Châu Thành Huy - BEBEIU20018

Khưu Đoàn Đức Quang - BEBEIU20038

PRESENTATION DESCRIPTION
1. Oxidation/reduction reaction
1. Definition

- An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves

the transfer of electrons between two species.

- An oxidation-reduction reaction is any chemical reaction in which the oxidation

number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron.

2. Example:

3. pH meter

a. Definition

- It consists of a special measuring probe attached to an electronic meter displaying the

decimal pH reading.
- Must be calibrated before use against buffer solutions of known hydrogen ion activity.

b. Types of ph meter

i. Pen testers

- Pocket-sized instruments
- The cheapest type of pH meter
- Easy to transport and use on the go.
- Application: Construction, hydroponics, food manufacturing, and pool or spa
maintenance industries

ii. Handheld/Portable meter

- More rugged design than the pen testers.

- It was built with the electrode separate from the meter.
- Electrodes can be interchanged depending on pH measuring needs
- Application: in field studies, aquaculture, agriculture, and water treatment

iii. Benchtop meter

- The largest of the three types.

- It can be desk or wall-mounted.
- Have the highest degree of accuracy of all the types of pH meters
- Application: food processing facilities, quality assurance laboratories, water testing
facilities, and environmental testing laboratories.

4. Working Principle

a. Glass electrode

- The potential difference between the reference and measuring systems is used to
calculate the pH value. For example, hydrochloric acid (HCl) contains large
negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-) and small positively charged hydrogen ions
(H+)
- When the pH sensor is immersed in this acid, hydrogen ions can penetrate the glass
membrane's boundary area, known as the gel layer.
- Because the significantly larger chloride ions remain in the solution, charge separation
occurs.
- On the inside of the sensor, the same process occurs with a neutral solution buffered at
pH 7 and containing a constant concentration of hydrogen ions.
- When the concentration of hydrogen ions inside differs from the concentration on the
outside, measurable potential differences result.
- If the concentration of hydrogen ions on the inside is lower than on the outside, as
shown here, the measured solution is acidic, with a pH of less than seven.
- If the hydrogen ion concentration on both sides is the same, no potential difference
forms, and the measured solution has a pH of seven.
- If the hydrogen ion concentration inside the glass bulb is greater than the measured
solution, the solution is basic.

b. Non-glass electrode

- pH measurement with non-glass sensors is based on so-called ion-selective

field-effect transistors short ISFET
- They use a mass transistor arrangement that contains a pH-sensitive layer instead of a
metal gate.
- Positive hydrogen ions forming at this layer caused the charge to be separated on the
other side.
- As a result, the area between the source and drain becomes conductive. The resulting
flow of current is in direct proportion to the pH value of the medium.

5. Questions & Answers

1. Can you talk about electrode structure in more detail?

- Reference electrolyte: A reference electrode is used in combination with a glass

electrode to measure the difference in potential generated between it and the glass
electrode. It also indicates a known potential irrespective of the pH of the solution.

- Inner buffer: A inner buffer is a reference solution of known pH value (usually 7) that
is used for sensor calibration

- Glass membrane: A pH sensor is bonded to the glass electrode. This membrane is

filled with a pH-7 buffer solution. This electrode design generates a consistent
binding environment for H+ ions inside the glass membrane while the outside of the
membrane is exposed to the sample. The difference in H+ ions provides a potential
against the reference electrode's steady potential.
- Reference electrode: The reference electrode is designed to maintain a constant
electrical potential that is independent of the sample composition and temperature

- Reference junction: The reference junction, also known as a diaphragm, creates

electrical contact between the reference system and the solution. Much like the
reference electrolyte, the reference junction must possess certain qualities.

2. Why benchtop is the most accurate type of pH meter.

- Benchtop meters are ideal for laboratory use and can be paired with specialized
electrodes to provide a more sensitive testing range. Besides, the benchtop is usually
used with multi-channels, whose result is the average value from these channels.
- Sturdy and efficient: Sitting on a bench or wall-mounting significantly decreases the
risk of meter damage or sample spillage. Most units are constructed with an electrode
holder arm. This reduces the risk of electrode damage and simplifies product
sampling.
- More memory: Typically, benchtop pH meters have more data logging and calibration
memory.
- Calibration options: Benchtop meters typically offer more calibration points.
- Benchtop ph meters have more advanced and contemporary processors than other ph
meters. This facilitates the measurement and calibration process's precision and
exactness.

3. Can we measure the pH of solid material?

- Usually, we cannot measure the pH of solid materials directly. Maybe, we can dilute
solid material into the solvent to have a liquid solution.
- In some cases, we can measure the pH of solid material directly by using special
techniques.

4. Are there any specific cautions when using a pH meter to achieve an

accurate reading?

- pH electrodes should be cleaned regularly; however, this should not be done

‘mechanically’ as forceful cleaning can damage the surface of the glass. This should
be ‘chemically’ using dilute acids, tenside-containing cleaning solutions, or thiourea.
- The pH electrode contains a diaphragm of porous ceramic, a Teflon ring, and a small
hole. This functions to prevent the leaching of electrolytes. However, blockage by
soluble compounds can lead to increased resistance and low pH. Using a cartridge
reference system can prevent this problem.
- Electrode poisons in the measuring solution may erode the silver/silver chloride
reference electrode, changing the potential difference. A two-chamber electrode
minimizes electrolyte access to the reference electrode.
- The pH meter's medium may cause issues. Deionized, distilled, and demineralized
water may increase electrical resistance in the measuring medium, affecting pH
 readings. Solid potassium chloride in the electrode may release huge volumes of
potassium chloride into the solution to fix this.
- Temperature affects pH measurements. Temperature affects chemical reactions and
pH. pH meter voltage is temperature-dependent. A pH meter should have temperature
sensors based on the temperature corrected slope in variable-temperature situations.
- Extreme pressures and changes in pressure can damage the glass material of the
reference. Selecting special electrodes and fitting the glass membrane with special
fittings can help evaluate this issue. Also, drying out due to lack of moisture can
affect the glass membrane.

5. Can you name the electrode protecting solution?

- Due to our research, it is 3M or 3.5M KCl. Potassium chloride (KCl) acts as a source
of chloride ions for the electrode. The advantage of using KCl for this purpose is that
it is pH-neutral. Typically, KCl solutions of concentrations ranging from 3 molars to
saturated are used in pH meters.
- In fact, the pH meter is based on the principle of the potential difference between the
reference system and the measuring system. However, if we measure the pH
continuously, the difference can be increased or decreased leading to different results.
- If the measurement process is performed continuously without washing the electrode
tip with distilled water, ions of the previously measured substance will remain on the
electrode tip, resulting in an error in the ion concentration of the substance. and distort
the results of the measurements.
- Besides, other factors such as temperature, moisture, and pressure can have effects on
the pH meter if we let the electrode in the sample for the long term.