COLLEGE OF COMPUTING, INFORMATICS AND MEDIA

ORGANIZATION AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION (IMC151)

TITLE :
GROUP PROJECT: ORGANIZATION OF MATERIAL IN SULTANAH BAHIYAH LIBRARY

GROUP : JIM1102A

PREPARED BY :

NO STUDENT NAME ID STUDENT

1. SITI ROBIATUL ADAWIAH BT SADALI 2022966577

2. NUR ALYA QAISARA BT AHMAD KAMAL 2022597979

3. NOR ELISYA NAZIRAH BT MOHD YUSNIZAN 2022593023

4. NUR ABIDAH BINTI ABDUL HALIM 2022966589

5. NUR HAZIRAH BT ZULHIZAM 2022355675

6. NUR AZRINA BATRISYA BT AZMEE 2022907227

PREPARED FOR :
MADAM NURHAFIZAH BINTI AZIZAN

SUBMISSION DATE : 9 JANUARY 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 LIBRARY MATERIAL 6

3.0 LIBRARY COLLECTION 8

4.0 RETRIEVAL TOOLS 16

5.0 CATALOGING PROCESS 19

6.0 CATALOGING TOOLS 27

7.0 PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT 29

8.0 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 32

CONCLUSION 34

REFERENCE 35

1
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW OF SULTANAH BAHIYAH LIBRARY

A library is defined as a place where books, manuscripts, sheet music, or other literary
and artistic materials are kept for use but not for sale, and a facility for storing or managing such
a collection. According to the ALA (American Library Association) Glossary of Library and
Information Science (2014) "A library is a collection of materials organized to provide physical
bibliographic and intellectual access to a group, with staff responsible for providing services and
programs related to the information needs of the target group." Furthermore, UNESCO (1970)
defines library as "any organized collection of printed books and periodicals or other graphic or
audio-visual materials with staff providing the use of such materials and facilitating those
necessary for the research of information and educational and recreational needs of users".
Moreover, "a library is an institution or public body responsible for the custody of books which
has the duty to make them available to those who need them" (S.R Ranganathan, 2014). Not
only that, the Harrods Librarian's Glossary and Reference Guide (2005) defines the library as a
collection of books and other literary materials held for reading, study and consultation. In
addition, they also define a library as a place, buildings, rooms used for the keeping and use of
a collection of books, etc.

In September 1990, the Sultanah Bahiyah Library moved to the university campus in
Sintok, Kedah, and began offering more exclusive services and collections to meet the
academic needs of students and staff. In 2012, the library building which could initially
accommodate more than 1000 users at a time was doubled with the addition of an additional
building. In relation to that, the number of various materials in the UUM PSB collection has so
far reached more than 1.2 million and the material circulation process has reached more than
100 thousand every year. The acquisition of digital materials in various fields that meet the
needs of teaching and learning at UUM with more than 1 million titles was also contributed.

2
 1.2 BACKGROUND OF SULTANAH BAHIYAH LIBRARY OF UNIVERSITI UTARA
MALAYSIA

FIGURE 1: Sultanah Bahiyah Library

Perpustakaan Sultanah Bahiyah is a Malaysian academic library that was founded on

July 1, 1984, when the University was established by the government in February of that year.
During its early stages of development, it was housed on a temporary campus in Jitra, Kedah,
and served UUM students with an expanding collection and materials. Following the completion
of the UUM Sintok campus in September 1990, the library relocated to its current location and
began to offer more advanced or exclusive collections and services based on academic needs.
The building, which could originally accommodate more than 1000 users at once, has been
expanded with the addition of a new building.

PSB UUM currently has more than 1.2 million different materials in its collection, with
more than 100,000 items circulated each year. It was also aided by the acquisition of digital
items in a variety of subjects that accommodate learning and teaching subjects in UUM, which
has over 1 million titles. The library was named after the late Sultanah of Kedah, Her Royal
Highness Almarhumah Tuanku Hajjah Bahiyah binti Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman, and it
was officially opened on September 21, 1999, by the late Sultan of Kedah, His Royal Highness
Almarhum Al-Sultan Almu'Tasimu Billahi Muhibbuddin Tuanku Alhaj Abdul Halim Muad.

