terrain category attempts to take in to account the effect of the land
coverage. The terrain type is classified in to four groups in table 1.2 (EBCS-1).

Category Terrain KT Zo(m) Zmin(m)

I Lakes with at least 5km fetch upwind and smooth flat country 0.17 0.01 2

Page 5 of 71
 without obstacles
Farmland with boundary hedges, occasional small farm
II 0.19 0.05 4
structure, houses or trees
III Suburban or industrial areas and permanent forests 0.22 0.3 8
Urban areas in which at least 15% of the surface is covered
IV 0.24 1 16
with buildings and their average height exceeds 15m

 In our design, ADIGRAT can be considered as a sub urban area and therefore the
terrain category falls as category III

For terrain category III, Zmin = 8 m

Z = Reference height - can be taken as the overall height of the building = 10.2 m

Therefore, zmin ≤ z ≤ 200 m

8m<10.2m<200m

=> Cr(z) =KTln(z/zo)

10.2
=0.22ln ( 0.3 )

=0.776……………………………………………….ans

Topography Coefficient

 The topography coefficient Ct(z) accounts for the increase of mean wind speed over
isolated hills and escarpments (not undulating and mountainous regions).
 It is related to the wind velocity at the base of the hill or escarpment. It should be
considered for locations within the topography affected zone. It is defined by:
Ct = 1 assume flat terrain

Exposure Coefficient

Page 6 of 71
 The exposure coefficient, Ce (z) takes into account the effects of terrain roughness,
topography and height above ground. It is defined by:

[
C e (z )=C 2r ( z)C2t ( z ) 1+
7 KT
C r ( z )C t ( z ) ]
7 ×0.22
= (0.776)2 ×12(1+ 0.776∗1 )

=1.797…………………………………………………..Ans
Pressure Coefficient for Buildings

The values Cpe,10 and Cpe,1 in Tables for the orthogonal wind directions 0°, 90°, 180°.

 Duo pitch roofs

Wind direction for Ɵ=0 0

Page 7 of 71
 e = b or 2h which e/4 = 3.75m F
ever is smaller.
b = 15 m; 2h =
2*10.2 = 20.2m
Hence e = 15 m
α = tan-1(1.2/5)
= 13.5°
7.5m
G H J I 15 m

e/4 = 3.75m
F

e/10 = 1.5 m 3.5m 3.5m

1.5m

The values Cpe,10 and Cpe,1 in Tables for the orthogonal wind direction 0°.

Zone F G H I J

Area 5.63 11.25 52.5 52.5 22.5 Zone F

Cpe +ve 0.17 0.17 0.17 0 0.03
Cpe _ve -1.3 -0.86 -0.345 -0.43 -0.94 For =50
Cpi -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5
Cpe= cpe1 + (cpe10 –
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Cpe-cpi +ve 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.5 0.503 cpe1)log 10 5.63
Cpe-cpi -ve -2.1 -1.66 -1.145 -1.23 -1.443 = -2.5 +(-1.7 +2.5)
log 10 5.63

= -1.899…………………………..Ans

For =150

= -2 + (-0.9 + 2)log 10 5.63

Page 8 of 71
= -1.174…………………………….Ans
0
5 =X1
0
Interpolation 13.5 =cpe => cpe =0.15x1 +0.85X2
0
15 =X2

Tabular results of interpolation

Zone F G H I J

X1 -1.9 0 -1.2 0 -0.6 0 -0.6 0 -0.6 0.2

X2 -1.2 0.2 -0.8 0.2 -0.3 0.2 -0.4 0 -1 0

cpe(13.50 ) -1.3 0.17 -0.86 0.17 - 0.17 - 0 -0.94 0.03

0.345 0.4
3

µ=0

For closed buildings with internal partitions and opening windows the extreme values:
Cpi = 0.8 and Cpi = -0.5

 Net pressure=w e−wi =q ref [ C e ( z e )C pe −Ce ( z i )C pi ]

= 0.242kN/m^2 * 1.797* -2.10

= 0.913kN/m^2………………………………………………………….Ans

Page 9 of 71
Wind direction at Ɵ =90 0

e = b or 2h whichever
e/4 = 2.5m F
is smaller.
H
b = 10 m; I
G
2.5m
2h = 2*10.2 = 20.2m

Hence e = 10 m b =10m

2.5m G
α = Tan-1(1.2/5) I
H
= 13.5°

e/4 = 2.5m
F

e/10 = 1
e/2 = 5m 10m
Page 10 of 71
 0
5 =X1
0
Interpolation 13.5 =cpe => cpe =0.15x1 +0.85X2
0
15 =X2

Tabular results of interpolation

Zone F G H I

X1 -1.96 -1.721 -0.7 -0.6

X2 -1.721 -1.721 -0.6 -0.5

Cpe(13.50 ) -1.607 -1.721 -0.62 -0.52

Zone F

For =50

Cpe= cpe1 + (cpe10 –cpe1)log 10 2.5

= -2.2 +(-1.6 +2.2)log 10 2.5

= -1.96…………………………..Ans

For =150

= -2 + (-1.3+ 2)log 10 2.5

= -1.721…………………………….Ans

Zone G

For =50

Cpe= cpe1 + (cpe10 –cpe1)log 10 2.5

= -2.0 +(-1.3 +2.0)log 10 2.5

= -1.721…………………………..Ans

For =150

= -2 + (-1.3 + 2)log 10 2.5

= -1.721…………………………….Ans

Page 11 of 71
The values Cpe,10 and Cpe,1 in Table for the orthogonal wind direction 90°.

Zone F G H I

Area 2.5 2.5 20 50

Cpe -1.607 -1.721 -0.62 -0.52

Cpi 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Cpe – cpi (13.50 ) -2.407 -2.521 -1.42 -1.32

Net pressure=w e−wi =q ref [ C e ( z e )C pe −Ce ( z i )C pi ]

= 0.242 kN/m^2 * 1.797* -2.521

=1.096 kNm^2…………………………………………………………….Ans
= 0 of the building
Therefor the maximum net pressure is at Ɵ 90

Mono pitch

SAP2000

Page 12 of 71
SAP2000 v14.0.0 - File:monopitch - X-Z Plane @ Y=0 - KN, m, C Uni

Reference Wind Pressure

2
ρV
q ref = ref
2

1
= 1 ×222
2

=0.242kN/m2……………………………………………..Ans

Terrain Categories…..III(ADIGRAT ,sub urban city)

k T =0.22

zo=0.3m

zmin =8m

Roughness coefficient

Cr(z) =KTln(z/zo) for zmin ≤ z ≤ 200 m

8m<10.2m<200m

10.2
=0.22ln ( )
0.3

= 0.776……………………………………………….Ans

Topography Coefficient

Ct = 1 assume flat terrain

1.5.1. Exposure Coefficient

[
C e (z )=C 2r ( z )C2t ( z ) 1+
7 KT
C r ( z )C t ( z ) ]
7 ×0.22
= (0.776)2 ×12(1+ )
0.776∗1

= 1.797…………………………………………………..Ans

Page 13 of 71
 Pressure Coefficient

Wind direction for Ɵ =0 0

e = b or 2h whichever is smaller. F

b = 14 m; 2h = 2*10.2 = 20.4m
e/4 = 3.5m
H
Hence e = 14 m

α = tan-1(1.2/5)
7.5m G b =14 m
= 13.5°

e/4 = 3.5m

e/10 = 1.4 m 3m

The values Cpe,10 and Cpe,1 in Table for the orthogonal wind direction 0°.

