he center of gravity of the body. In other words, translating body ‘be considered as a particle concentrated at its center of gravity. reached after time 4 the velocity will be ». vmaae the path deseribed ticle a ne ee Te ei ean ng Eq. (0) and evaluating the limite gives tronslation. An example is » block sliding down a plane surface. If ul, = alts path of the translating body ie curved, the motion becomes a curv saree translation. To illustrate further, if the path described by A in moving position A’ in Fig. 10-1 ia straight, the body has rectilinear translation eantat © ds=vdt @ proceed to integrate between definite limita: ct ony clot eo realy oes fia fran fiorane 6ies, Air Resistance Neglected = distance is, # ill be determined ag aero not the dines "rtele. Panse here tore again the 252 __Recriuvean Trawstamion {Chap. X/ Note that the variable v must be replaced by its equivalent expressed it terms of t, In relation to Fig. 10-2, Eq. () indicates that at some Position A from which time is to be measured, there is a 2er placement, whereas at some other position B reached after a val 4, the displacement will be s. Integrating Eq, (e) and evaluating, the limits gives: a [shy = fot + Faeye saedt hor ws Finally, let us consider the remaining differential equation of kinematics. Eq, (9-8) and again proceed to integrate between definite limits. Poona a ‘The limits are written as before, since by referring to Fig, 10-2 that at zero displacement the corresponding velocity is v placement sit is. Integrating and evaluating the limits, we obtai bl = ost Aon 2 oma ent t+ 2ar | ‘The three kinematic equations of motion with constant seceleration’ | ‘may be summarized 8 follows: or if a ion, the disp! from the origi Motion with uniform velocity is a special case of constant acceleration in ‘the acceleration ia sero, “Putting a =0 in the equations above reduces theun to. Noplacement be mons ction, Suenos Tea e- dare ata kan acne. Tocty, and sectarian.certain time the stone will reach its topmost position B and then descend Throughout the motion, the stone is subjected to a gravitational acceler Art, 10-3) Freely Falling Bodies, Air Resistance Neglected 255, ‘Hence the stones pass each other 87.6 ft below the top of the tower, or 42:4 ft from the ground. Note that although we assumed that they woud pass above the ‘tower, the negative sign of a indicates otherwise. Since the terms involved in the | equations are vector quantities, an incorrect assumption of direction results merely replacing a by g. No restrietion on the equations need be made other that velocity and acceleration are to be taken as positive in the diree TY) velocity of 248 ft per see. If gis 32 | cach othert From Fig. 10-4, #: ~ 4 = 100, Hence subtracting Eq. (a) from Eq, (b) gives q in a negative sign. ‘PROBLEMS 1002. On a certain stretch of truck, trains run at 60 mph. How far back of stopped train should a warning torpedo be placed to signal an oncoming train? ‘Assume that the brakes are applied at once and retard the train at the uniform Fro, Aon ppd eva wlan stew ho q heard. If the velocity of sound is 1120 ft per sec, what is the depth of the well? I Ans, 353 ft 1006. Repeat Prob. 1005 if the sound of the splash is heard after 4 sec. 1008. A stone is thrown vertically upward from the ground with a velocity of 483 ft per tee. One second later another stone is thrown vertically upward with a. ‘velocity of 98.6 ft per sec. How far above the ground will the stones be a! the same level? 1009, A bull is shot vertically into the air at: 4 sec, another ball is shot vertically into the second ball have in order to meet the first ball 886.4 ft from the Ans. te 1010. A stone is thrown vertically up from the ground with a veloc per see. How long must one wait before dropping a second stone from {600-ft tower ifthe two stones are to pass each other 200 ft fom the : A 4011. A ship being launched slides down the ways with » ‘She takes 8 ee to slide the first foot. How long will she fake toa WF, it their length is 62s set ‘Ang. (= 3 min, 20 see Substituting ¢in Eqs, (a) and (6), we have f= DOXA ~ 161 X (4) = 200 — 257.6 sym TX 4 ~ 16.1 X (4) = 200 — 257.6 4012. A train moving with constant acceleration travels 24 ft dusi see of ils motion and 18 ft during the 12th sec of its motion, Find