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Coagulation and Flocculation-1

(1) The rapid mixing tank will be 5 m diameter and 10 m height with a detention time of 60 seconds. (2) The flocculator will have 3 channels, each 12 m width, 24 m length and 3 m depth, with a total volume of 10,800 cubic meters and detention time of 30 minutes. (3) The flow velocity in each flocculation channel will be 0.3 m/min.

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Jomer Levi Portuguez
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243 views30 pages

Coagulation and Flocculation-1

(1) The rapid mixing tank will be 5 m diameter and 10 m height with a detention time of 60 seconds. (2) The flocculator will have 3 channels, each 12 m width, 24 m length and 3 m depth, with a total volume of 10,800 cubic meters and detention time of 30 minutes. (3) The flow velocity in each flocculation channel will be 0.3 m/min.

Uploaded by

Jomer Levi Portuguez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation and Flocculation

Why the need for Coagulation and Flocculation?


Surface waters naturally contains inorganic particles (which
may include viruses, bacteria, algae, protozoan cysts and
oocysts) and organic particles (such as clay, silt, and mineral
oxides) as well very fine colloidal and dissolved organic
constituents.
If not removed, these particles can
(1) reduce the clarity of water to unacceptable levels (i.e., cause turbidity) as
well as impart color to water (aesthetic reasons).
(2) be infectious agents (e.g., viruses, bacteria, and protozoa)
(3) have toxic compounds adsorbed to their external surfaces.
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation and Flocculation - the processes of
removing colloidal particles in suspension by the
addition of chemicals that promote aggregation of
the suspended solids into particles called flocs large
enough to settle.
Coagulation is the process in which chemicals
(coagulants) are added to water, thoroughly mixed,
causing a reduction of the forces tending to keep
particles apart. The most common coagulants are
aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, lime, and
polyelectrolytes. Coagulant-aids are also sometimes
added in very small quantities to improve the action of
the primary coagulant .
Rapid Mixing
-an operation by which the coagulant is rapidly and uniformly dispersed
throughout the volume of water which helps the formation of micro flocs and
results in proper utilization of chemical coagulants .
Design Criteria for Mechanical Rapid Mix Unit
Detention time = 30 to 60 seconds
Velocity of flow = 4 to 9 m/s
Depth = 1 to 3 m.
Ratio of tank height to diameter = 1 to 3:1
Problem:
Design of Mechanical Rapid Mix Unit

Given:
Design flow = 13331.52 m3/day
Detention time = 30 seconds
Ratio of tank height to diameter
= 1.5:1
Problem:
Design of Mechanical Rapid Mix Unit
Solution:
1. Dimension of rapid mix tank
Volume = (13331.52)(30/86400) = 4.629 m3
H/D = 1.5, H = 1.5 D
V= 2 2 3

D = 1.58 m.
H = 1.5(1.58) = 2.37 add 0.23 free board
Total H = 2.60 m.
Coagulation and Flocculation
Flocculation is the gentle mixing of the coagulated
water and cause the colloidal particles to agglomerate
thereby increasing the particle size from
submicroscopic microfloc to visible suspended
particles or larger floc particles.
A simple mechanical stirrer can be used for flocculation or a specially
designed channel with baffles to create the desired flow conditions
can be used to flocculate the particles in the water. In the design of a
flocculation channel, the flow velocity of the water has to be reduced
from a high initial value to a much lower value to enable large, strong
flocs to grow. If the flow velocity is too high the flocs may break up
again, causing settling of the broken flocs to be incomplete.
Flocculator
(Horizontal Flow Paddled)
Flocculators
Specifications: Ractangular Paddled
Flocculator
a. Depth: 2- 5 m.
b. Width: 3 – 15 m.
c. Length: 2 x width
d. Minimum number of stages: 2
e. Minimum number of channels: 2
f. Mixing by horizontal shaft paddles
g. Variable speed motors for tapering mixing
h. Shaft rotational speed: 60-100 rev/hr
i. Paddle area: <10-20% of tank cross section
j. Peripheral paddle speed: 0.15- 0.6 m/sec
k. Detention time: 30-60 min
l. Flow through velocity: 0.15-0.45 m/min
m. Velocity gradient: 30-60 sec-1
n. Mixing opportunity parameter: 104-105
Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River Board (GLUMRB)
Recommended Standards
Rapid Mixing: detention time = 30 seconds
Flocculator Basins
1. Inlet and outlet design shall prevent short circuiting and
destruction of floc.
2. Minimum flow through velocity shall be from 2.5 to 7.5
mm/s with a detention time of 30 minutes
3. Agitators shall be driven by variable speed drives with the
peripheral speed of paddles ranging from 0.15 to 0.91 m/s.
4. Flocculation and sedimentation shall be as close together as
possible. The velocity of flocculated water through conduits
to settling basins shall be from 0.15 to 0.45 m/s
Design of Rectangular Paddled Flocculators

Determination of the flocculator's dimensions.