3
 1.3 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

This is an organizational chart of the organization in Sultanah Bahiyah Library.

FIGURE 2: Organizational chart in Sultanah Bahiyah Library

The Sultanah Bahiyah Library is headed by the chief librarian namely Salleh Hudin
Mustaffa. Based on the organization chart above, the Sultanah Bahiyah Library has 7 main
departments among which are the management service division, user service division,
information system division, university archive division, knowledge resource division, scholarly
communication and information service division and management museum division. Under the
management service division, it is led by Suhailawati Mohd Shamsudin. In user service division,
it is led by Suparman Sukri. Furthermore, the information system division is led by Zuraidah
Darus. The university archive division is led by Hasma Hj Harun. Not only that, the knowledge
resource division is led by Hisomuddin Abdullah. The scholarly communication and information
service division is led by Wan Hanis Kamarruddin. Finally, in management museum division it is
led by Noorfauziati Mat Yatim.

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 1.4 MISSION

The mission of the Sultanah Library is to provide information services to support the
excellence of university scholarship.

1.5 VISION

The vision of the Sultanah Bahiyah Library is to be an outstanding library that serves to
fulfill university scholarship.

1.6 OBJECTIVE

The objective of the Library is to support teaching, learning and research activities at the
University. Regulations and controls are needed by the Library to achieve those objectives.

1.7 CLIENT CHART

● They pledge to provide efficient, accurate, and friendly services that fulfill the
needs of scholarships.
● They strive to obtain a variety of sources of information as required by the needs
of the scholarship.
● They promise to manage payments based on established financial rules.
● They are always responsive to suggestions and feedback from the stakeholders.

5
2.0 LIBRARY MATERIAL

2.1 PRINTED

The Library has a huge collection of printed materials, including books on a variety of
topics. Additionally, they provided a variety of rare printed publications, including theses,
research papers, dissertations, dictionaries, encyclopedias, glossaries, indexes, annuals, and
yearbooks.

FIGURE 3 : Examples of printed materials

2.2 NON- PRINTED

Includes a set of microfilm/microfiche that contains archive content from newspapers,

journals, proceedings, research, etc., as well as a set of ERIC microfiche that spans the years
1953 to 2001. It includes a range of audiovisual formats, including CD, DVD, and CD-Rom.

Figure 4 : Microfilm material in Uum Library

6
2.2.1 Audio Visual Material
The collection serves as an additional formats of academic enrichment and recreational
needs of students, faculty, and staff. It consists of variety of audio visual formats such as DVD,
CD-Rom, audio cassette and CD. For in-house viewing and equipment is not provided for most
formats.

2.3 ELECTRONIC
Library eResources, also known as Electronic Resources, is a platform that includes the
majority of the online collections, particularly paid databases in the variety of university-taught
courses. Ebooks, newspapers, journals, databases, full-text journal articles, indexes, reports,
hearings, case files, research papers, theses, and dissertations are just a few of the many
electronic resources it offers. It currently has 23 subscribed Databases, 67,710 electronic
journals, and about 1,272,089 electronic books.

2.4 ONLINE
Online collections are important resources nowadays because most information is
available online and can be accessed by anyone who has access to a network 24 hours a day,
seven days a week. Since its inception in 1993, the library has adapted to information
technology needs, becoming the first in Malaysia to own a CD-Rom Journal Network System.
Since then, the library has fully embraced the dissemination of information via online platforms.
Being an academic library and understanding the importance of information for studying,
teaching, and research activities, the library made significant efforts to subscribe to a number of
online databases that provide current information in various subjects taught at the university at
the users' fingertips.

- Database/ e-journals subscription

- UUM eThesis

- UUM eRepository

- Datastream

- Open access resources

TABLE 1

7
3.0 LIBRARY COLLECTION

Library's collections encompass a diversity of books or monographs, digital resources,

archival items, journals or magazines, research reports etc and has long been known for its
comprehensive collections in management and business studies. The Library holds over two
hundred thousand volumes with over 100, 000 items circulated each year. Conversely, the
Library's digital collection also continues to grow at a rapid pace which consist of more than 1
million titles including UUM Theses and Dissertation, Repository, eBooks etc. This is some of
Sultanah Bahiyah Library Collection:

General The General Collection is home to the vast collection of over 100
Collection thousands printed materials such as academic and general books in
various subjects to facilitate the needs of learning, teaching and research
activities in the university.