its initial velocity ‘nod its constant acceleration, Ana, uy = 62.5 t per see;a = —3 ft per sect|| aeceleration of 4 ft per sect, runs at this speed for a time, and finally comen to rest M | 250 Recrmumean TRANsLAvion [Chap. X 10-4] __Rectitinar Motion wih VarialeAcceration 251 | 4018. “An automobile starting rom rt spend pt 40 fe peres wih constant | the displacement with respect tothe tine aceording tothe fundamental tons of velocity (» ~ and acceleration ( -G-a) ee 1014. A train travels between two stations | mile apart io « minimum time of “Al sec. Ifthe train accelerates and decelerate at 8 ft per sect starting from rest at the first station and coming to a stop at the second station, what in its maximum ‘speed in mph? “How long does it travel at this top speed? j onGas+ine an Ba me = 8.0, vm 5+ 12X Mise eu a= 2X3 = 724 persee! 3 ‘The acceleration is expressed in terms of the time; ie.,a = J, and «. = 2it per see when t= 1 see. . dt and integrating between the given limits, we have Ser flown [rca p-2=e-1 seccleration (Art. 10-2). At most we ean only indicate the procedure to be followed. Basically we have three principal variables, s, , and a, related by a com- | ‘mon parameter ¢ as in the following box. | ler Case I: ‘The displacement is given in terms of the time; ie., ¢ = f(0), to find » and a. ‘ ‘This is the simplest case and is easily solved by successive differentiation en etl @) replace the variable e, just found in terms of the time, in the ‘equation de = » dl and again proceed to integrate between the ‘This gives fia-ferne or x= [E40]258 Ractnawrar Taumarion (chap. x Bart. 10-41 ecttner Motion wih Verio Acai 259, Hence, if ¢ = 2.see, substitution in (a) and (b) gives q per sec’, both rightward. ‘Whats thn the vty and ecleation of? swe dnote th eral iatane AC by he verti gh CB = 14 as 8 parameter and proceed as fllows: diferentinting Eq. (a) with respect to the time and noting that at ts eee og wed ° sis expressed in terms of an ad i v= fo). ae fs reat e not ouprising if we not thatthe change in length of «determines the 9¢ (or fall) of B. Yo next differentiate Eq. (0) with respect to the time which gives Z ‘terms of th pine eee ee 4 aye @ Bes peas For example, if we are given a = fi, a ae "i a= 4 ~ s(). Separating the variables gives © Which is integratea v0 give v in terms of Case V: The given variables are ni ‘oc10) tp = 6ftpersecup Ans. 94) + 0)" ay = 6.67 ft per sect up Ane. 1018. A rope of length Z connects tl ‘wheel A and the weight B by passing ov 4 pulley file tie at Can shown i tees ‘At the instant when z = 9 fy 7 . nC nce ance canter of wheel A has a. velocity lndder of length Z moves with it ends in contact with a vertical ws Vs <0 Wy ir fa ia cestre ‘hoor. "the ladder starta from a vertical postion xod its lower260 Recriunvrar TRANSLATION ‘end A moves along the foor with a constant veloc upper end Bis vp = —e4 tan 9 wh ‘the angle between the ladder and the. What does the minus sign mean? Is it physically possible for the upper end B remain in contact with the wall throughout the entire motion? Explain, 1022. “Check the answers to Ilus. Prob. 1018 by the following method: Writean expression relating 2 and y, and by successive differen ras Wot ee vee VED + Tae: Computers and ap from theae show that the velocity of 1028. The rectilinear motion of a particle is given by » = a ~ 9 wher feet and v in feet per second. When t = 0, ¢ = 0 and v = 3 {t per ser ‘4, 4, and a+ relations, 1024. The velocity of a particle moving along the X axis is defined 42+ 6x wherevis Then f= Tee, 8 = 4ftand » = 2ft per and crank rotates at eo position of the ram F for siven by a= 6e! ond. When tis zero, ¢ = 6ftand » = 0. 