Connunatin l s - , lestue - 6, Dati IS-o)-2020

F m d ha Nyguit rate ad the Nygwiit Sanplip interal fe

eau h the folng Symalk.
)x5chleos rifcao0 t) xt» Sin (toort
t ) Cin (loont) e) xt)= £inc (loont) +34inc(6ont)
t ) Sint(sont)x Line (loont)
:

S-A t) s Co (lo eg-t) G(40osnt) 2s/Cs(sooon t)4 CesBt

- =

x) 2:s Cs (Soo7t+2ss(3000n 4tU+2{)

T 2SkH 2 Mainun

ygwrt Yt 2t 212:SkH 2 $ kKHz

=

gt intnval s e 0:2 mtae =

Sinc (loont/
As K^on tat (4t) Tt/
net /ool (a
>

=loon H2tnterval=
wil rauygun SOn)
-son)
s a z 3-18 mfe
/06/7
) x t ) : sinc(loon t sine (eont) x tins(loon)

LTutoa
loon
ruet(
/bon
en
Max o dnlaty fragu
Nyqust Yati = 2x loon 20o7 H2
loe
Nygwrt terval = C e = $9 mseu

t) = Sine (loon t) +3sit (6s nt)

x v b ) vst/t)*ret(on
 x() reut()+ 6on t [ , ) vetf
Umy Sd7 3on Ung 3 u 7

Ma xinem madulatiy frag nay = b»n

Nyquit rat a6onh2, Nyqwit titervel= . sSL
guit vah =12on Hz 6o x2
2 65Smsa

2 t ) Sine (sont) Sinc (lowat) x

aett
vn
Ty 2TT H D Svn

Maxinum modulatiy r*qren 7Sn Ha

19wit rd = 1Svn Ha, st nterval = :2/2mi
9
: Detamie tte Ny9st rate sigral
Sy- Sin/Sbont)x sin 17cont).
n-t t
Sttes
s t ) = Sin/oot Sin( S o o x S , 7o0 , Sloont
Svont 70ont
en E a t As SimexSn12
t = 3S0oo0 x Sin Soon t Sin7oont 3Sooo Sime(soe tx
Suont 7vnt She(bo
,Soo S
T 2 So H2
3sD H2
CMasinun hadiat

Ngist Tat =

2= 2x40eH2 1204.
 t ' n Sy1tnat-, Leutne -26,. Dat 19-o8-202
X
Tnnt To ae DM
Siga Chorca of tu paar
moYe
ut, ti
etud
) Sth Sr/z e (4)
Stáir nge aroiatA signal, yt) iy Sanply igmneO
aM Ve (mprtat
Slope of ttair tane approrinnatad Signal Stap size
Sampliig 1rtennl
4
Slope oh inpt ignal dAe
To accent hev ke u t change in ta
inht inal, both,and
A mst b& mc rassed.
Bnt ineraing te lampling rats will Ascount lageybandidt
As wi Kne t a t Bn ).
ghantiratn nria
tke sbs s2 e utherease
hoer(s harda aton nonie howrbrp size)
TK wTong Charce o 4 rll intdres two amt Like
SlopL Overload ditorti,
Tan nla noie

Lehe Over/oad distort. Siz

S L o p e O v e r l s a d
Startas apbreaima
utt)
dustrta
Ongna Siznal, xt4

Overlood di tortin rll oerur.

h tle sth tí2e, is Imall, Ilofhe will befubekin
gnal
Tha envelfe of tta !tar Cant abprosimataA
t envelupe f
TAa n - a l ignal. t She tr
overliad ditotia, Chovua Laya,t
To avei'd t tlofe
Sabihy tta Condt'on dnt
max
e
By ether inirean
'Sap tk Sanply interml (Y).
L a t e i
 Aa te inhnt slon vawing and Stj Size s
Yey aye,
t ntroolnus an erro Callad rannlas ngiie.
r d n a the Gjramndar norre, shp si2e hasti be raduad,
Cgenio:tSloße averload ditrtsn ortun ta inp»t Sijnal
it lange Val't'ns in ha tlufe

, Gnranlau norie ortun fo ta'inprd figral nrk slouer Variatnd

Conaidey a tinnsov9al Sgral «)= Aitw,t 4 Ga(2nft) 4hL'a

t a DN. So to avord fwfe overload ditort ba, we reire tat

dt mnax acan)
-Ax 2nt singohe) a 221A
As fahing ral a aL tn
So tte nmax inn, permituisle
valns h o
mhLhde uT/Pznalii
A= 4
Lintrodtag Grannlan ngria
SGNR al t Qratznti,norie ratis.DM-
Th maxi'nu hevmL yai of ignal honey s
P- ABs
8n42
se aMunne ttat
brd Cyrannlan noriis 1n D IM nfey oitri'.
rom A t+4. So r Pd (KrodeL des rntiy
A S +4
Otkersni
Mear Vabe of Uyrannlar nenie is

E tv4g
+

ELR)=li -A al4-
Wean valne of Cjrannlar mmiR = Elg]=D M =
 DMean 7hu vatnu o 7rAnlas nat
E [(8-H)] Sa-4)*(vd,H-

- A 2

S Ela7- Mean Sqhane valm o 4r4nnlas noiie

Let te band'dt of a ortreionhrmtn e r (LPP) at tha o/

end of k reteier V . and <b ken aurhp ttat
tte
tke Grannlas n ho wer t'i lunorl, distn'std ovey t lad
be analog t
b"viesed tv
ntanti
t
2
C7rannlan nai
naie
may
iPeM Syrtz
9 ELA-74
o, P qdi2din noise

Qharlzation
at the PF
nurie þo»
Ontht
e Na
, h u u t., -Ba-deuidlt of LPF
DM
Hvergejral ower =
IM
SNR NP 3
Sgal t
hatiatin rat
norie qNe)-3b

overload ditrtn ndev ke alunt'ya of no

slrfe
 Communntn Syílhmy-0, Leitme -26, Date- 20--2020
Determ he the 0 n t t SNR 1n a, ÞM SZ rh fova /KHz Sinute
Sambhe at 32 KHz, witkont slope ov rload andelloueda 1-kH
pest reeoMtnt'ntev
KH2, 32kH atnratu={32k
S wAkro tiat 3 (32 13)
SNR)oP DM 3
SNRe,Dn 311.3 llug311.3 =24.93ds
: - The data rati t above prutem i 32 KL/es uih i's tta san bt
Tat ota'nad bSam-plingat 4 4 t / . l a PcM y i . Fird tke
aveY Onthnt SNR 6° a 1-sit Peh 9hantaer ka te sa Samplirg
oa hu tala Sinusord wia f =&KH z, and Conhi it nwi t iunlte
abeve Satvad prrtan
8 + 6n = (1-8+ 6x 9 8 a na 11/ta-p
SONRlAB.0t
SN. PeM 2J.8y dß w

e fonelde ttot fer all kSinflicsity of DM, t doer net fefomm

as well as even a 4Lit PeM
to oferate at 3 tma, tha Nygust
A DM SZ+hn i doi gnad
a gal uib;"a 3KHz band widt. 7A guant ngstaj
Si2e 2So hav. akHz h t Simndrd
Deteroue tte aptnda of
naximun
Oveload.
tr tte dlelta modelatr dues not "fhov S/pe
SGNR te of r ghal
b)Detemne tte purth tersd ontf.t
pant )
. DM allosable amplbde o r h r sinntnd i
A: bre :3x
20t - 3x 2 3KH
A 2 /8x volt 8 xd H
A 716.2 nv A
3 3x3, 22/6 A=STGy Sir =

