Contents

Foreword v

List of Figures xiii

List of Tables xvii

Chapter 1 Design of Steel Structures

1.1 Introduction to Structural Design 1

1.2 Evaluation of Sustainability 2
1.3 Structure of Structural Steel Standards 5
1.4 Reliability in Design Standards 11
1.5 European Standards for Execution 14
1.6 Assessment of Existing Structures 15

Chapter 2 General Rules and Rules for Buildings

2.1 General 19
2.1.1 Extent of validity 19
2.1.1.1 Validity of Eurocode 3 19
2.1.1.2 Validity of part 1-1 19
2.1.2 Normative references 19
2.1.3 Assumptions 19
2.1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules 19
2.1.5 Terms and definitions 20
2.1.6 Symbols 20
2.2 Basis of Design 20
2.2.1 Requirements 20
2.2.1.1 Basic requirements 20
2.2.1.2 Reliability management 21
2.2.1.3 Design working life, durability and robustness 21
2.2.2 Principles of limit state design 21

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viii Design of Steel Structures with Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-8

2.2.3 Basic variables 21

2.2.3.1 Actions and environmental influences 21
2.2.3.2 Material and product properties 22
2.2.4 Verification by the partial factor method 22
2.2.4.1 Design values of material properties 22
2.2.4.2 Design values of geometrical data 22
2.2.4.3 Design resistances 22
2.2.4.4 Verification of static equilibrium (EQU) 22
2.2.5 Design assisted by testing 22
2.3 Materials 23
2.3.1 General 23
2.3.2 Structural steel 23
2.3.2.1 Material properties 23
2.3.2.2 Ductility requirements 23
2.3.2.3 Fracture toughness 23
2.3.2.4 Through-thickness properties 25
2.3.2.5 Tolerances 26
2.3.2.6 Design values of material coefficients 26
2.3.3 Connecting devices 26
2.3.3.1 Fasteners 26
2.3.3.2 Welding consumables 26
2.3.4 Other prefabricated products in buildings 26
2.4 Durability 27
2.5 Structural Analysis 27
2.5.1 Structural modelling for analysis 27
2.5.1.1 Structural modelling and basic assumptions 27
2.5.1.2 Joint modelling 27
2.5.1.3 Ground-structure interaction 27
2.5.2 Global analysis 28
2.5.2.1 Effects of deformed geometry of the structure 28
2.5.2.2 Structural stability of frames 30
2.5.3 Imperfections 31
2.5.3.1 Basis 31
2.5.3.2 Imperfections for global analysis of frames 31
2.5.3.3 Imperfection for analysis of bracing systems 35
2.5.3.4 Member imperfections 37
2.5.4 Methods of analysis considering material non-linearities 37
2.5.4.1 General 37
2.5.4.2 Elastic global analysis 38
2.5.4.3 Plastic global analysis 38
2.5.5 Classification of cross sections 38
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2.5.5.1 Basis 38
2.5.5.2 Classification 38
2.5.6 Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis 40
2.6 Ultimate Limit State 40
2.6.1 General 40
2.6.2 Resistance of cross-sections 40
2.6.2.1 General 40
2.6.2.2 Section properties 44
2.6.2.3 Tension 46
2.6.2.4 Compression 47
2.6.2.5 Bending moment 47
2.6.2.6 Shear 48
2.6.2.7 Torsion 49
2.6.2.8 Bending moment and shear 51
2.6.2.9 Bending and axial force 52
2.6.2.10 Bending, shear and axial force 54
2.6.3 Buckling resistance of members 54
2.6.3.1 Uniform members in compression 54
2.6.3.2 Uniform members in bending 59
2.6.3.3 Uniform members in bending and axial 66
compression
2.6.3.4 General method for lateral and lateral 68
torsional buckling
2.6.3.5 Lateral torsional buckling of members with 70
plastic hinges
2.6.4 Uniform built-up compression members 72
2.6.4.1 General 72
2.6.4.2 Laced compression members 74
2.6.4.3 Battened Compression Members 75
2.6.4.4 Closely Spaced Built-up Members 77
2.7 Serviceability Limit States 78
2.7.1 General conditions 78
2.7.2 Ultimate limit states for buildings 78
2.7.2.1 Vertical deflections 78
2.7.2.2 Horizontal deflections 79
2.7.2.3 Vibrations 79

Chapter 3 Connections Design

3.1 Introduction 81
3.2 Basis of Design 81
x Design of Steel Structures with Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-8