Online Collection The collection covers more than 200 thousand digital items such as
subscribed article journal databases in various subjects, repository items,
digital eThesis & Dissertation, eBooks and Open Access Resources
which are accessible to all UUM patrons.

Special Special Collections houses the Library's most valuable and vulnerable
Collection publications, including Rare books, UUM Theses & Dissertation, Students
Academic Exercise, Research Reports, UUM VC's Collection, Tun Dr.
Mahathir Collection, Company Reports etc.

Micro’s Collection Mostly covers a collection of microfilm which consist of an archival

content of a newspaper's clipping, journals articles, proceedings,
researches, etc and a collection of ERIC microfiche which covers the
years of 1953-2001 (no. ED000001 - ED458352).

Archive The Archive Collection was initiated to preserve the recorded memory of
Collection the University captured in images, written and verbal since the founding of
the University in 1984. It contains records of the University activities,
committees, boards, faculties, staff or students as well as a vast collection
of images.

Serials Collection Serials Collection covers printed or online publications which are

8
 published periodically such as annually, monthly, weekly, daily etc. The
items include local magazines, journals, newspapers, annuals (such as
reports, yearbooks and directories) in various titles and subjects.

Children’s The Children's Corner is a community project by the Library especially for
Collection children in the UUM campus and surrounding areas. It was opened in
1987 and the collection consists of children's materials such as fiction
books, general collections, encyclopedias and magazines.

Reference The Children's Corner is a community project by the Library especially for
Collection children in the UUM campus and surrounding areas. It was opened in
1987 and the collection consists of children's materials such as fiction
books, general collections, encyclopedias and magazines.

Law Collection It is a comprehensive collection of legislation, court reports and applicable

administrative material which covers Anglo-American, foreign, local,
comparative and international law such as from the jurisdictions of the
U.S, Great Britain and the Commonwealth, Europe, and most Asian
countries.

Red Spot It consists of faculty members' private or recommended copies of

Collection academic text books, rare monographs, class notes, research
questionnaires etc for their students' reference. Most of the materials are
for a short loan period such as overnight loan or hourly basis.

Media Collection The collection serves as an additional format of academic enrichment and
recreational needs of students, faculty, and staff. It consists of a variety of
audio visual formats such as DVD, CD-Rom, audio cassette and CD. For
in-house viewing and equipment is not provided for most formats.

Light Reading It encompasses a collection of light reading fiction or leisurely items such
Collection as paperback best sellers novels, short stories, graphic novels, bound
comics etc. It serves as a brain relaxation stimulation alternative for the
students, staff or faculty members.

Past Exam It encompasses a collection of light reading fiction or leisurely items such
Papers Collection as paperback best sellers novels, short stories, graphic novels, bound

9
 comics etc. It serves as a brain relaxation stimulation alternative for the
students, staff or faculty members.

UUM Professors’ A showcase profiles panel of the professors' from Universiti Utara
Corner Malaysia (UUM) who contributed to the development of UUM in learning,
teaching and research endeavors. The gallery displays in depth
biographies and lists of publications in different subjects related to their
niche as well as academic profiles.

TABLE 2

3.1 Collection in Library:-

COLLECTION IMAGE

Book

Journals

Online Database

10
Research Report

Archival

Journal Article

Magazines

DVD

11
 CD-Rom

Audio cassette

CD

Novel

Short stories

Bound comics

12
 Graphic novels

Exam papers collection

Newspapers

Annuals (such as reports, yearbooks and

directories)

13
Newspapers clipping

eThesis & Dissertation

eBooks

Theses & Dissertation

14
microfiche

Report

TABLE 3

15
4.0 RETRIEVAL TOOLS

CATALOG
In Sultanah Bahiyah Library they provide users to retrieve its collection by using
catalogs. This library has provides it users with :
1. Libsearch

FIGURE 5 : This catalog users can search by using basic search or type according to
their own keyword.

2. WebPAC

FIGURE 6 : It provides users with an extra tab where users can choose their
keywords and they also can choose their collection from another branch library.