20xi
2So

eWpr,ds lelet 22nt (SqNe)0e DrIla

T inht t Linea delty modnlatn a sbp ize A- 0.62g
a S i ware witk fregneny , and þeas amhitrda V 94 t
Samhing. nnt 10 kH2, tta Conbinak es of a Sine weretes
andl tt piar anfll, Keu &lafe ovnvlaad nill tae blasu
Va
o 3v cH2
Sv
:SV 3k
3Y
/GATG, 20o3, 2Mu
w e kre
KAOW at, fev no Wfe overload,we hwt hare

dema 9at! Va s2n-t

So, SLohe ovevlaad diitert. tta l a nu
d Imax
0.628 x4o M1<6.8x p V
(a)0.3 H2 2.4EH2 =
Y 1Sy 2ky2 3KHa= f
4) 3x/ky 2 3 kH
oft- Corit
Size rng hirRdhev a D/y obrathp'at
C TKe minimum stp th
tt tráue t signal /Ku. ut) t
32 K Smpbf
ito = 12st/utt) u[t-)/+2 So-/2st/u(t-)-u[t-
S t k a t slope- o verload is avordid wondd b é .
LCATE 2006, 2Ns)
ALt)= 12 Stlut)-u(t-1)) + (2So12st)/uft-)-u[t-J
To aveid !lufe orerlood
dt 12se
T

Ax32 xioz 12S

l2
A 32x loUn

A 2
 u n s t . pt ant - , Leue - 27, Data 2/-08-202
ha pevhovmante a Delta modidatey Can be tmbrored by
o' ta modnlnty aHume tm Vanying
a
nakin tag sise
akig
inptSigal á valyk
UY l n þaat'indan,
a 1nprt Sgnal
rapidly, tte sths Si2e is tn rAasad. Conyersey,
(sYan Slonly, the shap Si2e i eduad t i nay, tts stp
Si2c&dastye tte level oh tu inprt sigral. Tka regnlthg
netod s Callnd Adastive delin modnlationAM
Adaptve delta modudatiss (ADM): Lopic fo sts.p
raittey!- Size Contwl

eh Two le vet
ehT7 a'zer
ADM aNr
Ln pradtiul ä-plementatio
t ADM Syrem, he sty
Size
to le Dela
AaT) i Considered
betwen hmimimenn anA a i ounm
Valnes. h
Ami 4nI/GA.a nfhar Lt 4ma
Contreda tke amot of Sleße overload odi tovta
and a lovey kt
nTA.
An Controf tka anot of 9hataatn
nls he AT) bresi
ad in & Jenernl fonY
TK ada4ptat a t nT
)/4Cn- eb)+ 4, el»1] *

hus An). Sta size at Sampng tnat(n-)

e Kadito eavey at Safl h t , n . ae,n
R,eceive:
ADN
wave
opP
logic fo
7Sta Sizé Contro
Kecona
 ADM

eln ln)-2M) ( t ) - Stasta apheziat

Sigaa
(DMware

1
At Samhlia tntat n- D
o] > ilo/, So
n
elb)-alo)-lb]o
eloeloj o red. stie
anw eln =+l|
A[I7 /4lo7 xeli7 +4, elo), eli7-ali7-i7<o
=

407 oSo 4 A[o7 4g

A7-/4li7/x el27+ 4, eli7 7-a)-at]40
x -1 + Af=A, et-]--
= OX-1 + 40X-I = - 4p |4l/=2,47-4
4 3 =4-7xeTa7 + 4,xe[z7, eß]-a[(37-A37 >6
(3]=-4. x(++ A,X -I = 4, -4. =

A[4= 4 39/* e[4]+ 4, el:), elt7-al4)-I7>%

= o+1)+ 4,xt) eC47= +l.
A[47 =A,
l s - /4[47| x ers]+4,r e[47, e (s7-n ls7-R)
ets +
A[s A, xt1)+ 4, *+l'= 2A
=

A(S)-24,
At4 4TS]] x e[67 + 4,x els], elb7-al&7- åte7>»
4[67 2,x#1)+ 4,xt1)=34,
AC7-/ 4 [67/ xe[] +4,x e[67 e7=att7-«
34, X +) +40 X{tl)= 4 4 t
AC7
 Conune'taton Syrhm - U, letine-28, date: 24-of-2o2
- R
*

Tima D'viie Mnlbiblax ing (TD M) TDM ii Conanmond, u4ad to

tramit SeveYal Signals ovey a CO m ConmnuLtn aanel
Otme Shaing bat a t'ma d'nidh mnde plau ig ufu Dne
h odmlat Sstn. TDM ir om of the hlata o Sa
( Comnenekkin Szstns
In ts Connet 6as we Knsw &t tki famhbd wawena of a
inpnt $igral ii oh r most of tka tima, duiig tha ot berie tte
Cknnel Can be i to
to bannit Samnples o
othey inprt ito a
TConcakt, "f inter ltaving Sa-a trom seveval srals Signal4.
Singlaor i (alad TPM
/Psiqne1
Saum t
a
tramsmit
Comuni
Van Cto Chaand|
TPsinal2 b t sig
Sigs

bdihferat TD
ipt sina
Time divit itn nonlbplhaig ziund: Snehvomaad
)LPE -LPESh,
LPF Comuni tos
Channil

Commtatry Deconmnotaby
(Sitd) (Sth)
mt)

TDM T Shaun
betwe adidut
S aplu in
TDM
Sigm T
N
T
t
T-Sanlg intanalL
 Ea t Signal i's hivst rstriíeid in banduils y a L . T
LPE othrt an tken ashlird t a Connntater tkatii urall,
elachroni Snitthig Cirwby. Ssiteh kuß o n ttig
e rfaton it»'ll tae one
Sampla fron n s riht
tinal
Th Samps au intevlaavnd, and a siyh con-huit Signat calyit
u all nterlavd þulsus ii ransnithd over a chasnl. At
e r e v n end of tte fyiü, tu Conmpet is dannlkhhn4 by u
a olaSnaentatëv
t 0thtii datr'sntid to t lbh
LPF
LPF ev damodndaluon. Koper p e vaton o t j Systun dih
On hohey Synekronian kitiun t t two Comtatos.

bandasidt requu met D Firt, let u depi Tas

t t shaig betven adjaeant Samhles in tins nmndAA urad i nal
evyom , T , Huu T=Sanmplig istezval o
sarplpra N Numst
all A Siaal, lave the Sane barduidt t ed u saap L
anall Sa Samfi perisd T= S =

Assumig tha vnd tant TDM Signals tsa lon ha

hhimunn Jam
s2

DM
Bandsid TDM Sighal z N. -9t maan ke
hIi mYagt'vng ban
Nid TDM ransmisti 's
wprt nal to tke m eiop Sinal
m t)be T», H2, t)6a~ut

MN
 C0mn'utn Sz tanns -1, leitue =.29, Datn. 27-o-2o2
-X
- Fouv indapendut messagu have banduidAts.°f loo Hz, lootz,
200H2 and 400 Hz, respeetvelEah is kanplad al ha Ny quit r a
and the Samaslaa anu
Te dvinin [Tbr)ei nandkpluig tansn.i4
TK tranN mtta ria (in H) - . .
f - our mes ape, ane Sanph4 al- t
GATE-111
N i t rd
As we Krvthat Bandidk o TDN =
2 TDM
1
n a i n g ratL r bit rati transn.in't Tai:2*

R 2 loo loo 4 20u'+Yew:

=16oo Sanpe W
. Four hmesage bandl'mitid to w, 2w, 3n rahetivel, au
h e hadhiha d i TDM The min'mur band wid girnd
hwtreii nmiisn of tka gnal ..

