IOT: Chapter 1- Introduction to

Internet of Things
Pratit Raj Giri
Section 1
This section introduces the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) and explains how
it is a network of physical objects, devices, vehicles, buildings, and other items that
are connected to each other and the internet. The slide highlights that IoT is built on
the integration of electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which
enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
Introduction to IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical
objects—“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other
technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices
and systems over the internet. -Oracle
The main concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982,
with a modified Coca-Cola vending machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming
the first ARPANET-connected appliance, able to report its inventory and whether
newly loaded drinks were cold or not.
The concept of the "Internet of things" and the term itself, first appeared in a speech
by Peter T. Lewis, to the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation 15th Annual
Legislative Weekend in Washington, D.C
Section 2
This section provides a more in-depth definition of IoT and lists its key
characteristics. The definition emphasizes that IoT is about creating an
interconnected world where objects and devices can communicate and work together
seamlessly. The characteristics of IoT highlighted on this slide include
interconnectivity, sensing and actuation, data processing and analytics, autonomous
operation, and remote monitoring and control.
Definition and Characteristics of IoT
Definition of IoT: The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects,
devices, vehicles, buildings, and other items, embedded with electronics, software,
sensors, and network connectivity, that enables these objects to collect and exchange
data.
Characteristics of IoT:
● Interconnectivity
● Sensing and Actuation
● Data Processing and Analytics
● Autonomous Operation
● Remote Monitoring and Control
Interconnectivity
● Interconnectivity refers to the ability of IoT devices and systems to
communicate and exchange data with each other over the internet.
● IoT devices are equipped with sensors and connectivity technologies that enable
them to share data with other devices and systems in real-time.
● Interconnectivity is a key characteristic of IoT that enables devices and systems
to work together seamlessly.
Sensing and Actuation
● Sensing and actuation refer to the ability of IoT devices to sense and measure
data from the physical world and to take actions based on that data.
● IoT devices are equipped with sensors that can measure a wide range of
parameters such as temperature, humidity, light, motion, and more.
● Actuators are used to take actions based on the data collected by the sensors.
● This characteristic of IoT enables devices and systems to operate more
efficiently and effectively.
Data Processing and Analytics
● Data processing and analytics refer to the ability of IoT devices to collect,
analyze, and act on the data generated by them.
● IoT devices generate a large amount of data, and the ability to process and
analyze this data is critical for deriving insights and making decisions.
● This characteristic of IoT enables devices and systems to be more intelligent
and responsive.
Autonomous operation
● Autonomous operation refers to the ability of IoT devices and systems to
operate without human intervention.
● IoT devices are designed to be autonomous, which means they can operate on
their own without requiring human intervention.
● Autonomous operation enables devices and systems to be more efficient, reduce
the risk of errors, and operate around the clock.
Remote monitoring and control
● Remote monitoring and control refer to the ability of IoT devices and systems to
be monitored and controlled from a remote location.
● IoT devices can be monitored and controlled from a central location using a web
interface or mobile app.
● This characteristic of IoT enables devices and systems to be monitored and
controlled in real-time, which is critical for improving efficiency and reducing
downtime.
● It also enables remote management of devices and systems, which is useful for
applications like home automation and industrial control.
Section 3
This section covers the physical and logical design of IoT. The physical design of
IoT refers to the hardware components that enable the devices to collect data and
communicate with other devices. This includes sensors and actuators, embedded
systems, and connectivity components like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The logical design
of IoT covers the software and cloud components that manage the data generated by
IoT devices. This includes edge computing, cloud computing, and data storage and
analytics.
Physical and Logical Design of IoT
1. Physical Design:
a. Sensors and Actuators
b. Embedded Systems
c. Connectivity
2. Logical Design:
a. Edge Computing
b. Cloud Computing
c. Data Storage and Analytics
Physical Design: Sensors and Actuators
● Sensors and actuators are the key components of IoT devices.
● Sensors are used to detect and measure physical phenomena such as
temperature, humidity, motion, light, and more.
● Actuators are used to take actions based on the data collected by the sensors.
Examples of actuators include motors, valves, and switches.
● The sensors and actuators are designed to be small, low-cost, and low-power,
which makes them ideal for use in IoT devices.
Physical Design: Embedded Systems
● Embedded systems refer to the computer systems that are integrated into IoT
devices.
● These systems are designed to be small, low-cost, and low-power, which makes
them ideal for use in IoT devices.
● Embedded systems typically consist of a microcontroller, memory, and
input/output interfaces.
● These systems are responsible for controlling the sensors and actuators,
collecting and processing data, and communicating with other devices and
systems.
Physical Design: Connectivity
● Connectivity is a critical component of IoT devices. IoT devices are designed to
be connected to other devices and systems over the internet.
● The most common connectivity technologies used in IoT devices include Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, cellular, and Zigbee.
● These technologies enable IoT devices to communicate with each other and with
other systems in real-time.
Logical Design: Edge Computing
● Edge computing refers to the processing of data at the edge of the network,
near the source of the data.
● This approach enables IoT devices to process data in real-time, without having
to send the data to a remote server for processing.
● Edge computing is used in IoT devices to perform real-time data analysis, to
reduce latency, and to improve security and privacy.
Logical Design: Cloud Computing
● Cloud computing refers to the use of remote servers to store, manage, and
process data.
● Cloud computing is used in IoT devices to store and process large amounts of
data that cannot be processed locally.
● Cloud computing also enables IoT devices to access advanced analytics tools
and machine learning algorithms.
Logical Design: Data Storage and Analytics
● Data storage and analytics are critical components of the logical design of IoT
devices.
● IoT devices generate a large amount of data, which must be stored and
processed.
● Data storage and analytics enable IoT devices to store, manage, and analyze the
data generated by the devices.
● This data can be used to gain insights into device performance, to identify
trends and patterns, and to make predictions about future behavior.
● Data storage and analytics are used in both edge computing and cloud
computing architectures.
Section 4
This section lists some of the technologies that enable IoT, including wireless
technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, machine-to-machine (M2M) communications,
wearable technology, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence (AI). The slide
highlights that these technologies play a critical role in the development and
deployment of IoT solutions.
IoT Enabled Technologies
Wireless Technologies: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, NFC, RFID