zone F G H

area 4.9 9.8 42

Cpe +ve 0.2 0.2 0.2

Cpe –ve -1.241 -0.91 -0.3

Cpi 0.8 0.8 0.8

-0.5 -0.5 -0.5

Cpe – cpi +ve 0.7 0.7 0.7

Cpe –cpi -ve -2.041 -1.71 -1.10

Zone F

Cpe= cpe1 + (cpe10 –cpe1)log 10 4.9

Page 14 of 71
 = -2.0 +(-0.9+2.0)log 10 4.9

= -1.241…………………………..Ans

Cpe = 0.2 + (-0.2+0.2)log 10 4.9

= 0.2…………………………….Ans

Zone G

Cpe= cpe1 + (cpe10 –cpe1)log 10 2.5

= -1.5 +(-0.8 +1.5)log 10 9.8

= -0.91…………………………..Ans

Cpe = 0.2 + (-0.2 +0. 2)log 10 9.8

= 0.2……………….………………….Ans

 Net pressure=w e−wi =q ref [ C e ( z e )C pe −Ce ( z i )C pi ]

= 0.242 kN/m^2 * 1.797* -2.041

= -0.888 kNm^2…………………………………………………………….Ans

The values Cpe,10 and Cpe,1 in Table for the orthogonal wind direction For Ɵ =1800

zone F G H

Area (m^2) 4.9 9.8 42

Cpe -2.59 -1.31 -0.9

Cpi 0.8 0.8 0.8

Cpe - cpi -3.39 -2.11 -1.7

Zone F

Cpe= cpe1 + (cpe10 –cpe1)log 10 4.9

= -2.8 +(-02.5+2.8)log 10 4.9

Page 15 of 71
= -2.590…………………………..Ans

Zone G

Cpe= cpe1 + (cpe10 –cpe1)log 10 2.5

= -2.0 +(-1.3+2.0)log 10 9.8

= -1.310…………………………..Ans

 Net pressure=w e−wi =q ref [ C e ( z e )C pe −Ce ( z i )C pi ]

= 0.242 kN/m^2 * 1.797* -3.39

= -1.47 kNm^2…………………………………………………………….Ans

Wind direction for Ɵ =90 0

e/4 = 1.1m Fup

e = b or 2h whichever is smaller.

b = 4.4 m; 2h = 2*10.2 = 20.4m

H I
Hence e = 4.4 m 2.2m G b =4.4m

α = tan-1(1.2/5)

= 13.5°
e/4 = 1.1m Flow

e/10 = 0.44m

e/2 = 2.2m 12.24m

Page 16 of 71
The values Cpe,10 and Cpe,1 in Table for the orthogonal wind direction 90°.

zone Fup Flow G H I

Area 0.484 0.484 0.97 7.74 53.86

Cpe -2.9 -2.4 -2.50 -0.84 -0.70

Cpi 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Cpe - cpi -3.7 -3.2 -3.3 -1.64 -1.5

Zone H

Cpe= cpe1 + (cpe10 –cpe1)log 10 2.5

= -1.2 +(-0.8+1.2)log 10 7.74

= -0.84…………………………..Ans

 Net pressure=w e−wi =q ref [ C e ( z e )C pe −Ce ( z i )C pi ]

= 0.242 kN/m^2 * 1.797* -3.7

= -1.61 kNm^2…………………………………………………………….Ans

Therefore the maximum net pressure of mono pitch roof is @ 90 degree

W max = -1.610 kN/m^2…………………………………………………………Ans

SAP2000

Page 17 of 71
SAP2000 v14.0.0 - File:new integration - Frame Distributed Loads (wind) - KN, m, C Units

Earth quake
Weight calculation

Floor axis Length Width Depth Ɣ(kN/m^3) Weight

(m) (m) (m) (kN)
1st floor

slab E 8.9 1.8 0.15 25 106.57

D 8.9 3.6 0.15 25 120.15

Page 18 of 71
 C` 4.55 5.3 0.15 25 90.431

C 8.9 3.575 0.15 25 119.32

B 26.84 4.7 0.1 25 437.06

A 26.84 2.13 0.15 25 214.38

Stair - 38.438
case
opening
Sub total 1049.48

beam E 13.45 0.25 0.4 25 33.625

D& C` 13.45 0.25 0.4 25 33.625

C 8.9 0.4 0.25 25 22.25

B 26.84 0.4 0.25 25 67.1

A 26.84 0.4 0.25 25 67.1

1,2,3,6,7 15 0.4 0.25 25 187.5

4,5 4.1 0.4 0.25 25 10.25

Sub total 421.45

Column all 4.5 0.4 0.4 25 486

Sub total 486

wall 1,2,3.6,7 15 4.5 0.23 14 1086.75

A,B 26.84 4.5 0.23 14 777.82

Sub total 1864.57

1st floor total 3821.5

weight
2nd floor

slab 1049.48

beam 421.45

Page 19 of 71
column all 3 0.4 0.4 25 324

wall all 41.84 3 0.23 14 1243.05

2nd floor 3037.93

total weight
Roof

beam 421.45
column all 1.5 0.4 0.4 25 162

wall all 41.84 1.5 0.23 14 621.52

Truss 800
weight
Roof total 2464.49
weight

Design spectrum
For liner analysis the design spectrum sd (T) normalized by acceleration of gravity g is defined by
the following expression

sd (T)=αƔβ

α= α 0 * I

α 0= bed rock acceleration ratio for the site and depends on seismic zone

I= importance factor

Page 20 of 71
ADIGRAT is zone four according to EBCS

α= 0.1 *1

= 0.1……………………………Ans

T 1=¿ 0.075 *93 / 4

=0.39
Page 21 of 71
 1.2∗1.2
 β= 2 /3 = 2.7 > 2.5 => use 2.5……………..ans
0.39

Ɣ0 =0.2 for frame system

k D = 1.5 for concrete grade c-25
k R =¿ 1.25 for irregular structures
k W = 1 for frame system
Ɣ = 0.2 * 1.5* 1.25 *1
¿ 0.38 < 0.7………..ok

¿>¿ sd (T)=αƔβ

=0.1 * 2.5 * 0.38

= 0.094……………………………………………………………..Ans

F b =0.094 * 9323.92
¿ 876.45KN ……………………………………………Ans

F t=¿ 0.07 * 0.39 * 876.45

¿ 23.93 KN ………………………………………..Ans

Floor Wi hi Wi hi
(KN) (m)

Page 22 of 71
 Roof 2464 9 22180.41 388.46

2nd 3037.93 6 18227.58 299.57

1st 3821.5 3 11464.5 188.42

∑ 9323.92 51872.5

Slab design
Analysis of Edge-Supported Two-Way Slabs by the Coefficient Method

Page 23 of 71
Step 1 :- compute minimum depth for serviceability requirement
0.6 fyk lx
d ≥ ( 0.4 + 400 ) βa

0.6∗300 lx
≥ ( 0.4 + 400
) βa

lx
≥ 0.85 βa ………………………………………………………………..*

panel Ly Lx Ly/Lx Type of a d

(mm) (mm)
support =0.85Lx/a
Page 24 of 71
 condition
5300 4250 1.25 Two way 37.5 96.33
end span
S-1

5300 4250 1.25 Two way 37.5 96.33

interior span
S-2

4100 3960 1.04 Two way 40 84.15

interior span
S-3

4660 4100 1.14 Two way 43.6 79.93

S-4 interior span

4900 4100 1.2 Two way 43 81.05

interior span
S-5

4350 4100 1.06 Two way 40 87.13

end span
S-6

4250 4100 1.04 Two way 40 87.13

end span
S-7

4250 3550 1.2 Two way 38 79.41

end span
S-8

Page 25 of 71
 4250 3600 1.18 Two way 38.2 80.1
end span
S-9

4250 3450 1.23 Two way 37.7 77.79

end span
S-10

4350 3450 1.26 Two way 37.4 78.41

end span
S-11

4350 3600 1.21 Two way 37.9 80.74

end span
S-12

4350 3600 1.21 Two way 37.9 80.74

end span
S-13

 The governing effective depth is d = 96.33 use 100 mm

Page 26 of 71
Assume L = 10 mm

Concrete cover =15mm

dx = cover +L/2

= 15mm + 10 mm/2

= 20mm

dy = 15 mm + 10 mm +10 mm/ 2 = 30mm

D x = dx + dx

= 100 + 20 = 120 mm
D y = dy + dy

= 100 + 30 = 130 mm

¿ Dx + Dy ¿ 120+ 130
 D D = 125mm
2 2

Provide a depth (D) = 130mm

Page 27 of 71
Step 2:- load computation
i, dead load (according to EBCS - 2)

