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Evolutions of Intel processors

Article  in  Journal of Computational Science · October 2022

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7236101

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Evolutions of Intel processors

Tiyasha Ghosh Avishek Bhattacharjee
[email protected] [email protected]
Department of ECE Department of ECE

Hooghly Engineering and Technology College

Abstract: In the 1950s, the idea of a computer processor was put forth and applied to computing
power. Here, we examine the development of Intel's processors. It has been demonstrated that
manufacturers alter the specifications, functionality, and capacity during the "from old to new"
transition. It has a direct impact on the processing power and performance of the computer.
Due to their widespread use and the availability of comprehensive descriptions of all technical
specifications, Intel processors are utilised as the primary illustration.
Keywords: Computer Capacity, Processors, Performance Evaluation, Intel Processors
Generation.

INTRODUCTION
The first Intel processor debuted in 1971, 20 years before the World Wide Web provided a
compelling reason to bring computers into our homes and offices. Intel now offers four
processor ranges, from the affordable Celeron to the network-focused Xeon. Technology has
helped Intel processors shrink in size, with today’s products made using process technologies
of just 10 nanometers. Over the last 55 years, Intel Corporation has played a central role in
the computing sector. Founded in California long before the state became the spiritual home
of tech firms, Intel is now the world’s largest semiconductor chip manufacturer. Without
processors, computers wouldn’t work. Intel has been the dominant force in developing the
global computing industry, the growth of the internet and modern-day reliance on cloud
services

Intel Processors:
In today’s world processors are widely used in electronic
devices. Such as mobile phones, computers, laptops, and
many other devices. Their performance, processing
capacity, and accessibility have grown over the last 5 to 6
decades. There are many manufacturers of computer
processors but the Intel processors are more popular
because of their processing results and variety of processor capacity. In the context of such
rapid development, it is interesting to find the way of Intel processor evolution. For this, one
needs to be able to estimate the influence of changing some characteristics of a processor on
its performance. The first microprocessor was made by sir Federico Figgins in 1971. The
4004 was the first complete CPU on a single chip, packaged in a 16-pin ceramic dual in-line
package. The 4004 was initially released with a clock speed of 108 kHz (and scaled up to 740
2

kHz). Produced in a 10 μm (10,000 nm) process, the 4004

had 2,300 transistors and delivered a performance of 0.07
MIPS. The 8-bit 8008 replaced the 4004 in 1972 with 0.5 to
0.8 MHz clock speed and 3,500 transistors and was primarily
used in the TI 742 computer. The 8080 followed in 1974
with 4,500 transistors in 6,000 nm with up to 2 MHz It
became famous for being used in the Altair 8800, Nowadays
designers must have a real model and set of benchmarks to estimate the performance of the
developed processor. It requires some time to prepare the physic model of the processor and
spend time calculating in this paper, we consider the evolution of Inter processors over the
last 50 years.

History of Intel processor:

Name Year of Clock speed Number of Inst. Per sec
Invention transistors
INTEL 1971 by Ted 740 kHz 2300 60,000
4004/4040 Hoff and
Stanley

Size of the processor-8bit

Name Year of Clock speed Number of Inst. Per sec

Invention transistors
8008 1972 500kHz 3500 50,000
8080 1974 2MHz 6000 10 times faster
than 8008
8085 1976 3MHz 6500 769230

Size of the processor-16bit

Name Year of Invention Clock speed Number of Inst. Per sec
transistors
8086 1978(multiply and 4.77MHz,8MHz, 29000 2.5 million
divide 10MHz
instruction,16-bit
data bus and 20-bit
address bus)
8088 1979(cheaper 2.5 million
version of 8086
and 8-bit external
bus)
80186/80188 1982(80188 6MHz
cheaper version of
80186)
80286 1982(data bus 16- 8MHz 134000 4 million
bit, address bus 64
bit)
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Size of the processor-32bit

Name Year of Invention Clock Number of Inst. Per sec
speed transistors
INTEL 1986(other version of 16MHz- 275000
80386 80386DX,80386SX and 33MHz
32-bit data bus and
address bus
INTEL 1986(another version of 8 KB of
80486 80486DX, 80486SX catch
etc.) memory
PENTIUM 1993 66MHz Cache
memory 8
bit for 8-bit
data