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communications

Wearable Technology

Augmented Reality

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Wireless Technologies: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, NFC,
RFID
● Wireless technologies are a critical component of IoT devices.
● They enable devices to communicate with each other and with other systems
over the internet.
● The most common wireless technologies used in IoT devices include Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, Near Field Communication (NFC), and Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID).
● These technologies enable IoT devices to collect and transmit data in real-time,
making them ideal for use in applications such as smart homes, industrial
automation, and healthcare.
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communications
● M2M communications refer to the communication between two or more devices
without human intervention.
● M2M communications are a critical component of IoT, as they enable devices to
communicate with each other and with other systems in real-time.
● M2M communications are used in a variety of IoT applications, including smart
homes, industrial automation, and transportation.
Wearable Technology
● Wearable technology refers to devices that are worn on the body, such as
smartwatches, fitness trackers, and health monitors.
● Wearable technology is a rapidly growing area of IoT, as it enables users to
monitor their health and fitness in real-time.
● Wearable technology can also be used in industrial applications to monitor
workers' health and safety.
Augmented Reality
● Augmented reality (AR) refers to the technology that overlays digital
information on the real world.
● AR is used in IoT devices to provide users with real-time information about
their environment.
● AR can be used in a variety of applications, including gaming, education, and
healthcare.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
● AI refers to the ability of machines to learn and perform tasks that normally
require human intelligence.
● AI is a critical component of IoT, as it enables devices to make decisions based
on data collected from sensors and other sources.
● AI can be used in a variety of applications, including smart homes, industrial
automation, and healthcare.
● AI can also be used to improve the efficiency of IoT systems by automating
tasks and optimizing performance.
Section 5
This section explains the relationship between IoT and M2M. M2M communication
refers to the direct communication between devices or machines without human
intervention. The slide highlights that IoT leverages M2M technology to enable
communication between devices and objects, and that M2M is a subset of IoT.
IoT and M2M
Definition of M2M: Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication refers to the direct
communication between devices or machines without human intervention.