Material T(m) Ɣ Load

3
kN /m kN /m2
PVC 0.01 16 0.16
ii, live load
Cement screed 0.03 23 0.69
Category A – bed room
RC- slab 0.13 24 3.12
(general)
Cement plastering 0.02 23 0.46
LL = 2kN/m^2
total 4.43
Design load (Pd)

Pd = 1.3DL + 1.6 LL

= 1.3(4.43) + 1.6(2)

= 8.96KN/m^2………………………………………………………Ans

Step 3 :- Analysis

5.3m

4.2

ly 5.3
= =1.25
lx 4.2

Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panels supported on four sides with provision for
torsion at corners.

Ɣ xs=¿0 ¿

Ɣ xf =¿ ¿ 0.067 using interpolation from table

Ɣ ys=¿¿ 0.058

Ɣ yf =¿¿ 0.044.

Individual Panel Moments

Page 28 of 71
Moments for individual panels with edges either simply supported or fully fixed are calculated as:

M xf =α xf P d L M xs =α xs Pd L
x2 x2

M yf =α yf Pd L M ys =α ys P d L
x2 x2

M xs =α xs Pd L
x2 =0* 8.960kN /m^2 * (4.2m)^2

= 0………………………………………………….Ans

M xf =α xf P d L
x2 = 0.067 *8.96kN/m^2 * (4.2m)^2

= 10.59 kNm……………………………………………………….Ans

M ys =α ys P d L
x2 =0.058 * 8.960kN /m^2 * (4.2m)^2

= 9.17 knm………………………………………………………………Ans

M yf =α yf Pd L
x2 = 0.044*8.960kN /m^2 * (4.2m)^2

= 6.95KNm……………………………………………………………Ans

Using excel the critical moments are as follow

Panel Name S-2 D [mm]

Alpha values xs  ys  xf  yf 
0.00 0.045 0.06 0.034 0.24
Moment Mxs Mys Mxf Myf
0.00 7.28 9.71 5.50
Panel Name S-3 D [mm]
Alpha values xs  ys  xf  yf 

Page 29 of 71
 0.051 0.045 0.038 0.034 0.24
Moment Mxs Mys Mxf Myf
7.17 6.32 5.34 4.78
Panel Name S-6 D [mm]
Alpha values xs  ys  xf  yf 
0.053 0.045 0.04 0.034 0.25
Moment Mxs Mys Mxf Myf
7.98 6.78 6.02 5.12
Panel Name S-7 D [mm]
Alpha values xs  ys  xf  yf 
0.051 0.045 0.038 0.034 0.24
Moment Mxs Mys Mxf Myf
7.68 6.78 5.72 5.12
Panel Name S-8 D [mm]
Alpha values xs  ys  xf  yf 
0.063 0.045 0.047 0.034 0.30
Moment Mxs Mys Mxf Myf
7.11 5.08 5.31 3.84
Panel Name S-9 D [mm]
Alpha values xs  ys  xf  yf 
0.061 0.045 0.046 0.034 0.29
Moment Mxs Mys Mxf Myf
7.08 5.22 5.34 3.95
Panel Name S-10 D [mm]
Alpha values xs  ys  xf  yf 
0.065 0.045 0.049 0.034 0.31
Moment Mxs Mys Mxf Myf
6.93 4.80 5.23 3.63
Panel Name S-11 D [mm]
Alpha values xs  ys  xf  yf 
0.067 0.045 0.05 0.034 0.32
Moment Mxs Mys Mxf Myf
7.14 4.80 5.33 3.63
Panel Name S-12 D [mm]
Alpha values xs  ys  xf  yf 
0.048 0.037 0.036 0.028 0.34
Moment Mxs Mys Mxf Myf
5.57 4.30 4.18 3.25
Panel Name S-13 D [mm]
Alpha values xs  ys  xf  yf 
0.048 0.037 0.036 0.028 0.34
Moment Mxs Mys Mxf Myf
5.57 4.30 4.18 3.25

Page 30 of 71
Alpha values
s-4 xs  ys  xf  yf 
0.00 0.045 0.05 0.034 0.20
Moment Mxs Mys Mxf Myf
0.00 6.78 7.53 5.12

Step 4:- Moment adjustment

i, support moment adjustment between panel 1& 2

M l= 9.17 KNm & M s = 7.28 kNm

ΔM = M l−M s

=9.17 -7.28 = 1.89kNm

ΔM 1.89
%ΔM= * 100%= ∗100 %
Ml 9.17

= 20.6& > 20%

Page 31 of 71
Then using the moment distribution

Lx L =4.25 Lx S=4.25
3 3
∗1 ∗1
4 4
k L= = =0.176
l ( x ) l 4.25

3 3
∗1 ∗1
4 4
k L= = =0.176
l ( x ) s 4.25

kl 0.176
D F=DL= = = 0.5
∑ Kl 2(0.176)

 then the design moment will be

Md = Ml – DL * ΔM
= 9.17 -0.5(1.89) = 8.23 KNm …………………………………….Ans
Support moment adjustment between panel 2& 3

M l= 7.28 KNm & M s = 6.32 kNm

ΔM = M l−M s
=7.28 -6.32 = 1.05kNm
ΔM 1.05
%ΔM= * 100%= ∗100 %
Ml 7.28
= 14% < 20% …
 take the average
 Md = Ml – DL * ΔM
7.28+6.32
= =6.8 knm……………………………………….Ans
2
Support moment adjustment between panel 3& 4
M l= 7.17 KNm & M s = 6.78 kNm
ΔM = M l−M s
=7.17 -6.78 = 0.39kNm
ΔM 0.39
%ΔM= * 100%= ∗100 %
Ml 7.17
= 5.4% < 20% …
 take the average
Page 32 of 71
 Md = Ml – DL * ΔM
7.17+6.78
= =6.98 knm ……………………………………….Ans
2
Support moment adjustment between panel 4& 5
M l= 8.89 KNm & M s = 6.78 kNm
ΔM = M l−M s
=8.89 -6.78 = 2.11kNm
ΔM 2.11
%ΔM= * 100%= ∗100 %
Ml 8.89
= 24 > 20% then the moment distribution

Lx s=4.1
Lx L =4.1
3 3
∗1 ∗1
4 4
k L= = =0.176
l ( x ) l 4.25
3 3
∗1 ∗1
4 4
k L= = =0.176
l ( x ) s 4.25
kl 0.176
D F=DL= = = 0.5
∑ Kl 2(0.176)

 then the design moment will be

Md = Ml – DL * ΔM
= 8.89 -0.5(2.11) = 7.84 KNm …………………………………….Ans

Support moment adjustment between panel 6& 13

M l= 7.98 KNm & M s = 5.57 kNm
ΔM = M l−M s
=7.98 -5.57 = 2.41kNm
ΔM 2.41
%ΔM= * 100%= ∗100 %
Ml 7.89
= 30& > 20% then the moment distribution

Lx L =4.1 Lx s=3.55

Page 33 of 71
 3 3
∗1 ∗1
4 4
k L= = =0.183
l ( x ) l 4.1
3 3
∗1 ∗1
4 4
k L= = =0.211
l ( x ) s 3.55
kl 0.183
D F=DL= = 0.183+0.211 = 0.464
∑ Kl ¿
¿

 then the design moment will be

Md = Ml – DL * ΔM
= 7.98 -0.464(2.41) = 6.86 KNm …………………………………….Ans
Support moment adjustment between panel 7& 8

