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    Lie Detection Part 1

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    AIRA FAITH NACION
    This document provides an overview of lie detection techniques, including the history and principles of polygraph testing. It discusses how polygraph examinations work by detecting physiological reactions to questions, but that they do not detect lies directly. The document also outlines the historical development of lie detection methods prior to polygraphy, such as trials by combat or dangerous ordeals using hot materials, cold water, or forcing suspects to chew or swallow unusual foods. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts and techniques used in modern polygraph examinations.

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    Lie Detection Part 1

    Uploaded by

    AIRA FAITH NACION
    56 views6 pages
    This document provides an overview of lie detection techniques, including the history and principles of polygraph testing. It discusses how polygraph examinations work by detecting physiological reactions to questions, but that they do not detect lies directly. The document also outlines the historical development of lie detection methods prior to polygraphy, such as trials by combat or dangerous ordeals using hot materials, cold water, or forcing suspects to chew or swallow unusual foods. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts and techniques used in modern polygraph examinations.

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    Lie-Detection-Part-1

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    This document provides an overview of lie detection techniques, including the history and principles of polygraph testing. It discusses how polygraph examinations work by detecting physiological reactions to questions, but that they do not detect lies directly. The document also outlines the historical development of lie detection methods prior to polygraphy, such as trials by combat or dangerous ordeals using hot materials, cold water, or forcing suspects to chew or swallow unusual foods. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts and techniques used in modern polygraph examinations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    56 views6 pages

    Lie Detection Part 1

    Uploaded by

    AIRA FAITH NACION
    This document provides an overview of lie detection techniques, including the history and principles of polygraph testing. It discusses how polygraph examinations work by detecting physiological reactions to questions, but that they do not detect lies directly. The document also outlines the historical development of lie detection methods prior to polygraphy, such as trials by combat or dangerous ordeals using hot materials, cold water, or forcing suspects to chew or swallow unusual foods. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts and techniques used in modern polygraph examinations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    LIE DETECTION PART 1

    General Objectives:
    1. Significance of studying Physiology in relation to lie detection.
    2. Historical development of lie detection
    3. Fundamental uses and functions of truth verifiers
    4. Defining the objectives, stages, procedures and techniques of polygraph
    examination.
    5. Identify and define the principles of scientific method of detecting deception.
    6. Forensic applications of the principles of scientific lie detection.
    Polygrahpy
    - Is inadmissible in court
    - It is just an aid to criminal investigation
    - It is not also considered as scientific method worldwide.
    Can polygraph machine detect lies?
    -The answer is no!
    - It detects deception through physiological reactions/activities of the body that is
    interpreted by the polygraph examiner.

    Truth (Good Faith) Lie (Bad Faith)


     Truth does not necessarily represent  Untruth or a lie is the deliberate
    what actually occurred, but it is a communication to another, either
    recollection of a perception without any verbally, written or by gesture, of
    intention to distort or deceive. something that the communicator
     It is the deliberate, complete, and knows, or a suspect is not the case; or
    objective communication (whether the presentation or omission of
    verbal, written or by gesture) of the information, with the deliberate intent
    recollection of the person, place, things to deceive and mislead someone who
    and/or event which the communicator is requesting the truth.
    believes to exist, have existed or
    occurred.

    What is perception?
    Perception is the ability to:
    1. Understand
    2. Interpret
    3. Is all about mental impression
    Perception is achieved and affected by our ability to (5 senses):
    1. See (vision)
    LIE DETECTION PART 1

    2. Touch (Tactition)
    3. Hear (Auditory)
    4. Taste (Gustation)
    5. Smell (Olfactory)
    Perception in influenced by:
    1. Internal Factors – age, weight and height
    2. External Factors – location during the commission of the act, activity during
    the commission of the act and how much light was there during the
    commission of the act.
    Physiological Reaction- is the automatic distinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus
    which involves the following during lie detection:
    1. Heart Rate/ Blood Pressure/ Finger Pulse
    2. Respiration
    3. Skin Conductivity/Electrodermal activities
    Deception Lie
    It usually refers to causing someone to Telling someone of something that is not
    believe something false as the truth true (verbally, written and gestures)
    ( concealment, propaganda, distractions
    and deceiving)

    Polygraph Examiner may used:


    1. Analog Instruments – it is also known as conventional instruments, uses a
    complex box with a series of switches and dials, a roll chart paper and moving
    pens to record changes in physiological measurements.
    2. Computerized Polygraph Instruments – it makes its recording on a computer
    hard disks which can be viewed on a screen or printed out.
    Problems encountered using Analog Instrument:
    1. Ink Shortage
    2. Paper Tears
    3. Discrepancies resulting from initial pen placement
    Concepts of Polygraph Examination:
    1. It test an individual for the purpose of detecting deception or verifying the
    truthfulness of his statements.
    2. It records identifiable physiological reaction of the subject.
    3. The effectiveness of the polygraph in recording symptoms of deceptions is
    based on the theory that a conscious mental effort on the part of a normal
    LIE DETECTION PART 1