Bandid of TDM ( otb *

TTD 2 o43m)
So, i n imum 6andwidt Tqrid fejtranin.iu on is

S t g n a l m,t) i 6andlits to 3:6 KHz and ti

otke Sghals mt), nztt) and mt) auu b andim ti4 to :2 kHz
ne e tvaNnitthd y mLay o TDM.
T Signals
6anddt
a Dete Ymina miaimu Animissi
9 k Comutator 0nkpa is 2hatzed i t L= y
lev and r e l t in sinhay Codsd, uhat ta 6itrat.
S Bandridtt, o TDN wave
= >(3:6+12+ 1-2+1.2) keyz
So 7.2 kH
TDN, hini nun
 No. o 2nbaat« lvel, L= /o24 =2 na lo t
Sartlu
b't rat R lok 273
+1. 2+1:2 +12= 45E

ut-2, Lne Codng Signadi omat Digtat hat

TKwe ok an for bas2band resregentatn
apbroprib prlse war^orm
dt), Caltad Liva Coding.
o oligiti data(raquenis of binaly
Maf tie digital data(te of tnay dts)to pre nvarfonm
a

Baihrmats of ne Codig-lniþelan NR2 (Non retüm t

2ero)
Polan ~R2(Return to zun)
Bipota
(h r apedan frmat. (alio know a
On-b Keyirg). In hi
t qnld I ii represenA by transmibbig a lue, n w
Whema ymbd o is réfruet4 by Sitny o t t pndse. hHans
tk binls ortnpies t nlu durat on oanso, th nipotar
UYmat i Sadl tu ö Nun retun to kern(NR2) prnat). nhan
a frat{whal, Os kal of tt n r l duratn
t
t Saa to the returh t |er (k-) n a
selUNA2(Upula
nnTetarn to 2éro
b

T
T
UR2 (Uni podan
Tetunto zen tA

fConstanb
pefan format,
Ln theþoste pnha,s tran
a

6otar ormat. Sam anplitd

1, and ngatr rdsa o
nittd o brl
rans nuitid fuv Szmsel o NRz Sy 1 +A
Rta famat R2
o--A
NR2 O
(tar etA
urnt
2e
T T
-A
PR2 A
Polan
Titurn
to 2a)
-A 2

NR2

Biptan foYmat Rz
Y nat, hot:tve and ftranmitin h
Conntant anplibda t wad alternately
Ot.Hio Knons 4 kedotema
s and no
huha fer the traniniu'n
GNRZ
C13ipodau mn +A
2r

- A

BR2
CBipda Rebun AF
toze

A
semdoter nany fmat
ac o . .

a
is alo Kre-
Brhela tYmat tias Levelo +A, 0, and A
frrmat'rehreret
ií algo Knon

Biholar
retunnt 2a BRa) fr nmat
A ternat mank inversi 0 (A MT).
 ommundcat Syins - 2, Dati:. 2.8-o8-2o2Le e tue -30
In thii mtSymbol 1
Manchester fmmat a SpCt phase hormal: Coimtant aLhda
a hutitye prha of
s repreuetA by tranimttig neg adve hnd
Wnnt 'o. followa4 y
a

he on kalf of
t y b t mbol durntor
t e 7Amasi
auhnde k
Sama
ttue anu trakinmittad in
tspnlsa,
ynabol o,
e erse tnrder

+A
FA

-A

NR2

UR2 +A
L
t

NR A A

-A

PRz A

GNR2 +A

-A
BRz tA

A
Marehestey +4|
fuTmat
-A T
 tatie de (omponent, poniad hat the
( A betHav wamfornv has no
in
a2hal upoirh.
Qnd I' the insnt, data eur

") A s biptan wneo ka zen de (om honet, þro'ded ttatt

umbe o ls is eMeN
dc Con-pont. i '
Manchstev hovmat ha,
no

R2 hernt v a rnt
tlaa NR2 hvmt
Bandnid -
( Abhliat a . TKa asinu o dc tranimiu permi
ttuu vaastn Hat
Tehaats, to be trantkrmad Corh. 9f+ fe
k Bihdar format "adeptd f dtl" telphony.
X

Devental entodi- Derentin enteding ttaak ith an

it.
anbitrary iitm bt. A boni level i ShowNfer ae int'M in
TAhmat in e i p t bina Sagnna itHelh is entodsd
ignal trani tin. For example, a sig nal trantita i
ter
ter t
wed to desznati boto, Aiu trasit'n 1i drd t
olesnai JsA1.

Tt
t

o T

qhaternany omt;. T ud:liaaton o bardidu Ca

lar an M-any hrrnad. F 11-ar
eads v e efhiu&t by adutp ting
hn

Yat M-2 n . 6rt h a Sznst

Y nel, N=2
t m-2, M-Y hateriany r t 7 2x T 2 7
Strdo duston k n-t =T n i. nhue 7.- 5t deurilon
V Cornbraldiz'> 00, ol, l0, |1 T 2/
Levol NatiinaN Cade U7ra Cod
-3 el
10
+3
Combiat D t dLit
ata aterny kurmat
O o

+3

2T
2T
T-t
-3 N aN
t a i n d Co-da

+3

2T
T:2T
-3
 Cotamua ctiah D, Lertane- 31 Dat 28-v8-202
ropertis of Line Codes
t Dc Con-borat. Dc poner Cotat shonld e a mall as poniU. to
enasley he trann:ter to be ac Congad.
L) Selh Synehron'aadosT internet tte nuird signal Core
be exatl,ane a, tat
tke bit terral of tte recever '£ honld Nma
f y mmath bdnus the tuoUmy laad
t transmtlev." Howevtr, th; t a
nteratatn & rerevad h a l :
o
ahibed i*veeved sgnal ii faf rchr hag qmut
tansit {}rehaadly aa minimurn ne tkntt þer t tntesral)in
a. Signal SAodd be
Bandwidu of t L (odad ignal
t i )a Banoui'dU
Small a horuiU

ranshanentz:- 9t diralle to trasmit dg'l 2nal omd

Corrponngt *e pattern of ls and o's A Code ii hot tränapanunt
tte clok ii lost.
Some sagnemu oy-sols,
desiralde to
VErn dutiston and Correclon Capasil ty 9t
detnt t . erre and preferalp Correet t detii4 esm
omty ehvenny: Fr a Jives tasm thd bandridtt end
shondd be
oh ero, bransnmittud power
u

Shnshr hitasty
Small au honíl
Powar Shestra oh Line Cods: A Line Coda, in gertral i depreseid

xe) Ant-nT), nhu Ar epnud oehhivid

a bie pbe shased T t t ymbol durntis.
wwitten
Psa(howey theztral denaea) o any lie Code au be
a

-
Yet() xt)-Yeot) Tsine(T)
Fl5T = T'sm&D
Alm) An Amm
Oiplau NR2(UNRz):For t Code An Can take etter vabnta +*
0x ov. t *
aumad ttat bott tka levels Aardo a u
Frm=o hproalr
An An
A A
R)= E ,An), =
A: +0 =
A

Foy mto, An
Anpm AnAn4m
A
/4
A A
RUm) 2 A,An =
oxk +ax * +A
Ln Canu UNR2ovmntr
A hofb T T
S LTine|bT) E R)
UNR2
=
sine(b7 R+ M-
R)
S
S
ONK2

As we kAon ttt,
St-)knm
ms-db ms-

S l6) lUNR2 si(b7)+ tndlbT) Es(t T

m-A
 SinelT)
SinelbT)

SLt-
So
S UNR2
x(t)S(t-t9 (to) S(t-y
S5 UNR2 T UNR2 Ix S[5
Sint (T S(h-=
T
 Comm ta atems-7, Letue- 32, -XDath: 31-o8-202
CSoma boints
regandg un'polar nen Teturn to zen (UNRa)
) Banduwidtt of unpotan non retuynto 2er fovmat
T6itduration
(ti ) usdar NR2 mat Contan Snhetartal poey t ts dc conhon
Tke hower tn is gett nasid. >
Not favouralda Psd.
ii that thsda th
(ui Aothey notat teatn "CannrtCodu
be extYatid ron t i Code.
at adt, so clock
present
T
a k it i
bigest advactage of UNR2 fmat
ii ey a
C
herata
ower sheitral dlensty (Psa Calendati o hlas NR2homt

T
As ne Kho btat the hd LinaLina Coder r

lb)-xt/R).2od% As T-T-st duvatn

L poim mat Synobol 2 + A , nmrt o - -A
-/
Antocorrel ata intn
Annen), ElA, Ann)
AnAn
Sqeboh ans A -
.A A
tA tA A
o,
Sn An An4m AnAnm
-A -A A
-A +A
+A -A -A
A tA
A
Km)= A, Anem)= Ar -Av A +4* -