10-7a to give the displacement-time particle is governed by the relation a = 4, where « ix tisin seconds. When tis zero,v = 2 ft persee and e = Find the values of v and « when ¢ = 2see. : ce SF = v, determining the slopes of successive tangents to ds, urve at any instant is evidently the ratio of $at this 10-6. Motion Curves against the corresponding instants of oF vt curve shown in Fig, 10-7b. Having thus st curve to obtain the v+ curve, the process repeated with this derived ef curve, Each of a succession of 0 the nt curve has the slope $ which, being equal to the accel ‘The motion of most machines is usually too mathematically. Instead, a graphic seribed is used. ‘The method of graphi (0 problems involving. variation of displacem with time, resents the schematic outline of an oscillating ari quick- ism as used on shapers. As the crank A rotates clockwi lock B slides along arm C thereby eausi extreme posi the cutting tool earried by the ram F(Slope),,= f= 0 ‘ these curves: as v= Fm lope). dy a= Fe = (Slope Motion Curves 263, of the displacement-time curve is equal to the corresponding ordinate of the velocity-time curve and that the slope of the locity-time curve is equal to the corresponding ordinate of the acceler~ jon-time curve. Positive values of » and a result from positive slopes ‘up to the right) of the sand o-! curves respeetively, and conversely, ve values of v and a are caused by negative slopes (i.e, down to the grated between the times f, and 4, we obtain tom [am [row @ ‘The geometric signifieance of the right-hand term is apparent from Fig. 10-7e. During the infinitesimal time interval dt, the acceleration a may be considered constant. Obviously a dt is the area of the unshaded rec~ tangular strip. Since ['"adl means the summation of such strips, we \de that the shaded area under the a-t curve between the times &, and ents the velocity change Gv during this time interval, o¢ ty = 1 = av (Aroma 40-6; © of Av is shown directed downward on Fig. 10-7b since the eor- ‘rea on Fig. 10-76 for this time interval is negative. iy we can show that the area under a rt curve is equal to the in-displacement. during the time interval considered. Starting definition of velocity written in the form de = v dt, we integrate mits to obtain a= [ae froa ® Here v dt is the area of the unshaded rectangular strip in Fig. 10-7b. The $1 5 = As = (Area), ‘This value of de is shown directed upward on Fig. 10-7a since the corte- ‘sponding arca on the o-t curve for this time interval is positive. ao-7)204 Recriunzan TRANSLATION {Chap. X ‘If desired, the change in displacement As may also he ealculated dit from the area under the o-tcurve, From Eq. (a, the velocity at any instant ‘may be written ay onat fea ‘If we substitute this general value of vin de = v dé and integrate, we obta tem [ae~ [ra ~[(o+fo a) ae ~am-0+f'([oa)a which, after integrating the second right-hand term by parts reduces to |) Aa = nla — o+fe (a dé)(4 — ( ‘To interpret the meaning of the second right-hand term, we note that isthe area of an elemental strip under the o-t curve and that f ~ ¢is te As = w(és — 6) + (Area) «i which states that the change in displacement As in any time interval /, ~ | ‘sequal to the velocity 0} at the start of the interval multiplied by the t interval plus the moment of area about ‘of that part of the at ding ineluded in the interval f — t. phan eli ah as a \erease. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: 1029, A particle, starting with an initial velocity of 60 ft per sec, has a rectli ‘mation with a constant deceleration of 10 ft per se’. Determine the velocity al displacement atthe end of se by sketching th a, , and sfeurven aod using relations between them, Solution: ‘This elementary problem is easly solved by using the equations ‘onstant neceleraticn, but it very simplicity will develop confidence in applying * When thin equation is applied to the special cts of onstantnecleration, we ob ‘the familiar elation em ed + yal, me | dem fe x > Fao 4 oth do Le > te | eon + _.x = acm aa10-5) Motion Curves _ 269 (Ares). Bn = 4X4X 6 = 12 ft per see. «hoy 3X 6m 18 ft per ser bn = 2x 6-250 = 1827 nae asa airy cal Seige olay eal that the slope of the »-¢ curve at any instant is equal to the ‘as = (20)(3) + 4(18)(%) = 87 ft COO (26) an = easy) + (-ay0(2 x 6) +22 = 20 — 4 ~ 108 = oft d values of displacement are obtained by adding Sa, = 48 to the initial: [rhino atslabed gad deter sec; es sane on ‘87 to this. Pe | "ca Aaguatgh apie darren adidas ‘curved portions of the e- curve shown in Fig, P-1035 are second degree horizontal slope at t = 0 and ¢ = 12 sec. Sketch the of and ++ taro, Check value of using both qs, 10-7) and (10-8) ete ‘Ans. 4 = 262 fate 18 00 Solution: The changes in velocity during the specified time intervals of 4 | 3 and Gon ae od by apie By 10-0) ec ara unre etowne | jTranstarion {Chap. x d check by caleulus. “Ant. ty = ~14 ft per sec; Os = 12 ft ce _Recrmimuan vue) ae ja (R/eoc*) . gi gity ie teem” 2 0 8 a | | ‘In rectilinear translation of a rig body all particles of the body move (| 1 * Phar paralel straight lines, and hence the displacement, velocity, and aers!