M l= 7.68 KNm & M s = 7.11 kNm

ΔM = M l−M s
=7.68 -7.11 = 0.57kNm
ΔM 0.57
%ΔM= * 100%= ∗100 %
Ml 7.68
= 7.4% < 20% …
 take the average
 Md = Ml – DL * ΔM
7.68+7.12
= =7.4 knm ……………………………………….Ans
2
Support moment adjustment between panel 8& 13

M l= 5.08 KNm & M s = 4.30 kNm

ΔM = M l−M s
=5.08 -4.30 = 0.78kNm
ΔM 0.78
%ΔM= * 100%= ∗100 %
Ml 5.08
=15% < 20% …
 take the average
 Md = Ml – DL * ΔM
5.08+4.30
= =4.69 knm……………………………………….Ans
2
Support moment adjustment between panel 9& 12

M l= 5.22 KNm & M s = 4.30 kNm

Page 34 of 71
 ΔM = M l−M s
=5.22 -4.3 = 0.9kNm
ΔM 0.9
%ΔM= * 100%= ∗100 %
Ml 5.22
= 18% < 20% …
 take the average
 Md = Ml – DL * ΔM
5.22+ 4.30
= =4.76 knm……………………………………….Ans
2
Support moment adjustment between panel 9& 10

M l= 7.11 KNm & M s = 6.930 kNm

ΔM = M l−M s
=7.11 – 6.93= 0.18kNm
ΔM 0.9
%ΔM= * 100%= ∗100 %
Ml 5.22
= 3% < 20% …
 take the average
 Md = Ml – DL * ΔM
7.11+ 6.93
= =7.02 knm……………………………………….Ans
2

Support moment adjustment between panel 11& 12

M l= 7.14 KNm & M s = 5.57 kNm
ΔM = M l−M s
=7.14 -5.57 1.57kNm
ΔM 1.571
%ΔM= * 100%= ∗100 %
Ml 7.14
= 22 > 20% then the moment distribution

Lx L =3.45 Lx s=3.6

3 3
∗1 ∗1
4 4
k L= = =0.217
l ( x ) l 3.45
3 3
∗1 ∗1
4 4
k L= = =0.208
l ( x ) s 3.6

Page 35 of 71
 kl 0.217
D F=DL= = = 0.51
∑ Kl 0.217+0.208

 then the design moment will be

Md = Ml – DL * ΔM
= 7.14 -0.51(1.57) = 6.34 KNm …………………………………….Ans
ii, span moment adjustment
Span moment adjustment panel 1
L y =5.3

L x =4.25

ly 5.3
= =1.25
lx 4.2

ΔM xs = M xs −M d
= 9.17 – 8.23 = 0.94 kNm
Factors for adjusting span moment’s mxf and myf
c x1=0.322
c y 1=0.154

Md xf = M xf +c x 1 ΔM xs
¿ 10.59+0.332∗094
¿ 10.9 KNm…………………………………………………………………..Ans
Md yf = M yf + c y 1 ΔM ys
¿ 6.95 + 0.154 * 0.94
¿ 7.10 KNm ………………………………………………………………………..Ans

Span moment adjustment panel 2

ly 5.3
= =1.25
lx 4.2

Page 36 of 71
ΔM xs = M xs −M d
= 7.28 – 6.8 = 0.48 kNm
Factors for adjusting span moment’s mxf and myf
c x1=0.322
c y 1=0.154

Md xf = M xf +c x 1 ΔM xs
¿ 9.71+0.332∗0.48
¿ 9.87 KNm…………………………………………………………………..Ans
Md yf = M yf + c y 1 ΔM ys
¿ 5.50 + 0.154 * 0.48
¿ 5.57 KNm ………………………………………………………………………..Ans

Span moment adjustment panel 3

L x =3.96

ly 4.1
= =1.04
lx 3.96
L y =4.1

ΔM xs = M xs −M d
= 7.17 – 6.98 = 0.19 kNm
Factors for adjusting span moment’s mxf and myf
c x1=0.381
c y 1=0.281
Md xf = M xf +c x 1 ΔM xs
¿ 5.34+ 0.381∗0.19
¿ 5.41 KNm …………………………………………………………………..Ans
Md yf = M yf + c y 1 ΔM ys
¿ 4.78 + 0.281 * 0.19
¿ 4.83 KNm ………………………………………………………………………..Ans

Page 37 of 71
Span moment adjustment panel 5

ly 4.9
= =1.2
lx 4.1

ΔM xs = M xs −M d
= 8.89 – 7.84 = 1.05 kNm
Factors for adjusting span moment’s mxf and myf
c x1=0.383
c y 1=0.172

Md xf = M xf +c x 1 ΔM xs
¿ 6.63+0.338∗1.05
¿ 6.98 KNm…………………………………………………………………..Ans
Md yf = M yf + c y 1 ΔM ys
¿ 9.34 + 0.172 * 1.05
¿ 9.52 KNm ………………………………………………………………………..Ans

Span moment adjustment panel 6

ly 4.35
= =1.06
lx 4.1

ΔM ys = M ys −M d
= 7.98 – 6.86 = 1.12 kNm
Factors for adjusting span moment’s mxf and myf
c x1=0.358

Page 38 of 71
 c y 1=0.223

Md xf = M xf +c x 1 ΔM xs
¿ 6.02+0.358∗1.12
¿ 6.42 KNm…………………………………………………………………..Ans
Md yf = M yf + c y 1 ΔM ys
¿ 5.12 + 0.223 * 1.12
¿ 5.37 KNm ………………………………………………………………………..Ans

Span moment adjustment panel 7

ly 4.2
= =1.04
lx 4.1

ΔM ys = M ys −M d

= 7.68 – 7.40 = 0.28 kNm

Factors for adjusting span moment’s mxf and myf

c x1=0.368

c y 1=0.25

Md xf = M xf +c x 1 ΔM xs

Page 39 of 71
¿ 5.72+0.368∗0.28

¿ 5.82 KNm …………………………………………………………………..Ans

Md yf = M yf + c y 1 ΔM y s

¿5.12 + 0.25 * 0.28

¿ 5.19 KNm ………………………………………………………………………..Ans.

Span moment adjustment panel 8

ly 4.25
= =1.2
lx 3.55

ΔM xs = M xs −M d

= 5.08 – 4.69 = 0.39 kNm

Factors for adjusting span moment’s mxf and myf

c x1=0.3383

c y 1=0.172

Md xf = M xf +c x 1 ΔM xs

¿ 5.31+0.338∗0.39

¿ 5.44 KNm…………………………………………………………………..Ans

Md yf = M yf + c y 1 ΔM ys

Page 40 of 71
¿ 3.84 + 0.172 * 0.39

¿ 3.91KNm ………………………………………………………………………..Ans

Span moment adjustment panel 9

ly 4.2
= =1.18
lx 3.6

ΔM xs = M xs −M d

= 7.11– 7.02 = 0.09 kNm

ΔM ys = M ys −M d

= 5.22 – 4.76 = 0.46 kNm

Factors for adjusting span moment’s mxf and myf

c x1=0.383

c y 1=0.172
c x2=0.344

c y 2=0.364

Md xf = M xf +c x 1 ΔM xs +c x 2 ΔM ys

¿ 5.34+ 0.338∗0.09+ 0.344∗0.46

¿ 5.53 KNm…………………………………………………………………..Ans

Page 41 of 71
Md yf = M yf + c y 1 ΔM ys +c y 2 ΔM ys

¿ 3.95 + 0.172 * 0.09 + 0.364 * 0.46

¿ 4.13 KNm ………………………………………………………………………..Ans

Span moment adjustment panel 11

ly 4.35
= =1.26
lx 3.45

ΔM ys = M ys −M d

= 7.14 – 6.34 = 0.8 kNm

Factors for adjusting span moment’s mxf and myf

c x2=0.359

c y 2=0.357

Md xf = M xf +c x 2 ΔM xs

¿ 5.33+0.359∗0.8

¿ 5.62 KNm …………………………………………………………………..Ans

Md yf = M yf + c y 2 ΔM ys

¿3.63 + 0.357 * 0.8

¿ 3.92 KNm ………………………………………………………………………..Ans.