Ri) =0
Ri)=A m=p xb)- T sine(T)
 6erapeara diusty= Sg lt)-47sintl6T)Riny ntt
SlE) = T Snl7) R
) A7 sinelbT) =
e-o

S Bandaud h dan nR2

) fola NR2 foYmat aly

AContai Snsstatal þower i dc
Conhonaat
) Thue o peiLilty ok cloek extratin fro *
(ode
LYan chestey format at)
+|

A -4

x()= 7 +
-Jant

x- -
Jan

xt -T -CsnbTL, As we khow btat -Cs20=2sia

2 si) =2i»),si(gT
nt T)
y=JT Sin ( A
As Sine() Siana
 2-x
2 a
Rm) E AAnm );P
An An AAn
0 FA TA
p w a

A 1A A
A

R A, Anm):r
An Antm An Antm S$o
FA A A |Rm) 2nan)
-A
tA 7A PRi.
tA tA Rm)=o
Rlm)= A, fov
m#b
As e Kao tat t Pd o Lina. Codey is
lE) =
x)/2 SR 4s T: T

Slb)=Tsin(6T
Manhest
) s|)RL)
ormt =A T She/64)si2)
Set) Bandnidt arhatev-fovmt
Mandhete
nat

oih(i) favoml Pra [As Psd 2eo at de)

clou exbrastrn fro t ode .

(Li) The no poi bil ty of

2
Sine (b)=o -t tt
Stn19)=o
 omnmuni ctin gstmy-, Letme- 33, Dat ol-o9-2620
awey shestral densy Caluddn of B,pdu NRz hmnat,
As we Ko tat tte Psd or lia Coder i
S C8) = / x (E) Rn) E"
tA, -4, adO.
F potn NRz hYmnt, þus L valne
alt)-ret
T
X)=T sine(T), R) =
E[A,n)=-E4Am
Syab An
An An An An
9-btzleval O
auu'aqpebabde, 7 tA tA A
-A -A
2 42

nz RC)= ElA, An
Symbd 1tnt Antntl
oo
A
9 ald
evenh

+A
-A
+A -A .4
-A A -A
K) 0x +0x tor tox
=
A

R) 4A So Rr)-, m=t |
 An An An Ansm
aly e y a

tA
- A & ox-A
Lash

AnAnam
aprag leval
0,
+AXD

gh +
6 u u n yl e v e l .

+A tA AZ
A -4*
- A +A -A
- A -A +A
Rw)-Rr -A -A+* -A

Rm) =o, k l

S NR hm-

Se6) T SinlFT) R(e) RU) R) TnT)

BNR2
T SnetT -A oFT)

=
2imne(t)J Cs (2nfT)], J-s29= 2 sise
lb NR
=
*Z i»t(67)
2
x 2 Si (atT)

Sin(nt)=o, t ngis th , t t
Sine()
Sble BlBMR T.
6.

LNul at de, so t Code 1s mava ehiet fu a

s aa
Cop'ng i) ContPrna4 te aouralle
met h oge.'le t etrad t de eh inkornatis
L n et
Lhn d n gstn-1, letine- 3 4, Dade o3- o
9. 2»20
owey sheztral dems'y CdenNatin "k uniprta Retiun to zen (URz):
R e Knos tiut the Pcd f Lina todev.i

ret(t/=a(t)

SoS lURz g(7)Re R(hn)anfrT

lU62 -

sie 7)2,,
AT Sinc( 2
S T tin( t 1 Ë E ,4gro

As we Kaou ttat

S IL
lUR
ie =o - +1, t2,t3,
 N

BandidtzURz

Tk ,
big4est advage oh t : Code ii
1y
þruenes th a die
t timh. trah at
èvey clok q-
Notaouvadk Psd
etne Rapat Pd if le (oder i
As he Khew Uat
la R TL
et
t)= Yet/t/7
XLt)-si: t ) -
As we Kho tat totovelatin furdin a Prar nati
K)= A, fYm=o
htb
So
16lASine sine/ba) Are -
Sine = o y -t, 42, t3,
StpR2
Sine(o) =l
Bandn 2

Not wolal la Psd

T)t dthinlt t exhot clock *hvnmatin o
 Cmme atn Srim-, leetu- 35, Datu:- 04.09202
Pvey shsetral dentt Calmat'n ok Bilotan 'Rzrmat
As we Knon t a t Psd ok O i h e Cooler i

-
a6)-reet(

-
xt)=Flxt]- sine(tE, kt6/- sine (5
Kron that
4s we
R) A
er h tl

SH) AMI, BRz Sinc (E7)/R©)4 RU) Z"%

tR(), EantTT
St6) sin(&)|-4E8T te

ASinc(T)1-
As we Kh &at
- 2 Cs
8 sinb)14r2Ca(205
As we K-o t a t
Ces 0-2 Sm )

spe Cin
8
AT
(E1 2 2
(gE
me (btT)(7}
As K tat
e
Snelb) =
0, fv -+1
2 22, t3,
Sine() 0, fev t t t
Sin (ntTs o, f 7t%= °. t7 42 3H.a0
 e
Sin 7)= 0, he
0, t t
Banddu- BR2

6
T T
aind er admt ipetn e to extrat
Cleck tnkormati
(") Favourabla id
Distrtnless trans miis

Estem t ) = Kx(t-ta)
Systa
ansmiro Sad to be ditortonleuhu KeScal' ut
h t and tho o ntht keve ideitLa! t dela of tke olp nrt /P
wave shape nrtkka handh}litatve lotat.
Adeleyed Ontput tkat vetaim the riht wavehayn- it Called ditotbnles

Jtad
E
Y FLGE17 =
KX()
trannfes funtn t t e Chasrel
ys ton So
So, te
H = YL
X)
Ht=
T Showt Etat tv di'storhomless tranimiks/ok, tk anLtda,
Te ponle H l ) mnt be a Cotant, and. e phau ehoma L e L ) n
b hean flent o .

9)-wta

Frequ Tshom e dai trvto,len tranimuin

 nmication Szsh-I, Lectme - 36, Data:. o7-o9-202

Lntersynbol
Tnteshtranta (TSI):. As ue Khos tat tt Jpoer
Sshesbral density u Lre Coder i

hus
XCt) derst be basi hulte and U xlt)
Sg te dinste Pan / h Line Codes
Vt) = Ax X(t-KT), - hule duvadi
K-
R(n)- A»tbornelitin Junctirn # ELA Akm
Psd ii dreetly salata wrk te clor oh bi hulse (t). So,
tPsd.
In ti Case s e ii danetd Agn(t-KT)
9 (4) t n e ited Ihista Bandridt
Yannbed ove1 bandlitd haenel
Padte dshersion (T $7
Xt) eandlin-bd Lnhnit t i
7rann ts over Bandlibd Clan
Ba.9u9U- clseto sgnal berd9Tr
lsa. dip eson (TsT
Salt) ww-
R olY
V

Commu'atin
Rectenganu e Low ha Char
t-/P- oStsT
P L hau Clan
aw&mNe
We Kave moye tle ohs Yetagula pwue, traum.ttad

ovey haunel. y
SaCt)
Sgt)RC (-ë*) fov , ostsT
a«) ae), t7t
 -SAlt-2n) St-47
STL
3T T t