Relationship between IoT and M2M

● M2M is a subset of IoT

● IoT leverages M2M technology to enable communication between devices and
objects
Section 6
This section covers some of the specific industries and domains where IoT is being
applied, including home automation, smart cities, environment monitoring, energy
management, retail and inventory management, logistics and supply chain
management, agriculture industry, healthcare and lifestyle. The slide highlights how
IoT is being used in each of these domains and the benefits it brings.
Domain Specific IoTs
Home Automation
Smart Cities
Environment Monitoring
Energy Management
Retail and Inventory Management
Logistics and Supply Chain Management
Agriculture Industry
Healthcare and Lifestyle
Home Automation
● Home automation refers to the use of IoT devices to control and automate
various household appliances and systems, such as lighting, heating, air
conditioning, and security.
● Home automation systems can be controlled remotely using smartphones or
other devices, and can be customized to suit the specific needs of homeowners.
● Home automation IoT devices are designed to make daily tasks and activities in
your home automated, smart and efficient.
● This can include smart thermostats, lighting, security systems, home
appliances, entertainment systems, and more.
Smart Cities
Smart cities involves the use of connected devices and systems to manage various
functions within a city.

These systems include smart transportation, smart lighting, smart waste

management, and smart energy management.

With smart city technology, city officials can monitor and manage these systems in
real-time, which can lead to improved efficiency, reduced energy consumption, and
increased safety and security.
Environment Monitoring
Environment monitoring involves the use of connected sensors and devices to
monitor environmental conditions such as air quality, water quality, and
temperature.

With environment monitoring, businesses and organizations can gather data on

environmental conditions and make informed decisions about how to mitigate
environmental risks and protect natural resources.
Energy Management
Energy management involves the use of connected devices and systems to manage
energy consumption within a building or facility.

These systems include smart meters, smart thermostats, and energy management
software.

With energy management technology, businesses can monitor and manage their
energy usage in real-time, which can lead to significant cost savings and reduced
carbon emissions.
Retail and Inventory Management
Retail and inventory management involves the use of connected devices and systems
to manage inventory levels, track product movement, and monitor customer
behavior.

With retail and inventory management technology, businesses can optimize their
supply chains, reduce waste, and improve the overall customer experience.
Logistics and Supply Chain Management
Logistics and supply chain management involves the use of connected devices and
systems to track the movement of goods throughout the supply chain.

These systems include RFID tags, GPS tracking, and automated inventory
management systems.

With logistics and supply chain management technology, businesses can optimize
their supply chains, reduce costs, and improve efficiency.
Agriculture Industry
The agriculture industry involves the use of connected devices and systems to
monitor and manage various aspects of agricultural operations, such as soil quality,
irrigation, and crop health.

With agriculture IoT technology, farmers can optimize their crop yields, reduce
waste, and improve the overall sustainability of their operations.
Healthcare and Lifestyle
Healthcare and lifestyle involve the use of connected devices and systems to monitor
and manage various aspects of health and wellness.

These systems include wearable health trackers, smart medical devices, and
telemedicine systems.

With healthcare and lifestyle IoT technology, patients can monitor their health in
real-time, receive remote medical care, and improve their overall quality of life.
Section 7
This slide summarizes the key points covered in the presentation and emphasizes
that IoT is a rapidly growing technology with the potential to transform various
industries. The slide also highlights the importance of considering security and
privacy issues as IoT technology advances.
Conclusion
IoT is a rapidly growing technology with potential to transform various industries

IoT devices and sensors generate large amounts of data that can be analyzed to gain
insights

As IoT technology advances, it is important to consider security and privacy issues.