- i 1 ' ration of any particle are parallel to the line of motion. ‘The Ki a \ 5 Hh ‘ H ‘ 4 Elec) gutions of rectilinear translation ae obtained from the general ecuat 7 Fro, P1039, Fro. P1004, jown that any body could be treated an though it were a particle whieh iad the same mass as the body and the same motion as the center of gravity 1086. A particle having an initial velocity of 200 ft per see decelerates according we i i tonoteneln te rims. ea according BH the body, i, B= Za. When this equation is applied to the motion interval of 30 sec. rectilinear translation in which all particles have the same acceleration, vit Cee) = Je¢teect) ore 6 Fao, P1085, 1087, A car moving at 60 f pr sc is brought to rest in 12 ec with a deceler | -tion which varies uniformly with tine from 2 ft per seco maximum decelera va ‘Compute the distance traveled in stopping. ‘Ams ; 1096. A car starts from rent and reaches «speed of 48 t per se in 15 araMe 30-9) ‘aceeleration increases from zero wniformly with time for the first 6 sec after . } ‘remains constant. Compute the distance traveled in 15 see. Ans. 5 = 204 EY =227=0 2038. A cat accelerates for {ec from rest to a velocity of 48 ft per see, the acceler that the X axis coincides with the line of motion of the body, tion iniereasing uniformly from vero to 12 ft per sec’.. During the next 4 sec, th ‘considered positive in the initial direction of motion. ‘cor decelerates at a constant rate to a velocity of 4 ft per sec. Sketch the a-t, »- plan for the soh Lion of problems consists of the following steps are ‘a free-body diagram for each body involved in the problem. 1040, An object attains a velocity of 16 {t per sec by moving in a straight line thereon all forces, both known and unknown, representing the Pisoatiebietbarsngbt te Ae ts goal lina agra ‘by an appropriate symbol._ I the direetion of any unknown (except incorrectly assumed, the wlution will yield its correet magnitude ‘pute its initial velocity and the change in displacement during the 6-see interval, : “Ana, v5 = ~B ft per see; As = 0 : "1041, ‘The acceleration of an object decreterunitomly from 8 f¢ per seco aie Heche . " ‘ero in 6 nee at which time ite velocity i 10 ft per sec. Find the intial velocity and dashed arrow near each free-body dingram,Bae load ts Wi aa ly ge a {Chap X Art. 10-6] Kinetice of Rectilinear Translation. Analysis as a Particle 273 problem, Kinematie relations between the bodies involved inthe Ph the tiation force. From Fig. 10-115, 2¥ = Ogives N = 178.2, and the trovion See te sh wpe cin mia iy namin ner em 2Y ~Oand zx = ¥ yg TAP ~ and 2x = Ta to.ach boy. However, this i not sufficient to balance the 50 free previously found, and we 40s ot the unknowns using such ational equations of kinematin miso como that tbe 200. block mows up the nee. viol ah up- ‘4s may be required to determine relations between o,u, and & Dee eee ne ake Gama Le a TLLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS Dose used above with the assumption of no motion. 1, must beless than the weight o.antt,,, TH event of kineti freton under the 2001) block in Fig. 10-11 ig ee the 90-bblock to permit it to move down while 7, must be es than 150 Ib but ‘The pulleys are assumed to be frictionless and weightless. Determine the hore than 100 + F = 134.64 Ib to permit the 200-Ib block to move up the ineliné. ‘eceleration of each block and the tension in each cord. Y 200 No TAG ak " | we ip ‘ * ¢ 7 q e Le erie ite ae oie oom “% . » ©. Fro. 104 ie fe : ‘200-Ib block; hence values of velocity and acceleration for the $O0-Ib block ‘one-half the corresponding values for the 200-1b block. “Expressed miathe- as ~ 200 — 260.28 = $5 a the styste i fund to be seted on by an unbalanced force, that part wil ‘ite value to re , as in 1, @ = 1.796 ft per sect Ans. maintain equilibrium must be compared to the available friction. If | tuting this value of a, in Eq. (b) gives * econ : 16 = 28 ue = as T= 145.771 Ana. itis highly improbable that the coefficient of friction will be pre- ‘the value of g be exactly 32:2. ‘Therefore the