-V
SAlt-3T
/ S(t-3T)
ant

Sgt-1 -Slt-4T
Selt-21
dt)-%selt)+d Sglt-Ti)+Sa)
At a itet +gt-3T)+wlt)
Sunm ati all H
4 bYavib
374T u a land huha.
So, Ahan a Sht þulse o dunatsn T tez 1 tanm ttd over
a bandlinsad Cannil, he pulse abbeanng at tta
otpt o
bte Ckenl tí duherrad oey an iterval longr bar 7 se
Sagnenu o Short prlsey o dutn Te au Tramn.
tad thonl bandntd Chaunel, one pnke evey %tnnd,
adihehad Teshonses onghatig from dheret snbe intennk
Al interheve. i t ndotter,
tlonely velbiy in intersynsel
IterhnneISTLST
an ndesras h.
leadi t pefnnade
dagrrdzln
In bkysial ter, LSL adies
becaue hefet n
overall raqnen veshue ote yt
deuive devie at ka yeeiver ontt. Thuujea, in ta desgn
of
o t traumtty adereuvf t e r , tke ossekve i t
miai 22 te
 C o n u e t a Systmd-T, lestme -38, Data:. lo-09-202
Nyguit Carit erio Diststaless bareband Binay ansnkern
.Continna
P t - ) =T
hs -
P 6t rat

b aeband transmisnoA
Sad to be Nygwit Gn kerion f, ditrrtinte,
Pb) T -Bshsb
P T daal amfltde Tespoh
let ns aMmu tat tte 6 4 n u
bo
o
to, Pt)= ret/2B
Bo- Nygust Kandmide
- Sialigrods
Lt duraTin = W

SSoa P t t ) - z t , au By

Pe)= F"PLB)) Fl Yat =

Zdaal sotdin

Pt)- Sine(26.t) Plb)-T nd

Sine(28st) at t =o
Sine(o) =l
Sine
Sne (28st) = o, fo 28,t t , , t2, t3,
t= t
2 3
t 26,
Pt) t i tivally
Cone/ndad kat oL

Signal wkvelo a t poudes Zan

Iiz ii dehA te Line funcion

20 28 ,
 that zt an udet nbk
Iu au huo þradial dhicJh u make

tteanpLhde thannutenitis or Plb)

7, t vequwr at
elseshere. T i bkyically, unraba
o n -B,t B, ard zen
secause oh t asnst
transta at tB, .

a dernse a T
(TK tutn PY= sine(28,t) Sn28tn (28t =

Tk ir Cauyed
eyLange /It/, venltig in a tlos rat oh decay
sytete ditntiniy Ab)at t B
raeta SAta we nay
-

overcome tte pratcal dhfindh s

Solta extendg t bandidt , K
posed by t rdsal 2
to an adgustala
Valna s dtvur B.and 28

Plb)= Sa.d to Raijel Cesina.

Shectrunu
d-Rull thtodr

2 -.
Rol of tartr txces Bandwiktu
-

Thesretcal Nygut Banduw:2

the Tti o Excers Bandwidtk
Dead a bandulit to t Nygut bardidn;
beond Nyquit
- Rloh tat =
Yan pi Bandwidtk (B-) Te tramsi Bandwidtt ri dahia
mdn a Teqwred to arcommedat t t yasad Cetina

S B7 B+b- +R AR
S 0 21 d
m i m u m baduidtt
- Callad Nygwit
 ajatn Syrtu-T, Lectmn -39, Dath: I1-0 9-262
K
Raied Cesina shectrn!. TCi shastrunn Congit,2 tlat
poton and a
rollo baton hat kas SinnsordaL f ,
a as

hulms
Pb) = 2B
6,+nlt-t).

O
ii dafind
Te hanameterd ii Calle He ollohh hatr and
bandwdtt (4)
as H di excess bandwidtt beyond Nyquit
t te Nyguit Band nd (8).
e : Rollohk favtr 26,-b,
-8.
= - B-
, -t,
B

Cane-
d ro ,/t,-B PH)= lt<lbd4-|
A
etve
Valn t1=b-6

Cate.D
= 0.S 0.S-
0.56
Plb)-|14 (0.S6 -0Sh)
2B 0.Sx2)
Jo.sho
2

Ptb)-/615 ost,
 fb) I+ ( Bo -0.SB.)
2 , -2x0.SB)

So, PLh) z at

At s B Pb)- o

d=o
20 =o

0.sA B, 1SB
Cane- r , So,ldel-1 5=

28.-2/Db

PLb)-14Conn(ase,- osl|k24-
280-2XXo

Plt)- Canl-
P) T ,t 0S6

At ) 48.
280 -

Pt)- e1+s
S
P)=o,
 Comniat'u dy+hnn - , Lectme-40, Dat- 23-o9-202
X -x
Rouied Coin t e r Contne
Cane- rollobf hator d=l
P 2 o
24/

.
28

PU
d=o

20

1-5B 2B0
a q 7 Tspom f v dter et Kou hato

lie sebose Kaird Caine ltev

P(t) = F - PLb= Sne(2Bst) CetznBt
- 16 B,t2
Cane- For o
Pet)-Sine(28.t) CsanB.b Sin cl284) Crs
- o
1-(o-3t
Ptt) Simeht, As Ces=I
=

Sinc(28t = 0, 2 8 . t t l , t2, t 3,
tt a t
26. t 28.
Sine (20t)=, At t - o
MPet)

O
2 2/ 2
2
Y
Pt)= Sine(24t) Cs(201x8,t)
-16B3E2
Sin(26,tn)),
29tn anBot
1-16 B."t
Ptt)-2S 2Sh (28t nk Ca(2nB.t Sin (46.ta)
(4 Atn) (7-1n44 GBta)kILBE)
Pe)= Sme(48.t)
- 16Bt2
Sme() =Sh1
So SineGBt) = o , fer Gat -t, ¢2, 43 .

3
Sinc (4Bst) =, At to =, T
As 1-1L Bt=
= 1 B.t t =t = t
As B, 27
94 man at
a t
t t ,, tk
funt
nohia. Sad tose
Sine (46.t
Lin t ) t + Sinb6,ta)
44t n-168t)

Tt t fe) in Sin(48tn
t1
Cs (46tn) xi6,
44n6Yx 34}n) t krl-18E)|
PEt) t-7Lim Csetn
-188t
1-3
So P) =0.S t t 4 *ad, «
So GATE
 letia-41 TPtt)

-0 D.T T 21
N 2
2
4 48

Caye- F
Pt)= sin(28.t) » 21 x o:5x B.t/
16 dos Bt"
Sme(26.t) -
x s(n8.t)
48342
As
As ve Knotat sine(2/8.t) = o, t 2B,t= tl, +2,t-

tt 5
t T, +2t, +3t,-
Cr (16-t) = o
tane,t + t t
t t t6. 4 8
48t =o
3. t
t a t+ =t Pt) (adeie)
= in Snd28,t s6.t L Si(28tn/ca(18.t)
LP t t (26sth-88t
t
LiPt) - Lin Ca(28,tn)«6n)}, s
(nat)- si(24ct n) sinln,t
26. 246)

Csn
26--12 8)
Csl Sin(n) « 48
-

S 3 si)x
Ptt) -o
Pet)

37-27 '-1 2T 3T

0 S

311- T
Wnathi n , Leeta15, Dai! 25-o1.2e2
Signral Sha . A Sgnal shru i'1 Simply Colet'n of Signa
t L a t i h es a Ce ta mattamatial rlneturep.
rauworkt nderitand Dig ital Conmnmunicatu sian
Considar t27 +3K = , 2,3) - Geyes
e le n a r s i's 2hl t o:w
I F0,1K JK rator
=
o, T:K = o
-Callad innerpwdrut det prdhet
othev
Calhd ORTHO NoRMAL =OR Tho + NoRNAL

- Li Combiaton oh 7 ad R = i+ 2+3x
AE reetev ihoan (V)
Similo b n , Conaidey tuo pulse, htlad t t .

dr t)de=/ Epz = te
Btt fhabue hkare
h t 2h erto

Futher, mne imotanty

rty Ltdt =o =Calad tLnner þrdnt tve prul

e a
bott ttoprne.
buliey are

So, Pe), .t) Contht tte tnanal bass fra

Signal Shone ORTHO NORMA4L
RTHoNoR NoRM L
a nomalt
gonl t u t ene:
So, tk Shoee tat r' Lnan Co mbhata *f
ttomaal basis S p l Shal Sha