16
 3. LINTAS

FIGURE 7 : This is interface of LINTAS by Sultanah Bahiyah Library.

Discovery service is an online tool that enables easy searching from library systems
across a wide range of content, and offers our users another method for discovering information
and content accurately and efficiently. LINTAS provides search engines to locate academic web
resources, especially contents from university repository, open access journal, open access
ebook, and library catalog.

Furthermore, this library also provides an union catalog for their user such :

1. MALCat
MALCat provides users Search and Discover Malaysian Academic Library Information
Resources (Books, Journals, eBooks, eJournals, Institutional Repository). This discovery
service are able to search Malaysian Academic Library Union Catalog and institutional
repository from various information databases (OAI-PMH Service). Authentication required
when users are trying to get full text documents from third party services esp. commercial
information databases.

17
 FIGURE 8

2. MALRep
MALRep is a discovery service that enables searching of the Malaysian Academic
Library Institutional Repository from various information databases by using Open Archive
Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting Service (OAI-PMH). Authentication required when
users are trying to get full text documents from third party services esp. commercial information
databases. MALRep includes more than 520k records representing digital resources from more
than 25 contributors. The records of the open access digital resources available via MALRep
lead to a wide range of materials, and include: Journal articles, Newspapers, Manuscripts,
Digital text, Photographic images (jpeg, tiff, gif), theses and research papers.

FIGURE 9

18
5.0 CATALOGING PROCESS

Cataloging process was divided into 3 processes which are descriptive cataloguing,
subject cataloguing and classification.

5.1 Descriptive cataloguing

Descriptive cataloguing entails documenting a library item's characteristics, including its
title, edition, publisher, distributor, date, number of pages, size, name of series, etc. By using
descriptive cataloguing, a user can locate and recognise a book using the author's name, the
title, alternative titles, etc. The Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (AACR), and its successor
Resource Description and Access(RDA) are two standards for descriptive cataloguing that are
widely used.

Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR) is the essential international cataloguing

code used by libraries in the United States, Great Britain, Canada, and Australia, as well as
many other countries, for descriptive cataloguing of various types of information resources. It
was created in 1967 and was regularly updated until 2005. The standard's revisions and
updates are referred to as AACR2. The Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition
(AACR2), is the most widely used cataloguing code, designed for use in the creation of
catalogues and other lists in general libraries of all sizes. AACR2 is a comprehensive set of
rules and guidelines for creating metadata in a surrogate record to represent a library resource.

RDA is the name of the standard that will replace AACR2. Resource Description and
Access (RDA) is a descriptive cataloguing standard that provides instructions and guidelines for
creating bibliographic data. Resource Description & Access (RDA) is a set of cataloguing
instructions based on FRBR and FRAD for producing a resource's description, name, and title
access points. RDA has the potential to significantly alter how libraries create and use
bibliographic data. RDA is a resource description and access standard designed for the digital
world.

19
In Sultanah Bahiyah Library, they use RDA as a format for descriptive cataloguing.

.
FIGURE 10

FIGURE 11 : This is the catalog record in Sultanah Bahiyah Library

20
 FIGURE 12 : This is an example in a catalog record in Sultanah Bahiyah Library using
RDA format.

5.2 CLASSIFICATION
A system of coding and classifying library items (books, serials, audiovisuals, computer
files, maps, manuscripts, and realia) according to their subject and assigning a call number to
that information resource is known as a library classification. Bibliographic categorization
systems combine related elements together, often in a hierarchical tree structure, much to
classification schemes used in biology. In the UUM Library, they use Library Congress
Classification (LCC) as their classification system. The Library Congress Classification (LCC)
are divided into 21 basic classes.

21
 FIGURE 13 FIGURE 14

i) Call number
We must use a call number to locate their online library books. A call number is an
address which tells you where the item is located within the library.

FIGURE 15 : This example of class number in their catalog record.

22
 FIGURE 16 : This example of class number in their RDA catalog record.

The call number is put vertically on the book spine but horizontally in the library
catalogue. Each item has a distinct call number that is taped to the lower outer edge or cover of
the book's spine, making it simpler to locate a particular call number on the shelves.

FIGURE 17

The resources are arranged on the shelves in alphabetical order according to their
categorization letters, from A to Z, which stand for subject subgroups, and numerically from 1 to
9999 within each group. The call digits actually go from left to right.