Page 42 of 71
Adjusted span and support moments

Step 5 :-design constants

Page 43 of 71
 Class I works Class II works
Design situation
Concrete, c Reinforcing steel, s Concrete, c Reinforcing steel, s
Persistent and Transient 1.50 1.15 1.65 1.20
Accidental 1.30 1.00 1.45 1.10

fcd = (0.85fck) /c = 0.85 * 0.8 * 25/1.5

= 11.33Mpa

fyd = fyk / s = 300/1.15

= 260.87 Mpa
kx max = 0.448

Step 6:- check the depth for max moment

Mmax = 10.9 kNm

d≥
√ ( M max )
(0.8 fcd b∗kxmax∗(1−0.4 kxmax))

√
6
10.9∗10
d≥
(0.8∗11.33∗1000∗0.448∗(1−0.4∗0.448))

= 57.19 < d used = 100mm…………………………………………………safe!

Step 7 :- reinforcement
i, span reinforcement

0.5 0.5
ρmin = = = 0.0016
fyk 300
( A¿¿ smin)x= ρmin ¿ * b * dx

= 0.0016 *1000mm * 110mm

= 183.7mm^2…………

( A¿¿ smin) y =ρmin ¿ * b * dy

= 0.0016 *1000mm * 100mm

= 167mm^2…………………………………………

smax ¿ ≤ 2D or 350mm

Page 44 of 71
2D = 2*130 =260 mm

 smax ¿ 260mm
 using general design table

K m=
√M

d
b = using table number 1a K m read K s corresponding to steel

grade
ks∗M
A s=
d

b∗a s
s❑=
As
at span

X – direction

Md dx Km Ks As As Scal Spro Remark

Panel (KNm) (m) calculated provide (mm) (mm)
(mm^2) (mm^2)
1 10.9 0.11 30.01 4.05 401.32 401.32 195.7 190 ∅ 10c/c 190

2 9.87 0.11 28.26 4.03 361.6 361.6 217.2 210 ∅ 10c/c 210

3 5.41 0.11 21.14 3.97 195.25 195.25 402.2 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
5
4 7.53 0.11 24.95 3.96 271.08 271.08 361.8 260 ∅ 10c/c 260

5 9.52 0.11 28.05 4.03 348.78 348.78 281.2 260 ∅ 10c/c260

6 6.42 0.11 23.03 3.98 232.29 232.29 422.2 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
2
7 5.82 0.11 21.93 3.97 210.05 210.05 466.9 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
2
8 5.44 0.11 21.2 3.97 196.33 196.33 400.0 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
4
9 5.53 0.11 21.38 3.97 199.58 199.58 393.5 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
3
10 5.23 0.11 20.79 3.96 188.28 188.28 417.1 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
4
11 5.62 0.11 21.55 3.97 189.84 189.84 413.7 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
2
12 4.18 0.11 18.59 3.96 150.48 183.7 427.5 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
4

Page 45 of 71
13 4.18 0.11 18.59 3.96 150.48 183.7 427.5 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
4

Y – direction

Md dy Km Ks As As Scal Spro Remark

Panel (KNm) (m) calculated provide (mm) (mm)
(mm^2) (mm^2)
1 6.95 0.1 26.36 4.0 278 278 282.5 260 ∅ 10c/c 190
2
2 5.57 0.1 23.6 3.98 221.69 221.69 354.2 260 ∅ 10c/c 210
8
3 4.83 0.1 21.98 3.97 191.75 191.75 409.5 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
9
4 5.12 0.1 22.63 3.98 203.78 203.78 385.4 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
1
5 6.68 0.1 25.85 3.99 266.53 266.53 294.6 260 ∅ 10c/c260
8
6 5.37 0.1 23.17 3.98 213.73 213.78 367.3 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
9
7 5.19 0.1 22.78 3.98 206.56 206.56 380.2 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
3
8 3.91 0.1 19.77 3.96 154.84 167 470.3 260 ∅ 10c/c 260

9 4.13 0.1 20.32 3.97 163.96 167 470.3 260 ∅ 10c/c 260

10 3.63 0.1 19.05 3.96 143.75 167 470.3 260 ∅ 10c/c 260

11 3.92 0.1 19.8 3.96 155.23 167 470.3 260 ∅ 10c/c 260

12 3.25 0.1 18.03 3.96 128.7 167 470.3 260 ∅ 10c/c 260

13 3.25 0.1 18.03 3.96 128.7 167 470.3 260 ∅ 10c/c 260

At support

Reinforcement at support
Md d (m) Km Ks As As Scal Spro Remark

Page 46 of 71
Panel (KNm) calculated provide (mm) (mm)
(mm^2) (mm^2)
1 8.23 0.1 28.6 4.04 332.49 332.49 236.2 230 ∅ 10c/c 230
9 2
2 6.8 0.1 26.0 3.99 271.32 271.32 289.4 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
8 7
3 6.98 0.11 24.0 3.98 252.55 252.55 310.9 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
2 9
4 7.84 0.1 28 3.99 312.82 312.82 251.0 250 ∅ 10c/c 250
7
5 6.86 0.11 23.8 3.98 248.21 248.21 316.4 260 ∅ 10c/c260
1 2
6 6.78 0.1 26.0 3.99 270.52 270.52 290.3 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
4 3
7 7.4 0.11 24.7 3.98 267.75 267.19 293.9 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
3 5
8 4.69 0.1 21.6 3.97 186.19 186.19 421.8 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
6 3
9 5.57 0.11 21.4 3.97 201.03 201.03 390.6 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
6 9
10 7.11 0.11 24.2 3.98 257.25 257.25 305.3 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
4 1
11 4.76 0.1 21.8 3.97 188.97 188.97 415.6 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
1 2
12 6.34 0.11 22.8 3.98 229.39 229.39 342.3 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
9 9
13 7.02 0.11 24.0 3.98 254 254 309.2 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
9 1
14 4.8 0.1 21.9 3.97 190.56 412.15 260 ∅ 10c/c 260
1 190.56

Step 8 :-Detail

Page 47 of 71
 ∅ 10c/c 210

∅ 10c/c 190

BEAM DESIGN

Limit State Design

Hence the design strength of a material is given by:

fd = fk/m
Where fk = characteristic strength of materials, (fck for concrete, fyk for reinforcing steel)
fd = design strength for ULS (fcd or fyd)
Accordingly, the design strengths as per EBCS 2 are as follows:
Concrete in compression: fcd = (0.85fck) /c
Concrete in tension: fctd =fctk /c
Steel (in tension and compression):fyd = fyk / s
Where c and s are partial safety factors of concrete and steel respectively

Page 48 of 71
Step 1:- design constants

0.85 f ck
fcd =
c
0.85∗0.8 fcu 0.85∗0.8∗25
= = = 11.33mpa
1.5 1.5

fyd = fyk/ s = 300/1.15 = 260.87Mpa

fyd 260.87 Mpa

m= = = 28.78
0.8∗fcd 0.8∗11.33 Mpa

2.5 2.5
C1= = =0.0869
m 28.78

C2 = 0.32 * m^2 * fcd = 0.32 * 28.78^2 * 11.33 mpa = 3003Mpa

To ensure the ductility

 ρma x =0.75∗ρb
ρb =¿) * fcd/fyd
εcu=fyd /Es = 260.87/ 2*10^5mpa = 0.0013
ρb =¿) *11.33/260.87
¿ 0.03164
ρmax =0.75∗0.03164=0.0237