Raal nunses
e Al Snrh Lissa Cninntir anu elenut f Signal
Sha
anbu fstsT
 = Cant otsT-
e T Contain ingt yda )
T ed a b
TContaiy isg k of 6E)

Tb =/ =
Ep
tp
L

2
= l=tpp

Conyidey no t inney prep r'. e

+

Ca 20,t xCanft d t =

t 2 h-6J4/dt

T 7
-. -.
Sin2aCh bE/',L Sih20(th-tJt
Sin 20 (K4k) f.t [T, L Sin 20(k)bat 7
0 (k4Jbl 20 (Ki k)bolo
Sin2n(ki4)T sin 2n (Ki tko Sin n(KikY baT=.o=Simta (tpt|
=
'

So
a t
gnal
Ple, t unt ent
W
orttonmnb t fnale sha
 Comnuicata Systhrs -I, leTune Dte:. 24-01 2v2 -
1 2,
ii 3.s KH2. Canlate tte
X
t elephona line bandwid
Q A Certain tkat Can be trasitid iNe we b' nay

data Yati i n (6 su roll ohh het

rassed Cotine. prltes anda
Signaling i
0.2Ss
th ransmis'o bandn'di, of
Kou ttat
S A Ne
i
Tajnd lesine puhe BT
data rate =
2
ata = 2x 3.SKH2 23So stoo /a,
1+0.2 1-2s

of 6andwidt 7SIKH 2is raguirad

&-AA
to a
Commiw'ed'n Casnl
mt binany data at aate of 0./N6/sa Wng Tased
Cotine pya, DeleYmie the
.
roll-oft fout d.
ST o.lx 1D
B 7s KH2 75x 16 H
So B T 4d =26-7, -2x7sx ivxio
+ .S
m esi ag Signals
t elerncdy Sshar, e'ylt
lr a Certa d i v i i o nthzwal
ihe
KH2 band w dtz a a
taing
PCM. The era ' afling amhlhmde
tinga 6nany n-h4hds. |
ratev
Ran | paut of tte aak riguy Rd
Cantk 6andwiall
minimun Toa i d.
Detrndn tk rou o a t r K=o.2
Tajad Cotin pdie v ei asone t
hmut at laast 4
Samplr Tate
N uit a t
Masinum 9hatig era =. s o o l p

=L>lod
 nber o t / a b u 7
Saningvate fer en Signal
1.2 (Nygmit m
= 1.2x 2 l.25x 0 = Sou sarpa/e

Tku au eylt tu divisien dthbnaad Sigrals, a f

a ttal oh= 8x Saun = 70066 faL
isen(edsd y 746, th Tu ndtat
SIhee eal lamfla

7 x Yooo2 8 0 Es/a

transn bandladt ra2urad

So Mir
B= - l+0-2. 2&ox68 8ICH2
2 T 2

S B=168KHz
O
hr a Janplh
A 9ives DM erats
to
Tat and a Sie 4. 9 h inht
Determine the vab
m (t)= at, fv t7o
e u rs.
O rerlsa
Overlaad ditt
/o vord
shepe
She over/aed oeeay
)

M
Wnathi n , Leeta15, Dai! 25-o1.2e2
Signral Sha . A Sgnal shru i'1 Simply Colet'n of Signa
t L a t i h es a Ce ta mattamatial rlneturep.
rauworkt nderitand Dig ital Conmnmunicatu sian
Considar t27 +3K = , 2,3) - Geyes
e le n a r s i's 2hl t o:w
I F0,1K JK rator
=
o, T:K = o
-Callad innerpwdrut det prdhet
othev
Calhd ORTHO NoRMAL =OR Tho + NoRNAL

- Li Combiaton oh 7 ad R = i+ 2+3x
AE reetev ihoan (V)
Similo b n , Conaidey tuo pulse, htlad t t .

dr t)de=/ Epz = te
Btt fhabue hkare
h t 2h erto

Futher, mne imotanty

rty Ltdt =o =Calad tLnner þrdnt tve prul

e a
bott ttoprne.
buliey are

So, Pe), .t) Contht tte tnanal bass fra

Signal Shone ORTHO NORMA4L
RTHoNoR NoRM L
a nomalt
gonl t u t ene:
So, tk Shoee tat r' Lnan Co mbhata *f
ttomaal basis S p l Shal Sha

Raal nunses
e Al Snrh Lissa Cninntir anu elenut f Signal
Sha
anbu fstsT
 = Cant otsT-
e T Contain ingt yda )
T ed a b
TContaiy isg k of 6E)

Tb =/ =
Ep
tp
L

2
= l=tpp

Conyidey no t inney prep r'. e

+

Ca 20,t xCanft d t =

t 2 h-6J4/dt

T 7
-. -.
Sin2aCh bE/',L Sih20(th-tJt
Sin 20 (K4k) f.t [T, L Sin 20(k)bat 7
0 (k4Jbl 20 (Ki k)bolo
Sin2n(ki4)T sin 2n (Ki tko Sin n(KikY baT=.o=Simta (tpt|
=
'

So
a t
gnal
Ple, t unt ent
W
orttonmnb t fnale sha
 Comnn'tnën Sytinw-1, Lednu -11, Data: 28. 01-22
ram Sehmidt Orttogonali'aatinprocedn Gqramschmd
rttegonal'zaten porduia þernit ta re^rsetatoa of any ret
ohenern Sijnals, S; t), as Lins Co mbinatisa N'ovnamal
NSM. TK; t i to fag, ne a hruet t
iven Set of TRal -valund anerga ignals "S,40,...., , ead
o daratn' Tierond, tà t
St) S Si t;l) , OgtST
(=1, 2, -. .-.M
hn ts Coehhieies of expansis are
defind q
, 2, -M
T:/, , 2,
TTl ralnad funto
batii
w e we' haas t,t), -(
. .

ttonmal y
TO¢tdt =* '
T rivst Condto o9ton () stat, ttat esd bni hundin i
TvoYnlzd to Kave "unit entrgy. TKe Se co nd Condtr Mat, tat
t bati tuneteu , tt, t ave rttagonal uit rabedh
t o n l ' otar ove tt interval OgtsT.
Sehane te
f eyatig fgal S;t)_

Sa Sn t

St)

SiN Sin
-
 Schem generabg h set
oh Cotht

Si

Tolo bove. the 7Yam-Ckm.dt dY dogonal'2at'a procedus

we brocead i tvo Stogas. k.
kare to estaslik nAtter net
Stage.L3 Ait, he
i rndafedt
S(t), S , t) Lsarly
oSignalu
. . . .

gives Set Ku ecizts Set o C i i a t

nt, ttn ( depitor
al, 4 - , n

) oStsT
+t ) + -+
= o
ay ,

Snbhae, in paattler, btat Gy 0 . u hazpexpress

7 re
HCorru-po Kg Signal nlt) a
Sntt) = -4 4t)+ 4t)+
aM
,(4)
Spt) nay
tt be exbreged in teY
L in-pL'e
t Temalng (M-1) Signals.
, St) --- (t, E t
Conside, Nextte e t signals
,

tt Set oignals is t snot.

