PART B

Format for Micro-Project Report

Development of Lateral Surface of a Cone

Brief Description
Development of surfaces

Development of surfaces means the true sizes and shapes of different surfaces spread out on a plane.
The surface to be developed is flattened but without tearing or folding Thus, the layout of a
dimensional object on a plane surface is called development. For example, when a paper wrapped or
folded along with a rectangular prism shown in Fig. 1.s opened and spread out on the surface, the
resulting sheet formed is called the development surface of prisms. The development can be
visualized as process of drawing successive surfaces of the object in their true shape and size with
common edges joined. The object is obtained when the surface is folded along the fold lines. It is
important that every line on the development is the true length of the corresponding edge on the
surface

In industrial world, an engineer is frequently confronted with problems where the development of
surfaces of an object has to be made to help him to go ahead with the design and manufacturing
processes. For example, in sheet metal work, it plays a vital role, thus enabling a mechanic to cut
proper size of the plate from the development and then to fold at proper places to form the desired
objects.

I. Packaging industry : Packaging uses the principles of surface development in a notable way.
Most products we buy today are properly packaged in cardboard or plastic of metal
containers. They range from a chocolate bars to shoes to refrigerators
II. Sheet metal development: Sheet metal work is used for making hoppers, funnels ducts
chimneys, boilers etc. It involves bending, folding, rolling and cutting of metal sheets to make
metal objects. For construction of these objects, metal sheets or plates are marked and cut
according to the principles of development of sur face, such that when folded the object of
desired shape is obtained. The sheets that are marked for shaping or cutting to make all the
outer surfaces of a specific object are called development or pattern of the piece. Suitable
margins are left for joints
III. Other applications: Development of surfaces has numerous other applications in
1. Revolving solids prisms, pyramids, cones cylinders
2. Aircraft industry, ship building, etc.
3. Air-conditioning ducts, heat chambers, chimneys ventilating pipes etc.

. “The development of surface of an object means the unrolling and unfolding of all surfaces of
the object on a plane.”

“If the surface of a solid is laid out on a plain surface, the shape thus obtained is called the
development of that solid.” In other words, the development of a solid is the shape of a plain sheet
that by proper folding could be converted into the shape of the concerned solid.
Importance of Development:

Knowledge of development is very useful in sheet metal work, construction of storage vessels,
chemical vessels, boilers, and chimneys. Such vessels are manufactured from plates that are cut
according to these developments and then properly bend into desired shaped. The joints are then
welded or riveted.

Principle of Development:

Every line on the development should show the true length of the corresponding line on the surface
which is developed.

Methods of Development:

a) Parallel-line development
b) Radial-line development
c) Triangulation development
d) Approximate development

Parallel-line Method:

 It is used for developing prisms and single curved surfaces like cylinders, in which all the
edges/generation of lateral surfaces are parallel in each other.

Radial-line Method:

 It is employed for pyramids and single curved surfaces like cones in which the apex is taken
as centre and the slant edge or generator as radius of its development.

Triangulation Method:

 It is used for developing transition pieces.

Approximate Method:

 It is employed for double curved surfaces like spheres, as they are theoretically not possible to
develop. The surface of the sphere is developed by approximate method. When the surface is
cut by a series of cutting planes, the cut surfaces is called a zone

Development of Lateral Surface of a Cone

If a cone is rolled for one complete revolution on a plane surface with apex of the cone hinged at a
point then the area covered by the cone will be a sector of circle which represents the development of
lateral surface of a cone.

The radius of the sector (R) will be equal to the true length of the generator of the cone and the length
of the arc will be equal to the circumference of the base circle of the cone.
 The angle θ subtended by the arc of length equal to the circumference of base circle can be calculated
as follows:

¿˚
θ ¿ Circumference of thebase ×360 ° ¿
Circumference of the of˚ radius R

R
¿ ×360 °
l

2.0 Aim of Micro Project

a) To understand and draw development of lateral surfaces of the cone.
b) To identify parts where concept of development of cone is required.

3.0 Course Outcomes Integrated

a) Draw development of lateral surface of various solids.

4.0 Actual Procedure Followed.

According to the plan I decide to the micro project should be simple and informative.

We will make the list of the required resources for the project the project will be started by gathering
the information on the internet

Then we decided to make a model on development of lateral surface of cone.

 Step one :- Draw a circle of diameter 50mm in the top view divide the base circle into 12
equal parts
Project front view and draw generators name the generators in the front view
 Step two :- to draw the DLS first calculate○ from following formula
R
θ= ×360
l
And then we calculate the angle of θ
Which is 121°
 Step three:-Take to length of the generator as radius and draw the centre of circle with angle
theta which will be the DLS of the cone
 Step four :- Draw the cutting plane CP in the front view passing through the midpoint of the
axis and make 45 degree to XY line
 Step five:-Name the points of the intersection of cutting plane CP and generator Project this
point horizontally on true length of generator
 Step six :- take O as centre and distance of various projected points on O-1 as radius transfer
points p’1, p’2…. To respective generators with the help of compass and name those points in
DLS.

Then we make the model of card paper using this diagram which we draw

We used white card paper, scissors, glue, cutter, tape etc. used in this project.

5.0 Actual Resources Used

Sr. Name of Resource/Material Specifications Qty Remarks
No.
1 Internet Engineering drawings 1

2 Syllabus book 1st chapter 1

3 Card paper 1

4 Drawing instruments Compass, ruler, 1

protractor etc.

6.0 Outputs of the Micro-projects

Frome this micro project we understand that development of cone one end of all the elements is at the
vertex of the cone. The other ends describe a curved line. The base of the cone is a circle, with a
circumference equal to the length of the curved line.

We use development of cone to obtaining the area of the surfaces of a cone. We use development for
building traffic cone, funnel, Teepee /Tipi (Teepee or Tipi is a cone-shaped tent that is traditionally
made up of animal skin), Castle Turret (a turret is a small tower that projects from the main building.),
Temple top, Megaphones and rice hat
7.0 Skill Developed/learning out of this Micro-project
From this micro project development is a graphical method of obtaining the area of the surfaces of a
solid. When a solid is opened out and its complete surface is laid on a plane, the surface of the solid
is said to be developed. The figure thus obtained is called a development of the surfaces of the solid
or simply development. This is used work with sheet-metal, stone cutting, pattern making, packing,
and package design.

We learn how to develop a cone with accuracy. While doing this project we are improving our skills
to do any development correctly. This will help us with other objects to develop.