Step 2:- check the depth for flexure

d≥
√ ( M u)
(0.8 fcd b∗m∗ρmax ( 1−0.4 ρ max∗m))

d≥
√ 72.56∗10 6
(0.8∗11.33∗250∗28.78∗0.0237(1−0.4∗0.0237∗28.78))

= 254mm < d used = 357mm…………………………Ans

Step 3 reinforcement

ρb =0.5(C 1− C 12−
√ 4∗Mmax
bdC 2
)

√
6
4∗72.56∗10
2
ρb =0.5(0.0869− 0.0869 − )
250∗357∗3003

Page 49 of 71
=0.0098< ρ max =0.0237

ρmin ≤ ρa ≤ ρmax
0.6 0.6
ρmin = = = 0.002
fyk 300
a) At support
A s=ρ ❑ * b * d
¿ 0.0098∗250 mm∗357 mm
2
¿ 874.65 mm
As
No−of ∅20 =
as
2
π ∅20 π∗202
as= = = 314.153mm^2
4 4

As 874.65
 No−of ∅20= as = 314.153
= 2.74 bars
Provide 3∅ 20 reinforcement bars at support
b) At span

ρb =0.5(C 1− C 1 −
√ 2 4∗Mmax
bdC 2
)

=0.00406< ρmax =0.0237

√
ρb =0.5(0.0869− 0.08692−
4∗32.2∗106
250∗357∗3003
)

A s=ρ ❑ * b * d
¿ 0.00406∗250 mm∗357 mm
2
¿ 362.58 mm
As
No−of ∅20 =
as
2
π ∅20 π∗202
as= = = 314.153mm^2
4 4

As 362.58
 No−of ∅20= as = 314.153
= 1.154 bars
Provide 2∅ 20 reinforcement bars at span
Spacing
S≥ ∅ L=20 or 20mm or dg + 5mm
dg = maximum size of aggregate = 20mm

Page 50 of 71
  S ≥ 20 +5 = 25mm

W = b -2 cover -2∅ s
= 250mm – 2* 25mm – 2*8mm
= 184 mm
W = n * ∅ l + (n-1) s
184mm = n *20 + 25n – 25
45n = 184 +25
n =209/45 = 4.64
 Place 3 bars in 1st row
Step 4 check for shear
Design for shear
The minimum reinforcement of the web is
0.4 0.4
ρmin =
fyk = 300 = 0.00133
As 874.65
ρ¿ bd = 250∗357 = 0.0098

K1 = (1 + 50p) ≤ 2.0
= (1+ 50*0.0098) = 1.49< 2……………ok

k2 = 1.6 - d ≥ 1.0 (d in meters). For members where more than 50% of the bottom
reinforcement is curtailed, k2 = 1.0

=(1.6 -0.357) = 1.243 > 1………………..ok

Table 2.3 Grades of concrete and characteristic cylinder compressive strength fck

Page 51 of 71
 Grades of C15 C20 C25 C30 C40 C50 C60
concrete

fck 12 16 20 24 32 40 48

Concrete in tension: fctd =fctk /c

fctk = 0.21fck2/3

The shear force Vc carried by the concrete in members without significant axial forces shall be
taken as:

VC = 0.25fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25 *1.03* 1.49 * 1.243 * 0.25 * 0.357 * 10^3
= 42.564kN………………………………………..Ans
In order to prevent diagonal compression failure in concrete, the shear resistance VRD of a
section given as follow shall not be less than the applied shear force VSD.
VRD = 0.25fcdbwd
= 0.25 * 11.33 * 0.25 * 0.357
= 252.8 kN…………………………………………………………………………..Ans
VSD = 70.726 kN ……………..from SAP2000 shear force diagram

VSD < 2/3 VRD , 70.726 < 168.53

=> There is no diagonal shear failure

Hence, V sD > ¿ V c i.e 70.726 > 42.564 the concrete cant resists the load then apply
reinforcement to the web

1) The maximum spacing Smax between stirrups, in the longitudinal direction, shall be as
given below:
2
S max =0. 5 d≤300 mm if V sd ≤ V rd
3

2
S max =0. 3 d≤200 mm if V sd > V rd
3
smax ¿ 0.5∗0357= 178.5mm

Use smax ¿ 170 mm

Hence, provide ∅ 8 c/c 170mm stirrups for the whole span

Step 5 :- detail

Page 52 of 71
 At span

b = 250mm 2 ∅ 10

2 ∅ 20
D = 400mm

At support

3 ∅ 20

2 ∅ 20

350mm

250mm
Column design

Page 53 of 71
A column is a vertical structural member transmitting axial compression loads with or without
moments. The cross sectional dimensions of a column are generally considerably less than its
height. Column support mainly vertical loads from the floors and roof and transmit these loads to
the foundation

In EBCS 2, the slenderness ratio is defined as follows:

a) For isolated columns, the slenderness ratio is defined by:

Le
λ=
i

Where: Le is the effective buckling length

i is the minimum radius of gyration. The radius of gyration is equal to

i=√ I / A
Where: I is the second moment of area of the section

A is cross sectional area

Limits of Slenderness

 The slenderness ratio of concrete columns shall not exceed 140

 Second order moment in a column can be ignored if
a) For sway frames, the greater of
λ≤25

15
λ≤
√υ d
Where
υ d =N sd /f cd A c

Effective Length of Columns

Effective buckling length is the length between points of inflection of columns and it is the
length which is effective against buckling. The greater the effective length, the more likely the
column is to be buckle.

The effective length of the column, Le, can be determined from alignment charts or using
approximate equations.
Page 54 of 71
 Figure is used when the support conditions of the column can be closely represented by those
shown in the figure below.

3 3
b∗h 400∗400
I= = =21.33∗108 mm4
12 12

A = 400*400 = 160000mm^2

i=
√ I
=
21.33
A 160000
8
∗10 = 115.461mm

λ = 12.991

v Nsd 129.7 =0.072

d= ∗¿
fcd∗ Ac 11.33∗0.4∗0.4

15 15
≤ = =56.078
√Vd 0.267
The column is short

Then the ignore the secondary effects

Calculating eccentricity along x-x direction

e tot =e a +e o +e 2

Page 55 of 71
Additional eccentricity allowance for imperfection

Le
ea= ≥20 mm
300

= 20mm

eo = 0.6e02 + 0.4eo1

eo = 0.4e0

Msd
eo1= =−70/129.7 = -0.54m
Nsd

Msd 28.95
eo2= = =0.223 m
Nsd 129.7

eo = 0.6e02 + 0.4eo1 = 0.6*0.223 +0.4*-0.54

= -0.082m

eo = 0.4e0= 0.4* 0.223 = 0.089m

 First order eccentricity will be

eo= 0.089m

e tot =e a +e o=0.109 m

Calculating eccentricity along y-y direction

e tot =e a +e o +e 2

Additional eccentricity allowance for imperfection

Le
ea= ≥20 mm
300

= 20mm

eo = 0.6e02 + 0.4eo1

eo = 0.4e0

Msd
eo1= =61.694 /129.7 = 0.476m
Nsd

Msd 12
eo2= = =0. 093 m
Nsd 129.7
Page 56 of 71
eo = 0.6e02 + 0.4eo1 = 0.6*0.093 +0.4*0.476