Lidaky ndrperdut s 42,
ntto set k numbers 4,,
tul exiit a Uat 4 rt t
, Sn-
sn
all eg nal to 2e N s ( t ) =o, DStsT
Cphen tEt 6n-,#0. T , v e hay expyeM Nt)
a i a Combindn o t Yemai4 M-2 kignals, as orn y
t-
bya
 Commua'eadon Systn-I, lecan - 4 6 , Dat:.30-01202o
nyrms
Cjeometm interbetatin o Signad:- TK leA
vertv 'S i reh ruintiA //S/
/"JE Te fhaud
hana
a Sigval
rector
* a stgnal
prdaet è dot prrdet of S;'nit ttdh.
(nser
te 1/S:1-(SiAS)=S +4+ .+ SiN
2 a t eleme
, hus th Sig
duratir T'teed
S S;(t) ok
T ne"
e ° he Signal
nal tt
6: t)dt
O
A we Kion tat

S ) dt
A s n aKros tiat
tt).dt
ur = k

N
JH E Si =stct).dt -/s:i
J
29 hal t
- Mrans tat tke ener 0{a Tigral S;(0
Squad- lengt i g a l retw Srhresati it
Cat a fair of grals s;9 d treprue.
In
Tn repectively, ta

IS-Sel/ ntl'das dit betmean

peist 4ruta &e firal Vetorn Sand g
 Conder te sgnals SE), S,t), st/, and Salt)Shosn in
elo e isk to a Cjram Sehmdt tl4nal'ztn breca~nMs
fnd an rthonaal bas er tulset of fignas
Sgt
1.of

St TV T t

S Heve S (t) = s[(th 4+StH, whis mtar

ta H Set o ianals i not inmaspindt
endut
T

Js'a=Jt /ostsT
o terw
Naw, t)- 3,t -
atdt -
Sa J
19.
Sa So, -S2 t.dt - ut -
So =

ogt

1 Jsts
40, h2st T t) o, f osts
sts
O, stsT

2T-t
 u at/ = Szt)-S2, tt)-S3,t

S3a 2T

ot

-0 x
T
=I Tst sT
fudt= T

So o t ST
otter
t stsT
2T Tt
 Communitn Syshm-l, leitin 4 pati.oS-o1-2o2
-X

Matehad lter:- A Htey whose im-puue responge is a thu tm

Yeversed andd dlayel Vertieof ta ihnt Sgnal, 1e t
matthad to t infut fignal sad t» matud lbey.
Kno wn
Sanplu at
t='T

Linaa hlter o Inpe re-ponus h(, wit4a inp-A

Considey à
knowA Sinal, t ) , and
an add ta naia Conp.
ltat Conis5 k a

OnAt, wt. Ase may tn, " w t

ost<T, u Ta vbteyyatria
X = ¢tt) +wlt) , t tasd
Since hltevti Lnsan, te run, ontpt ij
huu(t) ed nt am

bXdnead te inal ad nerio Conporat

x t , 7a-petvel,. V
to neri4 rato dfind as
T op-tV Sznal
T
ECne)
Heu )= Felb]= F"lP}H07-/trt)H(y - o

h e ta ter otpt ii Samplod at 2 te t 7, we ha

-o

wt) H
Padhe)=
whs
Sl)=?
denhy ormtat
So Sn = Hb/SlY = H
The averge powey of tke Ontput notie nlt)'s tkee
,

Et)-,H|*44
 -et x(t)and t l danst ay par of Compex valnad Sizna
Wa aunu L.e
tat at) ardt Aave t eney

SChwarz's inegnalty Stat, tat

SEytdt t iyt
Tenalty kotds i ad
f yt)= k U, ue
KSome Conatat and ke # dinst
So
So Actdiy
Combb Congpaa
te Jekuayr
Inaq hal

-
a 2

Hey+).dt Hbl'44, blbld 2

So CNRar

SN
-
0tputSnal t norie Tots wil be ma
n
eghal h d
re He=Kx #lUk
K=
oge (t) = 4(t)
Coax Conpa Frumev tren o tta
o
t 2 hal $t.
fuperty-1- TRrealsn Itat Hat, exceßt fer hneeHary
in deli, favtr FT t tranafe fuds, tt lun her
Saaa te
Conjhs Congngta f shecur oh
mayimm
Cmmun'ta m - , LecTme - 18, Data 07-lo-2o2
X

Kuper-' T imprba respoma oh ta opt» l t e r ii a

tma reverted and odalagy ad vertion of ta irht Signal pt).
As -JangT
Soha tmplse Taponse of e matnd h Her ii
het)

JanT Jangt
-

Ob)6t-r)

Since
Sinee horra Teal valnad Signal pt), we lare plt)= 4-)
So ogtlt) =
"b) Et(T)
rezlt) = #(T-t)
/ eal.
hoper- Tk shetrunn of te onthut Sgnal "ha
hrathnd t e r wit tke mdtnd Srgnal d inpnt i, exast
atev a t
tei "delay fatr, þrrpbortonal t tke enev shetra
dlenit, k h pnt Sgnal.
roof tt)JHpe t

-J2n7 A we Kra tkat

t8)+16
Sgnal eng E
F nerp hectral den fd
 So anT
t) EsD ofintpt Sindx
aved
a matlad t e r rs
uhe-Y TK ont;t Signal
rvhoteno to a Shfttd rernie Qntvcovr detisn ferilin
ufke rnhut Sgnalo hAil tte Hes i mattad.
ob

Ce)= FLt(07 =,/t(t

et)
w e Kns a t , Atvcovr a lat.s frctie a enery
Shectral denst, a kind o Fourer tr anafe
ene7
aur

pmtoFrtotorrelatin un etos
R() Janf
dl Callsd
4tcoreltn

t)R(t-T

-9ow4-E
AeEi t
igral enerfp Tat , IA assena o
ese, Hu maxinu Valns h tematkod ter
Onthut, atta'nad at t=T, b tinl to
Sinaenert
 Comnaat
X
atn tig
- x -D, Leetare49, Date!. o8-09.2o20
CoTrelattr oy Coterent R. ece^t' .
= a ) 4 n t )

YOtS7 T
Sanhe
at t T

Tha. matihad lter rs

ontpt oh
t)=toAlt-YAT- f¢RAe|
Aswe Kaau ttat he
i'~hnlse Tuponse malelsdte s
h(t) = 7
(T-t)
ACTT)= af(T-(T-T) = a()

( T ) =(Y||
Janiginstart t - T IS
at T
T) =.tCU h(T-T).dT
T)
-+olt
t T
at)Kal Oteiltat
Tke Owtpnt olotal Ofllator ti Corelat Nt tt
In taek.a manh a t t
toammit4 signal ht
etfe mi'mun, d t k Corralaker ox Ckeret
kerepto
) HE) n Ct) dt
94 claar tat t ntgrat i Sane a
tat makdd ter
 slou,
Consdey tAa pnlse thape Shoa
aShon
Determh the Ipnlye
Tepon ta o te hnatihsd4
te
T

Sf #(T+) faid to be imprlse nhore

he lt)= =

b a nmatisd Uer
As Tt =o tT
epe) = o

As TtT tzo h+ (t)= #(T) =.o

ket 2t)- #t, a hlt) lter matehed t 9{t).

apjl'es a tipt t ht), t t Fuin trapmo

GG)- bH)- Gl}) GY E, Hlb-GIYE"

LH)=G
l)-FIE)
G.(6 =E tT
7(6= Ten
4E T o
C7C6) e
 Commun catia Syrhu -D, Lete-So, Date
-X - X
08-9.202
Optmur e r Ofht'nun Recever:
S, V(t) K.S, (T)47r}
Or
Sanse at So(T)4(7)|
t T
nt) AwGN
Yebas ofervo' TK tevm pwbal of errev i dat'nda
a probabily of mirting a miaintepre.tatis of syd 1or
Snd O nhih ud t
The pt'mun flter i a generalard Ue
imimum pmaih error
errr.
receve 6/nary Coded Sinalk witk
neriei pruet n,we telect st) V(T) 1i clorer to so,lT)
bka Soa(T) and ne select s(6 ikVlT) i cloter So2(T) tan SopCT).
7Kueve, the deuivin boundauy will be in t midll ooT) an
So7T). 9t exprei ed a,
So T)+Soz (T) ASswnne ltat
Decision bounday
2 SoCT) >Sor(T)
SeLT)
Decsis bounda
SoiCT)+SCT)
2
So T) T
S t ) i tranimited and o e d d a d at tke Sanpling htat

Soz(T)+n Z S T)+ SeT)