23
 The letter part of the call number indicates the broad subject area of the book. The first
number line indicates a more specific or narrower subject area. The letter and number on the
third line are a code for the author’s last name.

FIGURE 18

5.3 SUBJECT CATALOGING

Subject cataloging is entries for subjects that are organised alphabetically in a subject
catalogue. It is a library's collection subject index. It uses headers that are either derived via a
chain approach or are selected from any standard list of subject headings. Meanwhile Janis L.
Young and Daniel N. Joudrey(2020), said subject cataloguing is the phase of the cataloging
process which is concerned with determining and describing the intellectual or artistic content
and the genre/form characteristics of a resource, and translating that understanding into subject
headings and classification notations. Headings for names of people, companies, and
traditionally, jurisdictions, uniform titles, and other headings the use of subject headings for
items regarded to be authorial.

Library of Congress Subject Headings is the list of headings generated from the United
States Library of Congress' subject authority file for use in bibliographic entries. It is frequently
referred to by its acronym, LCSH, and the terms "subject authority file" are used
interchangeably. A controlled vocabulary is LCSH. LCSH is a multidisciplinary vocabulary that
includes headings in all subjects, from science to religion, to history, social science, education,
literature, and philosophy. It also includes headings for geographic features, ethnic groups,
historical events, building names, etc. Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) is the most
widely used subject vocabulary in the world. By organising subjects into logical groups and
regulating synonyms, alternate spellings, and homographs, LCSH improves the consistency of
library collections.

24
 FIGURE 19 : This is example structure of LCSH

FIGURE 20 : This is subject heading in the catalog of Sultanah Bahiyah Library

25
FIGURE 21 : This example of subject heading in RDA catalog record in Sultanah
Bahiyah library.

26
6.0 CATALOGING TOOLS

Rules must be followed in order to properly catalogue library materials and maintain
consistency. When the library joins a network and the catalogue becomes part of the shared
database, it is even more important to strictly follow the guidelines. Reference books or
electronic versions of reference books must be obtained and followed. Cataloging tools or
cataloguing tools are the names given to these references.

6.1 CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

A classification scheme is a knowledge organisation system that arranges and orders
library resources systematically. A library classification system organises related materials into
hierarchical tree structures. A library classification system organises books, videos, and other
items on the shelves.

In Sultanah Bahiyah Library, they use Library Congress Classification (LCC) as their
classification schemes. The call number in the book below is HG173. C816f2020

FIGURE 22 : EXAMPLE OF A BOOK IN THE LIBRARY CATALOG THAT USED

LIBRARY CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION (LCC)

6.2 SUBJECT CATALOGING SCHEME

Subject cataloguing is involves subject analysis of the resource, supplying subject
headings from a controlled vocabulary or subject heading list, such as the Medical Subject
Headings (MESH) or Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), and assigning
classification numbers using systems like the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) or Dewey
Decimal Classification (DDC).

27
 Library of Congress Subject Headings have been used in Sultanah Bahiyah Library as
their subject cataloging schemes. This is an example of their subject cataloging schemes in
their library catalog.

FIGURE 23

28
7.0 PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT

The library adapted an international standard of managing library materials on shelves

so that the users would have an easy and accurate process in terms of finding them on shelf.
UUM library materials are grouped by subjects of the item and arranged by call number
according to the Library of Congress Classification System.

FIGURE 24

● The UUM library must maintain and preserve its collection in order to provide an efficient
service to users.
● Library staff keep library materials in usable condition by adhering to specific storage
and shelving practices

The following tasks are involved in collection maintenance :

● Processing
Physically preparing library materials for inclusion in the collection, which may include
covering, strengthening, or protecting them by placing them in boxes or folders.
● Storage
Different materials require clearly different storage methods. A library's materials vary
greatly in type, size, and shape. Atlases, maps, books, pamphlets, videos, and films, for
example.
● Shelving
Adding new materials to the shelves or replacing those that have been used.