= 0.246

eo = 0.4e0= 0.4* 0.476 = 0.037m

 First order eccentricity will be

eo= 0.246m

e tot =e a +e o=0.266 m

M sd x−x =129.7∗0.109=14.131 KN m

M sd y− y =129.7∗0.266=34.5 KN m

∅
d’= concrete cover +∅ s + = 20mm+ 8mm +14/2
2
= 35mm

d'
= 35mm/200mm = 0.17 using biaxial chart no- 1
h

N
υ=
Compute Normal force ratio: f cd A c
= 0.072

Mh
μh =
Moment ratios: f cd A c h , = 0.002
Mb
μ b=
f cd Ac b

= 0.048
ω=0 EBCS 2−1995: Part 2 Biaxial Chart No. 1

0.00072
As,tot = 0 m2
0.00018
As,tot/4 = 0 m2
Use 4  14 bars

Page 57 of 71
Lateral tie

4 ∅ 14

Shallow foundation design

For outer column

My = 64.56KNm

Mx = 51.97 KNm

Pd = 265.56KN

σ all=¿ 100Kpa

Column dimension = 0.3 * 0.4 m

Step 1 proportioning (dimensioning) determine the area of foundation

a 4 4
= =¿ a= b
b 3 3

b = 0.75a

p 265.56 2
A footing> = =2.656 m
σ all 100 kpa

A = a * 0.75a
2
2 A 2.656 m
a= =
0.75 0.75

Page 58 of 71
a=
√ 2.656
0.75
=1.882m

b =0.75 * 1.882 = 1.411m

take the dimension of the foundation = 2m * 1.5m

check σ actual ≤ σ all

265.6
σ actual= =88.5<σ all=100 kpa … … … … … … … … … … ok
2∗1.5

Step 2 structural design

a) Punching shear

Resisting force (V RD)…………………….according to EBCS – 7

V RD=0.25 fctd k 1 k 2u∗d

U = ( a , +1.5 d ) 2+ ( b , +1.5 d ) 2
, ,
¿ 2 a + 2b +6 d

Acting force (V sD )

V sD = pnet = p−σ actual ( ( a, + 1.5 d )( b, +1.5 d ) )

If V sD < V RD……………………………..safe punching against

Assume depth of the footing pad (d) = 0.4m

Page 59 of 71
 0.5 0.5
ρmin =
fyk = 300 = 0.002

K1 = (1 + 50p) ≤ 2.0
= (1+ 50*0.002) = 1.083< 2……………ok

k2 = 1.6 - d ≥ 1.0 (d in meters). For members where more than 50% of the bottom
reinforcement is curtailed, k2 = 1.0

=(1.6 -0.4) = 1.2 > 1………………..ok

U = ( a , +1.5 d ) 2+ ( b , +1.5 d ) 2
, ,
¿ 2 a + 2b +6 d = 2*0.4 + 2*0.3 +6*0.4

= 3.8m

V RD=0.25 fctd k 1 k 2u∗d =0.25∗1.03∗1.09∗1.2∗3.8∗0.4

= 511.95kN………………………………………….Ans

V sD = pnet = p−σ actual ( ( a, +1.5 d ) ( b , +1.5 d ) ) =265.6−88.5( ( 0.4 +1.5∗0.4 ) ( 0.3+1.5∗0.4 ) )

= 185.95KN ………………………………..Ans

 V sD < V RD……………………………..Safe punching against!

b) Wide beam shear (diagonal tension)

V RD= 0.25 *fctd *k1 k2 bw d

= 0.25 * 1.03 * 1.2 * 1.09 * 1.5 * 0.4

= 202.09KN………………………………..Ans

Page 60 of 71
 V sD =σ actual∗z∗b

Z = a - a , -d

= 2 – 0.4 – 0.4 = 1.2m

V sD =σ actual∗z∗b = 88.5 * 1.2m * 1.5 = 159.3 KN ………………Ans

V sD < V RD……………………………..Safe wide beam shear along the long direction !

Z = b - b , -d

= 1.5 – 0.3 – 0.4 = 0.8m

V sD =σ actual∗z∗b = 88.5 * 0.8m * 2 = 141.6 KN……...…………Ans

V sD < V RD……………………………..Safe wide beam shear along the short direction !

Step 3 reinforcement

A s=ρ ❑ * b * d

ρ=
[
1− 1−
2 Mu
fcd∗b∗d 2 ] [¿
1− 1−
2∗51.969
11.33∗1∗0.4 2 ]
fyd 260.87
fcd 11.33

0.5 0.5
= 0.0016 < ρ min = fyk = 300 = 0.002
A s=ρ min * b * d
¿ 0.002*1500 * 400
¿ 1200mm^2…………………………………….Ans
As
≠ bars =
as

a ∅ L2 π∗14 2 2
s=¿ π = =153.938m m ¿
4 4

As
≠ bars = = 1200/153.938 = 7.795
as
provide 8 ∅ 14 bars∈the long direction
effective width b−2∗concrete cover
spacing= =
n−1 n−1

Page 61 of 71
 2−(2∗0.05)
= = 271.42
8−1

provide 8 ∅ 14 c /c 270 bars ∈the long direction

Short direction

ρ=
[
1− 1−
2 Mu
fcd∗b∗d
2 ] [
¿
1− 1−
2∗64.56
11.33∗1∗0.4
2 ]
fyd 260.87
fcd 11.33

0.5 0.5
= 0.002 = ρmin = fyk = 300 = 0.002
A s=ρ min * b * d
¿ 0.002*2000 * 400
¿ 1600mm^2…………………………………….Ans
As
≠ bars =
as

a ∅ L2 π∗14 2 2
s=¿ π = =153.938m m ¿
4 4

As 1600
≠ bars = = = 10.398
as 153.938
provide 11 ∅ 14 bars ∈the shorter direction
effective width b−2∗concrete cover
spacing= =
n−1 n−1

1.5−(2∗0.05)
= = 140
11−1

provide 11 ∅ 14 c /c 140 bars∈the shorter direction

Interior footing pad

Mx = 42.354KNm

My = 52.962KNm

Page 62 of 71
P = 589.178KN

Step 1 proportioning (dimensioning ) determine the area of foundation

a 4 4
= =¿ a= b
b 3 3

b = 0.75a

p 589.178 KN 2
A footing> = =5.89 m
σ all 100 kpa

A = a * 0.75a
2
2 A 5.89 m
a= =
0.75 0.75

a=
√ 5.89
0.75
=2.8078 m

b =0.75 * 2.8028 = 2.1m

take the dimension of the foundation = 3m * 2.5m

check σ actual ≤ σ all

589.178
σ actual= =78.55<σ all =100 kpa … … … … … … … … … … ok
3∗2.5

Step 2 structural design

c) Punching shear

Page 63 of 71
 Resisting force (V RD)…………………….according to EBCS – 7

V RD=0.25 fctd k 1 k 2u∗d

U = ( a , +3 d ) 2+ ( b , +3 d ) 2
, ,
¿ 2 a + 2b +12 d

Acting force (V sD )

V sD = pnet = p−σ actual ( ( a, + 3 d )( b, + 3 d ))

If V sD < V RD……………………………..safe punching against

Assume depth of the footing pad (d) = 0.4m

0.5 0.5
ρmin =
fyk = 300 = 0.002

K1 = (1 + 50p) ≤ 2.0
= (1+ 50*0.002) = 1.083< 2……………ok

k2 = 1.6 - d ≥ 1.0 (d in meters). For members where more than 50% of the bottom
reinforcement is curtailed, k2 = 1.0

=(1.6 -0.4) = 1.2 > 1………………..ok

U = ( a , +3 d ) 2+ ( b , +3 d ) 2
, ,
¿ 2 a + 2b +12 d = 2*0.4 + 2*0.3 +12*0.4

= 6.2m

V RD=0.25 fctd k 1 k 2u∗d =0.25∗1.03∗1.09∗1.2∗6.2∗0.4

= 1419.18 kN………………………………………….Ans

V sD = pnet = p−σ actual ( ( a, + 3 d )( b, +3 d ) ) =589.178−78.55( ( 0.4+ 3∗0.4 ) ( 0.3+3∗0.4 ) )

= 400.658KN ………………………………..Ans

 V sD < V RD……………………………..Safe punching against!