2
So thun
So, ail of error.
oT So T)-S(T)
2
Sinclal
S6 tratmtd and t e addrd at I
So ntat, t
So,CT)+Yo (T) K d»(T+So(T)
n(T) s So(T)-SoT|
2
t is C7ansua n
tnd t 2en aan 2eo ias, e MoYnnal
 2
At tT,
tir)} =

robailb e
Pn (T)S
2

7T
SonCT)-Soz(T)
SoCT-ST) 2
2 no(T
So,
So robail orpbabil5 of errev= = Pn.(T) 2 Sol7-S, (72
2
nT)
262

So(T)-So2 (T
2
het ORum tat »(T z eCT= JE s z

ol noT= V2sdz As na(T) Si(T)-Ser(T)

=

2
Z SoCT)-Se2
(7 As n(T)->>
2
2

fe exVa s dz

Son T)SoC
2
Sor CT)Soa(T
Kuo tat
As we

ef) - Ere d n = 2
adz
4

erhlalomplamalay em ftn
e) dz
- 7 USonC(T)-Soz (T
2 26
SoD)-So2 (T)1 V
L22
 L/P Saad E) S ()-s,E
o/p Sigal SCt) = S, (t)- So()
S(T) So (T)- So (T)
E l n n - Mea sqau ralu of Gqa-esvian auie s S

2 e ESo,CT)z(7}
2/2
sT
S(T 2
x

22
So (T)-S.(T
So (CNe)
2

L
er)= o, erl=l, enl)=D
9 mAn,
SNR)p ,e?
Pav
 lectine Dada . 12-lo-2o2
Communkton Systi.-m-, -SI,
Digital Modltss Tulrg, AAen it * T29Yed t o raAmit

du'g'tal daka over ban.

a CAand, t neressanyt® udlnt
onto a Carier Nawa [wm Sloidal) t
et ncomung data
Tka reruent dtal optui ortb
data may
diXd r Voice and Vida Signals. Tt
o Pcr Naresjeneralid dgtzing
adio unk satUt.
Channel may bi a telaphent Chand mrowase
Channa t a l iber.,
modulatin
Zn a evet, ta poru i M
Sting
Stig? K t anLtda, frag eny, r phau oh t. Carmig
^7.om
(armdane data Thu "thua
Stkcomg dat a ane basi
madalabta t tranimivon
teelnipy hev ok datal dads, tay an

Knen a anmbltd. e t Kay

aiyCa),
Ln hartnlun, te Chice made ravor of ba sihene, tat
atarn a ma
olo w desigoal, a pouiuu!
1. Max innu dati rate
2 Mii poaLy*ere
3. mum TraAmj ho NeY
4. Minunm Charnal ha-gla
S Miaimun Lívent (on-jla
bes Digital adl adn teeluyru
( leret D' tel msdulatin telnigns
odrkatis teclnyu,.
u Nos- Ckevet Datal
)Coevet bizitl mrdlatn tekuy s. Ir CRevet detation
ttelocl oeetada Camer gereratl at tka dereiver t' bhe.
LoKad t Carrier at t trani i tter. Tkn, t deten
den Correlat' Teceid nony Sigal ad loculy genentd
Carr1, TC CkevehtE datetin 4V asynehron ouy dLeltin.
(iy Non Cokerent Diyital maduletis teli
Non Nor- Cokered
digi'tal msdud abin teckrgr ttuse tecls'q i
roessdoe not mud Tereivex Camerto se phe lotad
L r a an e r Corury. 7 advatape of n s tyh

ayrt tat t itn setomne tim B

dYabAN Snh yrha tat pwaasilh of enr
 a Anmpihd. s t Kyiy ( 645K>
Inany Sty and S, und t
In BASK stth, th haly of n a l
BASK. ys d y
Ypruert 6y ysul ado',2hectiey,
' a ,

S A Cs2ott, OStst
stsT
SoSo B4k
B4K
Hen, t BASK wafov lobk Like ON-0FF Kg,
aho Clad a, OK ON-oFf K
Cauev
wava
Ct AAAAAM AMAA0M0
NR2 4
UUUUUTUUUVVUU Men gnal
p A D Gnvertev

(Bina
av)0

S
BASK

Ct)x ft)
SY = BASK are =
,

(UNR2 f n t )
Camuer wwe hey e
(Mesinge i l )
rttonmal sati ft of S E)
t 0stsT

t)= ACazof.t AG2nht Asntt

t) ACst
/TE/= Ht-/aaaft
 Lommnun'dos giry - , Letu - S2, D t :. 14-lo-2»2
Co'e.
CRogt fev ost sT

As t)= 0
oStsS
soe)=Opy ostT As S(e)= o
So, )o
T
2

t O t ) dt ao

Sigral enevy ozrah9to Synl 1

2 A , T t dvzi,
AsK ware
St)= AA20ft =/2 Cantt, osts7
olts,
S-E xpt) + 0x r ostST

SigralVute Sin
=(VE,0 dt
t ) = 0 , ter o gtsT k yrsl
o

St)= 0xtt) +o xp), fy osts7

Signad Veuer s2 = (, 0 Sipal vtn (onap nSip
t°m o '
 g a J a e Tehveg entatios ok BASK vL Constellat ia dayram
B4SK

sf 1

SF(9| SETE9pt)
Euelida ditana|-)o-*
Euelidns dit E, S)= A Gs2nbt,
0S
ts 7,, nsd2
ASK Ss,E) 25 Caentt- VE,aeft -JE.#)
St) = © x#), dste7, f Sysd o
So BASK awe S UNR2x Orthonarn-al aimcan F|
BASK ransmlt er Mes VCaer wre
Siyla
inay Nwe rodnat Madubti BASk are,
UNR2 forn Sysd2
S)2Caott
SL4= 0,
CevhtLocal Otilatey
Toloenerde a
bimang AsK Nare, we kae to epruet te
Inpt ARA Seghnen p d n NR2 mat wi Snsds
1 ad oerehd yConstant eplid levels oh +NE.
nd o a .petvel 7T inany hyave d a sinasn a l
Camtr ave e basii fto f)/mae freqnens
e ( So tid ikhgon) a ahlrd to a d t
Anodnlat. Ihe desired 34sK Naue tanol t he »

noddar ontt
 muntbA Sysa , Lectune - S2 pata 1 S-o9-2,2

Cokerent Debeetas h BA
BAK S Cantetg

St) = o

Local Otulladr
Thresdeld Deciui
akin
Vale= Edenee 7
2

Syrmbo 1,t X Mrold

Valne
Synrbed 0, Otterwise
Th damodnlat'ba o BSK are nit ttt hlp
Can se done kl A
CHeret d a t e t s . t Consisth oa pwet modnlakey fruoid
an m4ratr and a deciin meak' dlevie. T rntoi BAs
to one npnt b bmtnt modnlaty Th
Signal ahld tinndodal
o b d n t modulata i Snbsl'ed ni a

o&ar Iht
Cau'er4t n
the halhh
Local

modalatr
Otu'llatr Tr ontht ok pwdt

madlaboy t 4 p t gv4 to ke
T0htht of wdret
(nigra. 7 thnt "Lntig ratru
X, E L Cfantt dt
0

2
/K, = o , nhen p t ) =
 he O ntpt of be tntgratY oes to t hnt a deusiA
makng devica Tke deu'uon mak"y dewie chanes te odpnt .
ng rabb wtt threkd Val E tp= G. 9é
hakes daunsn aweuy of
a

ie
e XtArd untjut
ok Int ratr X thrrkt vala( E) and 1n favou4r
ymudo' othermie
In the
eltol Cke vent daketon be lotall, geh eratid4
Camua me t Rx1 ih hefet yhh roni'ztin
Cam'e ware u s d i h katyanin'tter.

eTTY BASK

Knos tat ke probalty f err a natkl

As Ne
ter i's

heje
h SSo(T)-Sor(t S) NR)
2

Fr BASL NEre
S)-S() = /26 Car0t, t -0, rostT
T

natndke
arievali ti s").dt

SN 1gASK
2 26
2

2Es wh E= iral
2