    person to deceive causes of physiological changes that are in effect a body’s


    reaction to an imminent danger to its well being.
    Objectives of a Polygraph:
    1. Obtain additional investigation leads.
    2. Ascertain if a person is telling the truth.
    3. Locate the fruits or tools of the crime and whereabouts of wanted persons.
    4. Identify other persons involved.
    5. Obtain valuable information from reluctant witnesses.
    6. Eliminate the innocent suspects.
    Law Enforcement community has used ,polygraph testing as an investigative aid to:
    1. Verify the statements of victims.
    2. Establish the credibility of witnesses
    3. Evaluate the truthfulness of the suspects.
    Operational Terms in Polygraph:
    1. Artifacts – are objects that appear in a chart made by human work.
    2. Polygraph – is an instrument for the recording of changes in blood pressure;
    pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance as indication of emotional
    disturbances especially of lying when questioned.
    3. The word was derived from the word POLY means “many” and GRAPHS
    means “writing chart”.
    4. Reaction – it is an action in mental attitude evoked by external influence.
    5. Deception – is an act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by
    lying.
    6. Detection – is an act of discovery of existence, presence of fact or something
    hidden or obscure.
    7. Distortion Tracing Segment – is a segment within the chart that departs from
    the average tracing segment but lacks psychological evidence of automatic
    change due to physiological origin. This is also known as artifact.
    8. Lying – the uttering or conveying of falsehood or creating a false or
    misleading information with the intention of affecting wrongfully the acts and
    opinion of other.
    9. Response – is any activity or inhibition of the previous activity of an organism
    resulting from stimulation.
    10. Specific Response – is any deviation from the normal tracing of the subject.
    11. Normal tracing – is a tracing on the chart wherein the subject answered in the
    irrelevant question.
    12. Polygraph Examiner – is one who conducts and administers the test.
    13. Chart or Polygraphs – refers to the composite records of pneumograph,
    galvanograph and cardiosphymograph tracings recorded from series of
    questions.
    LIE DETECTION PART 1

    14. Subject – refers to the person being examined.


    15. Chart Markings – refers to the mark/s indicated by the polygraph examiner
    during the examination based on the reactions produced by the subject in
    order not to mislead the polygraph examiners in their interpretation and that
    the result will not be affected.
    16. Countermeasure – when the examinee does something deliberately to affect
    the outcome of the examination.
    Historical Perspectives of Deception and Lying
    The idea that lying produces physical side effects has long been claimed. In
    Western Africa persons suspected of a crime were made to pass a bird’s egg to one
    another. If a person broke the egg, then he or she was considered guilty, based on the
    idea that the nervousness was to blame. In Ancient China the suspect held a handful of
    rice in his her mouth during a prosecutor’s speech. Since salivation was believed to
    cease at times of emotional anxiety, the person was considered guilty of by the end of
    that speech the rice was dry.
    Dei indicum – divine intervention/ miraculous decision
    Ordeal – is the severe test of endurance through a course of experience.
    EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION
    1. Trial by Combat = a method to settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a
    confession,
    in which two parties in dispute fought in single combat.
    2. Trial by Ordeal = a judicial practiced by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is
    determined by subjecting them to an unpleasant, usually dangerous experience or in
    the present
    term would mean an employment of “3
    rd degree”. The word “ordeal” was derived from the
    Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision”.
    TYPES OF ORDEALS
    1. Ordeal of Heat and Fire = in this test the suspect walked a certain distance, usually
    nine feet,
    over red-hot plowshares or holding a red-hot iron.
    2. Ordeal of Hot Water = this test requires that the water had to be boiled, and the depth
    from
    LIE DETECTION PART 1

    which the stone had to be retrieved was up to the wrist for one accusation, and up to the
    elbow
    for three or more accusations.
    3. Ordeal of Boiling Oil = this ordeal was practiced in villages of India and certain parts
    of West
    Africa.
    4. Red Hot Iron Ordeal = the accused will be required to touch his tongue to an
    extremely hot
    metal nine (9) times (unless burned sooner), Once his tongue is burned, he will be
    adjudged
    guilty. In some country instead of hot iron, they used a hot needle to tease the lips and
    once the
    lips bleed it is an indication of guilt.
    5. Ordeal of Cold Water = this ordeal has a precedent in the Code of Ur-Nammu and the
    Code
    of Hammurabi under which a man accused of sorcery was to be submerged in a stream
    and
    acquitted if he survived.
    = in 16th and 17th centuries, ordeal by water was associated with the witch-hunts.
    Floating
    is an indication of witchcraft.
    6. Ordeal of Rice Chewing = a method of detecting deception whereby an accused will
    be
    required to take rice (to clergy bread or cheese).If the accused failed to swallow even a
    single
    grain of concentrated rice he/she will be adjudged guilty.
    7. Ordeal of Red Water (Food and Drink Ordeal) = in this method the accused will be
    required
    to run fast for twelve (12 hours), take a cap of rice and drink a dark colored water (as
    much as
    one gallon).
    8. Ordeal of the Cross = the accuse and the accuser stood on either side of a cross and
    stretched
    LIE DETECTION PART 1

    out their hands horizontally. The one to first lower his arms lost.
    9. The Test of the Axe = in Greece, a suspended axe was spine in the center of a group
    of
    suspects, when the axe stopped, whosoever was in line with the blade was supposed to
    be the
    guilty as pointed by divine providence.
    10. The Test of the Candle = this ordeal was used in Burma, the accuser and accused
    were
    each given identical candles and were lighted at the same time. The candle that burns
    the longest
    determines which the truth.
    11. Donkey’s tail (Ash tail) Ordeal = a method of ordeal where all accused persons will
    be
    instructed to select a cage with a donkey, using a donkey’s tail they will strike the
    donkey and
    whichever cries first will be adjudged guilty.
    12. The “Hereditary Sieve” = Dr. Hans Gross mentioned this Ordeal in his famous book
    on
    Criminal Investigation in which beans were thrown into a sieve as the name of each
    suspect was
    called. The deception criteria were described as follows--- “If the bean jumps out of the
    sieve, the
    owner of the name pronounced is innocent, if the bean remains in the sieve, the person
    named
    is the thief.

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