Page 64 of 71
 d) Wide beam shear (diagonal tension)

V RD= 0.25 *fctd *k1 k2 bw d

= 0.25 * 1.03 * 1.2 * 1.09 * 2.5 * 0.4

= 336.81 KN………………………………..Ans

V sD =σ actual∗z∗b

a a,
Z= - -d
2 2

= 1.5 – 0.2– 0.4 = 0.9m

V sD =σ actual∗z∗b = 78.55 * 0.9m * 2.5 = 176.75KN ………………Ans

V sD < V RD……………………………..Safe wide beam shear along the long direction !

b b
Z= - -d
2 2

= 1.25 – 0.15 – 0.4 = 0.7m

V sD =σ actual∗z∗b = 78.55 * 0.7m * 3 = 164.95 KN……...…………Ans

V sD < V RD……………………………..Safe wide beam shear along the short direction !

Step 3 reinforcement
A s=ρ * b * d

ρ=
[
1− 1−
2 Mu
fcd∗b∗d
2 ] [
¿
1− 1−
2∗42.354
11.33∗1∗0.4
2 ]
fyd 260.87
fcd 11.33

Page 65 of 71
 0.5 0.5
= 0.0016 < ρ min = fyk = 300 = 0.002
A s=ρ min * b * d
¿ 0.002*2500 * 400
¿ 2000mm^2…………………………………….Ans
As
≠ bars =
as

a ∅ L2 π∗14 2 2
s=¿ π = =153.938m m ¿
4 4

As
≠ bars = = 2000/153.938 = 12.99
as
provide 13 ∅ 14 bars ∈thelong direction
effective width b−2∗concrete cover
spacing= =
n−1 n−1

3−(2∗0.05)
= = 241.72
13−1

provide 13 ∅ 14 c /c 240 bars∈the longdirection

Short direction

ρ=
[
1− 1−
2 Mu
fcd∗b∗d 2 ] [
¿
1− 1−
2∗52.962
11.33∗1∗0.4 2 ]
fyd 260.87
fcd 11.33

0.5 0.5
= 0.0018 < ρ min = fyk = 300 = 0.002
A s=ρ min * b * d
¿ 0.002*3000 * 400
¿ 2400mm^2…………………………………….Ans
As
≠ bars =
as

a ∅ L2 π∗14 2 2
s=¿ π = =153.938m m ¿
4 4

Page 66 of 71
 As 2400
≠ bars = = = 15.598
as 153.938
provide 16 ∅ 14 s̄∈the shorter direction
effective width b−2∗concrete cover
spacing= =
n−1 n−1

2.5−(2∗0.05)
= = 160
16−1

provide 16 ∅ 14 c /c 160 bars∈the shorter direction

Inner footing pad

Mx = 59. 44KNm

My = 52.94KNm

P = 369.0425KN

Step 1 proportioning (dimensioning ) determine the area of foundation

a 4 4
= =¿ a= b
b 3 3

b = 0.75a

p 369.0 .43 KN
A footing> = =3.69 m2
σ all 100 kpa

A = a * 0.75a

2 A 3.69 m2
a= =
0.75 0.75

a=
√ 3.69
0.75
=2.218 m

b =0.75 * 2.218 = 1.664m

take the dimension of the foundation = 2.5m *2m

check σ actual ≤ σ all

369.043
σ actual= =73.809<σ all =100 kpa … … … … … … … … … … ok
2.5∗2

Page 67 of 71
Step 2 structural design
e) Punching shear

Resisting force (V RD)…………………….according to EBCS – 7

V RD=0.25 fctd k 1 k 2u∗d

U = ( a , +3 d ) 2+ ( b , +1.5 d ) 2
, ,
¿ 2 a + 2b +9 d

Acting force (V sD )

V sD = pnet = p−σ actual ( ( a, + 3 d )( b, + 1.5 d ) )

If V sD < V RD……………………………..safe punching against

Assume depth of the footing pad (d) = 0.4m

0.5 0.5
ρmin =
fyk = 300 = 0.002

K1 = (1 + 50p) ≤ 2.0
= (1+ 50*0.002) = 1.083< 2……………ok

k2 = 1.6 - d ≥ 1.0 (d in meters). For members where more than 50% of the bottom
reinforcement is curtailed, k2 = 1.0

=(1.6 -0.4) = 1.2 > 1………………..ok

Page 68 of 71
U = ( a , +3 d ) 2+ ( b , +1.5 d ) 2
, ,
¿ 2 a + 2b +9 d = 2*0.4 + 2*0.3 +9*0.4

= 5.0m

V RD=0.25 fctd k 1 k 2u∗d =0.25∗1.03∗1.09∗1.2∗5∗0.4

= 673.62 kN………………………………………….Ans

V sD = pnet = p−σ actual ( ( a, + 3 d )( b, +1.5 d ) ) =369.04−73.809( ( 0.4 +3∗0.4 ) ( 0.3+1.5∗0.4 ) )

= 280.46KN ………………………………..Ans

 V sD < V RD……………………………..Safe punching against!

f) Wide beam shear (diagonal tension)

V RD= 0.25 *fctd *k1 k2 bw d

= 0.25 * 1.03 * 1.2 * 1.09 * 2 * 0.4

= 269.448 KN………………………………..Ans

V sD =σ actual∗z∗b

a a,
Z= - -d
2 2

= 1.25 – 0.2– 0.4 = 0.65m

V sD =σ actual∗z∗b = 73.809 * 0.65m * 2 = 91.52 KN ………………Ans

V sD < V RD……………………………..Safe wide beam shear along the long direction !

Z = b – 0.3 -d

Page 69 of 71
= 1 – 0.3 – 0.4 = 0.3m

V sD =σ actual∗z∗b = 73.809 * 0.3m * 2.5 = 55. 36 KN……...…………Ans

V sD < V RD……………………………..Safe wide beam shear along the short direction !

Step 3 reinforcement
A s=ρ * b * d

ρ=
[
1− 1−
2 Mu
fcd∗b∗d 2 ] [
¿
1− 1−
2∗42.354
11.33∗1∗0.4 2 ]
fyd 260.87
fcd 11.33

0.5 0.5
= 0.0016 < ρ min = fyk = 300 = 0.002
A s=ρ min * b * d
¿ 0.002*2500 * 400
¿ 2000mm^2…………………………………….Ans
As
≠ bars =
as

a ∅ L2 π∗14 2 2
s=¿ π = =153.938m m ¿
4 4

As
≠ bars = = 2000/153.938 = 12.99
as
provide 13 ∅ 14 bars ∈thelong direction
effective width b−2∗concrete cover
spacing= =
n−1 n−1

3−(2∗0.05)
= = 241.72
13−1

provide 13 ∅ 14 c /c 240 bars∈the longdirection

Short direction

Page 70 of 71
ρ=
[
1− 1−
2 Mu
fcd∗b∗d
2 ] [
¿
1− 1−
2∗52.962
11.33∗1∗0.4
2 ]
fyd 260.87
fcd 11.33

0.5 0.5
= 0.0018 < ρ min = fyk = 300 = 0.002
A s=ρ min * b * d
¿ 0.002*3000 * 400
¿ 2400mm^2…………………………………….Ans
As
≠ bars =
as

a ∅ L2 π∗14 2 2
s=¿ π = =153.938m m ¿
4 4

As 2400
≠ bars = = = 15.598
as 153.938
provide 16 ∅ 14 bars∈the shorter direction
effective width b−2∗concrete cover
spacing= =
n−1 n−1

2.5−(2∗0.05)
= = 160
16−1

provide 16 ∅ 14 c /c 160 bars∈the shorter dire ction

Page 71 of 71