29
7.1 BOOK
There are many different types of printed books in the UUM library, which are organized
by collection.
● Most books are arranged upright on bookshelves with book supports.
● They should never be stacked too tightly because they will be damaged if users try to
remove them.
● Books can withstand repeated handling before they need to be repaired or rebound, but
some libraries cover books to extend their life.
● Large books should be stored horizontally on shelves, but stacking them on top of each
other will cause damage.

FIGURE 25 : BOOK FORMAT PHOTO SHELVES IN THE UUM LIBRARY

7.2 PAMPHLETS, BROCHURE

There is also a pamphlet and brochure collection in the UUM library. This collection must
be placed in the right location.
● They are typically kept in pamphlet boxes on shelves.
● Pamphlet boxes protect the materials and make them easy to handle, but their thickness
takes up extra shelf space.
● Pamphlet filing cabinets protect them from light and dust, but they take up floor space.

30
 FIGURE 26 : EXAMPLES OF PAMPHLETS, BROCHURE IN BOXES ON SHELVES

7.3 JOURNAL
In the UUM Library, there is also a journal in the library . A journal is a scholarly
publication that contains articles written by researchers, professors, and other experts. Journals
specialize in a particular discipline or field of study. Journals, as opposed to newspapers and
magazines, are written for academic or technical audiences rather than general readers. Most
journals are preed reviewed, have original research and focus on current developments.

FIGURE 27 : Example of journal in shelves

31
8.0 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

Financial management is the strategic planning and management of an individual or

organization's finances to better align their financial position with their goals. Depending on the
size of the company, financial management seeks to optimize shareholder value, generate
profits, reduce risk and maintain the financial health of the company in the short and long term.
When working with individuals, financial management can include planning for retirement,
saving for college, and other personal investments.

9.1 COSTING FOR LIBRARY COLLECTION

LIBRARY COLLECTION COST

Printed Materials RM 5000 to RM 9000

Non-Print Materials RM 3500 to RM 6400

TABLE 4
9.2 COSTING FOR CATALOGING TOOL

CATALOGING TOOLS COST

RDA Cataloging RM 600 to RM 800

Library of Congress Classification license RM 175 to RM 2197

TABLE 5
9.3 COSTING MISCELLANEOUS ITEM

MISCELLANEOUS ITEM COST

Worker RM 2000 to RM 5000

Training RM 1500 to RM 3500

Book support RM 184

32
 MISCELLANEOUS ITEM COST

Worker RM 2000 to RM 5000

Shelves RM 692

Book trolley RM 679

Aircond RM 1140

Chair RM 375 to RM 700

Table RM 280 to RM 690

Self-checking machine RM 2590

Computer terminals RM 250 to RM 500

Book return box RM 500 to RM 1500

Photocopies and Printing RM 800 to RM 2700

TABLE 6

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CONCLUSION

Libraries today face a variety of difficulties as organizations operating in both physical

and virtual spaces, mostly as a result of changes in their social and technological environment.
There are several options for actions that are frequently utilized to enhance the library's function
and demonstrate the importance of it for both users and the environment. Conducting quality
assessments of libraries is one of the significant and through responses to this challenging
scenario.

Information technology is really important for education. The development of

computerized information records will improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and distribution of
education. Individual library users may benefit from the resources and services offered by the
library service in a variety of ways, such as increased academic or professional success, altered
attitudes or behaviors, or enhanced wellness. The library can help an academic institution gain
respect and renown, enhance institutional financing for research, and draw in top-notch faculty
and students.

Impact of libraries can take numerous forms. It may be short-term, like discovering the
reference you need for an essay, or long-term, like increases in information literacy. It could be
little, resulting in a modest improvement in skills, or extensive, impacting someone's entire life.
Although it is generally good, a terrible library experience might have a negative effect and
discourage frequent use. Impact types and outcomes will also vary depending on who or what is
being influenced, such as individual user, the corporate organization, or a wider group of people.

We also have to keep in mind that different aspects of the library service could have
distinct effects on patrons and varied effects on other stakeholders. While journal collections
may be more relevant to academics and may have an impact on successful funding applications
and PhD completions, comprehensive collections based on reading lists might be expected to
have a greater overall impact on student assignments and achievement. The wellbeing of both
staff and kids could be affected by a collection of light reading. All of these individual affects can
be assessed, but identifying a single, overarching impact for the service as a whole is more
challenging.

34
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