3.2.1 Assumptions 81
3.2.2 General requirements 81
3.2.3 Applied forces and moments 81
3.2.4 Resistance of joints 81
3.2.5 Design assumptions 82
3.2.6 Joints loaded in shear subject to impact, vibration and/or 82
load reversal
3.2.7 Eccentricity at intersections 83
3.3 Connections Made with Bolts, Rivets or Pins 83
3.3.1 Bolts, nuts and washers 83
3.3.1.1 General 83
3.3.1.2 Preloaded bolts 83
3.3.2 Rivets 83
3.3.3 Anchor bolts 83
3.3.4 Categories of bolted connections 84
3.3.4.1 Shear connections 84
3.3.4.2 Tension connections 84
3.3.5 Positioning of holes for bolts and rivets 84
3.3.6 Design resistance of individual fasteners 85
3.3.6.1 Bolts and rivets 85
3.3.6.2 Injection bolts 89
3.3.7 Group of fasteners 89
3.3.8 Long joints 90
3.3.9 Slip-resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts 90
3.3.9.1 Design slip resistance 90
3.3.9.2 Combined tension and shear 91
3.3.9.3 Hybrid connections 91
3.3.10 Deductions for fastener holes 92
3.3.10.1 General 92
3.3.10.2 Design for block tearing 92
3.3.10.3 Angles connected by one leg and other 93
unsymmetrically connected members in tension
3.3.10.4 Lug angles 93
3.3.11 Prying forces 94
3.3.12 Distribution of forces between fasteners at the ultimate 94
limit state
3.3.13 Connections made with pins 95
3.4 Welded Connections 95
3.4.1 General 95
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3.4.2 Welding consumables 95

3.4.3 Geometry and dimensions 95
3.4.3.1 Type of weld 95
3.4.3.2 Fillet welds 95
3.4.3.3 Fillet welds all round 96
3.4.3.4 Butt welds 96
3.4.3.5 Plug welds 96
3.4.3.6 Flare groove welds 97
3.4.4 Welds with packings 98
3.4.5 Design resistance of a fillet weld 98
3.4.5.1 Length of welds 98
3.4.5.2 Effective throat thickness 98
3.4.5.3 Design Resistance of fillet welds 99
3.4.6 Design resistance of fillet welds all round 100
3.4.7 Design resistance of butt welds 100
3.4.7.1 Full penetration butt welds 100
3.4.7.2 Partial penetration butt welds 101
3.4.7.3 T-butt joints 101
3.4.8 Design resistance of plug welds 101
3.4.9 Distribution of forces 101
3.4.10 Connections to unstiffened flanges 102
3.4.11 Long joints 103
3.4.12 Eccentrically loaded fillet or partial penetration butt welds 103
3.4.13 Angles connected by one leg 104
3.5 Analysis, Classification and Modelling 104
3.6 Open Sections Joints 105
3.7 Hollow Section Joints 106

Chapter 4 Worked Examples

4.1 Selection of Material for Fracture Toughness (A Steel Subgrade) 109
4.2 Selection of Material for Lamellar Tearing, through 113
Thickness Properties
4.3 Tensile Chord of Truss Girder from Angles 113
4.4 Design of a Column with Intermediate Supports 114
4.5 Secondary Beam Laterally Restrained 118
4.6 Cantilever Beam Bending 120
4.7 Portal Frame 123
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4.8 Built-up Battened Member 136

4.9 Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Beams 141
4.9.1 LTBeam software 142
4.9.2 Cantilever beam design 146
4.9.2.1 Forked support of an end cross-section to 146
prevent lateral-torsional buckling
4.9.2.2 Free cantilever beam end without support 148
4.9.3 Transversal support of the upper flange of an end 149
cross-section
4.9.4 Beam with end moments and transversal load 150
4.9.5 Beam with end moments, transversal load and 154
intermediate support
4.9.5.1 Elastic continuous support of one of the flanges 154
4.9.5.2 Critical load for various alternatives of 155
intermediate support
4.9.5.3 Evaluation of a beam for a chosen variant 155
4.10 Torsion of Open Cross-Section Member 157
4.10.1 Design of cross-section 157
4.10.2 Beam evaluation in ULS 159
4.10.3 Serviceability limit state 164
4.11 Torsion of Hollow Cross-Section Member 164
4.11.1 Check in the ultimate limit state 165
4.11.2 Evaluation of the serviceability limit state 167
4.12 Bolted Connection of Double Angle Bar 167
4.13 Welded Connection of Double Angle Bar 169
4.14 Header Plate Connection 170
4.15 Fin Plate Connection 171