numerical results ob- ‘contain too many significant places, More reasonable answers are per sect, and T; = 146 Ib; a; = da, = 0.90 ft per sec’, and 7; = a 7% 8001, Sine the lly i weighton, 2x = ™ a, whet ppl tit, race tZX = 0. Hence from the FBD of the pulley we obtain Ts = 27, or 7, This value of 7; can now be applied to the 200d) block Friction bong tom. oral negated fe summation par fo ncn a RE ‘ae 2X = T; — 200sin 30° = 140 - 100 = 60 1b j ‘spparently an uubalanced force of 50 Ib is acting up the incline. Before Ctuding that motion actually take place we must consider tho retarding elect of the system of connected blocks shown in Fig. 10-12, the covfficient of ‘ete es inh tet oc hi nmin cord.Recriuawean Traxsuarion (Chap. x 276 a 3047. Determine the force P that wil give the body in Fig. P-1047 an acedlery._ | tion of 6 ft per sect, pone ae Raa a ogee nee pe e ¢.P-1056, suming the pulleys Delores eon tes eee asin ioe E | |) im feet per second? . Ant, 9= 1008 {I 1080. ‘A ballet weighing 1 lb i fred vertically upward with a musale velocity of S000't per sc. If the velocity is 2060 ft per sec altar 1 se, what ia the aveige sagraistanceon the bullet? What maximum beight will the bullet reach, assuming that the ir resiatance remains constant? Ana, R= 0.56 b; Max h ~ 0,000 8 ost, oT ea of a eae ME ne wh hy we 20 ft apart, “The coeficient of friction under the upper block A is 0.2 and tinder the lower block # is 0.4. Compute the lapsed time until the blocka touch, Ana t= 428 poe 41012. Determine the accleraton ofthe boca in Fig P1082 if the hed dro smooth and A is heavier than B. Ane an FATT 2088. Referring to Fig, P-1052, assume A weighs 200 Ib and B weighs 100 Ib. | Determine the acceleration ofthe bodies ifthe coefcient of kinetic tretion is 0.10 between the cable and the fixed drum. Ans. a = 6.08 ft per nec! i Ans. S = 1584 1b 1066. If the pulleys in Fig. P-1086 are weightless and frictionless, find the ‘ucceleration of body 4. |78 Recruneman Tauwstation {Chap. X EE 1068. Determine the magnitude ‘of W in Fig, P-1058 90 that the 200-16 1081. Compute the time required for the +100-1b body in Fig. P-1061 to move 10 ft starting from rest. 1062. 1 the pulleys in Fg. P-1002 ae weight- > less and fctionles, determine the soalerston alg ‘ofeach weight. Ans. Qa = 13.27 ft per weet; ap = 9.40 ft per sect; ac = 1.89 ft per sec? 1063. Determine the acceleration of each weight in Fig. P-1063, assuming the pulleys to ebro CO % Ib Ana, T= 17181 anf] Cajon 1065. Determine the maximum and mini Pa a: ‘mum weights of body C in Tlus, Prob, 1043 on ‘age 273 that wil keep C stationary. All other data remain unchanged. ‘Ant. Max. We = 924 Ib; min. We = 535 Ih 3068. Referring to Ita. Prob, 1043 on page 273, lt A weigh 600 Ib but all ther data remain unchanged. Determine the time required for body C to move 20 starting from rst. Ana, = 2.78 06 |280, ‘Recrmunzan Transtarion [Chap. X ‘weightless. What changes would there bein the solutions of these problems ifthe ‘pulleys (a) had friction? (b) had appreciable weight? resultant center of moments, We conclude that the resultant effective force i the @ 4 (equivalent to the resultant of the applied forees) acts through the Mc hire th api reso aig Bly 1 th oe 7 effect of their resultant. In the previous. that i rene at he ed esol coated resultant of the effective forces acting on all particles ‘Thus in Fig. 10-13, we select the origin of referonce axes —_— eT crea etpcaars caer as center of the translating body and take the summation of moments about the reference axes of the effective foree on each particle. ‘The effective foree | ‘on a typical particle such as D is a where a is the common acceleration Of all particles, Since the effective force on this particle is parallel to the | X axis (or line of motion), it follows that the moment sum about the X axis of all such particles is 2M, = 0. ‘The moment sums about the ¥ and. 2 axes are also zero as we see from 2M, = 22a-¢—Stw-2= 2 Wea 0 g a a IM, 1094. Repeat Prob. 1098 if left way A ‘at the wall and floor is 0.268. If the bodies start from rest nt the given *etermine the acceleration of Bat this instant. Simplify the solution by ‘dynamic equilibrium and taking « moment suremation about the interseo- SUMMARYRecrunear Transtation Chapter XT. Curvilinear Translation