1. Decide on the number of channels and
Calculate the flow in each channel.

Where:
Qc = flow in one channel
Qc Q = total flow
n = number of channel
Design of Rectangular Paddled Flocculators
2. Calculate the volume of one channel.

V=Qt
Where:
V = volume, m3 or ft3
Q = flow, cms or cfs
t = detention time, sec
Design of Rectangular Paddled Flocculators

3. Assume a depth and the Length-to-width


ratio and Calculate the width and the
length.

Where:
W W = width, m. or ft.
V = volume, m3 or ft3
d = depth, m. or ft

L=Length = 2 x Width
Design of Rectangular Paddled
Flocculators
4. Check Velocity

Where:
v = velocity, ft/min or m/min
Qc = flow in one channel
60 = conversion from seconds to
minutes
Ax = W d cross-sectional area, ft2 or m2
Design of Rectangular Paddled Flocculators

5. Determine Power Requirements


a. Calculate the volume of the entire flocculator:
Volume = V = (Channel volume)
X (Number of channels)
b. Calculate the water horsepower
P
Where:
P = water horse power, wHp µ = viscosity of water,
lb-sec/ft2
V = volume, ft3 G = velocity gradient, sec-1
550 = conversion factor, ft-lb/sec Hp
Design of Rectangular Paddled Flocculators

c. Calculate the electric horsepower

Where:
E = electrical horsepower, eHp
P = water horsepower, wHp
Eff = Efficiency
Design of Rectangular Paddled Flocculators

d. Cost of power
Cost = (17.9) (E) (Price)
Where:
17.9 = conversion factor, Kw-hr/eHp-day
E = electrical horsepower, eHp
Price = electricity price, dollars/Kw-hr
Illustrative Problem
Design a two-channeled horizontal shaft
paddled flocculator to treat 0.06 m3/s
wastewater using a detention time of 30
minutes, liquid depth of 3 m. and length
twice the depth. Efficiency is 80%.
Solution
1. Determine the flow in each channel

2. Determine the volume of the each channel


V = (0.03) (30 min) (60 sec/min)
V = 54 m3
3. Determine the width of the tank

4. Determine the length of the tank

L = 2W = 2 (3) = 6 m.
5. Check flow through velocity

or 3.3 mm/s (ok)

Hence adopt: 2 channel flocculator, each


dimensions of 3.0 m. wide, 6 m. long and 3
m. liquid depth
Conclusions
The plant requires a two channel, horizontal-
shaft paddle flocculator with a total volume
of 3,600 ft.3 Each channel will have a
volume of 1,800 ft3, a depth of 10 ft, a width
of 9.5 ft, and a length of 19 ft.

The flow through velocity in each channel


will be 0.63 ft/sec. and the power cost for
the entire flocculator will be $0.34 per day.
Practice problems
1. Design a mechanical rapid mix tank for the following data:
Design flow = 20,000 m3/day
Detention time = 40 seconds
Impeller speed = 220 rpm
Ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter = 0.4:1
Ratio of tank height to diameter = 2:1

2. Design a coagulation mixing and flocculation tank to treat a water


flow of 1,200 m3/day. For the mixing tank, the rate constant
coefficient is 75/day, the influent reactant concentration is 250 mg/l
with an expected reduction of 80%, the depth is 3.0 m and the length
–to- width ratio is 2. The flocculator will be rectangular with three
channels and with detention time of 30 minutes, depth is 3.0 m and
the length-to-width ratio is 2.
3. Design a coagulation mixing and flocculation
tank to treat a water flow of 1,200 m3/day. For
the mixing tank, the rate constant coefficient is
75/day, the influent reactant concentration is
250 mg/l with an expected reduction of 80%,
the depth is 3.0 m and the length –to- width
ratio is 2. The flocculator will be rectangular with
three channels and with detention time of 30
minutes, depth is 3.0 m and the length-to-width
ratio is 2.

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