Size of the processor-64bit

Name Year of Clock speed Number of Inst. Per sec
Invention transistors
INTEL 2006 1.2 GHz -3GHz 291 million 64 KB of L1
Core 2 transistors cache per core 4
MB of L2 cache
I3,i5,i7 2007,2009,2010 2.2GHz-
3.3GHz,2.4GHz-
3.6GHz,2.93GHz-
3.33GHz

Generation of Intel Processors:

Nehalem – 1st Gen Intel processors (2008)

Process Size: 45nm

Transistors: 731 million to 2300 million
Clock speed: 1.06 GHz to 3.33 GHz
RAM: 2-channel DDR3-1066
Intel turbo boost 1.0
Sandy Bridge – 2nd Gen Intel processors (2011)
Process Size: 32nm
Transistors: 504 million to 2.27 billion
Clock speed: 1.60GHz to 3.60 GHz
RAM: 2-channel DDR3
Intel Turbo boost 2.0.
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Ivy Bridge – 3rd Gen Intel processors (2012)

Process Size: 22nm
Transistors: 2104 million
Clock speed: 1.4GHz to 4.1 GHz
RAM: DDR3-1333 to DDR3-1600
Intel Turbo boost 2.0
Haswell – 4th Gen Intel processors (2013)
: Process Size: 22nm
Transistors: 1.4 billion to 5.56 billion
Clock speed: 1.1GHz to 4.4 GHz
RAM: Dual channel DDR3/ DDR3L, DDR4Intel Turbo boost
2.0
Broadwell-5th Gen Intel processors (2014)
Process Size: 14nm
Transistors: 1.9 billion
Clock speed: 1.2GHz to 4GHz
RAM: DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4, Intel Turbo boost 3.0
Skylake – 6th Gen Intel processors (2015)
In 2015, Intel designed their Broadwell processor and called them 6th generation, Skylake
CPUs. Skylake redesign changes brought greater CPU and GPU performance improvements
even more power efficiency. Those changes were also carried out to upcoming generations of
Intel processors.
Process Size: 14nm
Transistors: 1.9 billion
Clock speed: up to 4.5GHz
RAM: DDR3, DDR…
Kaby Lake – 7th Gen Intel processors (2016)
Process Size: 14nm
Clock speed: 1.0GHz to 4.5GHz
RAM: DDR3, DDR3L, DDR4(upto 64GB)
Intel Turbo boost 3.
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Kaby Lake R – 8th Gen Intel processors (2017)

Process Size: 14nm
Clock speed: 1.0GHz to 4.5GHz
RAM: DDR3, DDR4(up to 64GB)
Intel Turbo boost 3.0
Coffee Lake Refresh – 9th Gen Intel processors (2017)
Process Size: 14nm
Clock speed: 1.8GHz to
5GHz
RAM: DDR4-2666 2-
channel up to 128 GB
GPU: GT2, GT3e
Intel Turbo boost 3.0
Comet Lake/Ice Lake – 10th Gen Intel processors (2019)
Process Size: 14nm(desktop)/10nm(mobile)
Clock speed: up to 5.3 GHz(desktop)/ 4.1 GHz(mobile)
RAM:Up to LPDDR4X at 3733 MHz,
Intel Turbo boost 3.0
Tiger Lake/Rocket Lake – 11th Gen Intel processors (2021)
Process Size: 14nm(desktop)/10nm(mobile)
Clock speed: up to 5.3 GHz(desktop)/ 5 GHz(mobile)
RAM: DDR4-3200/LPDDR5-5400
Intel Turbo boost 3.0
Alder Lake – 12th Gen Intel processors(2021)
Intel is currently
working on 12th generation Alder Lake
processors. They will be released at the end of
2021(not an official date). Alder Lake will bring a
new LGA 1700 socket along with PCIe 5.0,
LPDDR5 RAM, and DMI 4.0 support. It could
possibly be a redesign on 10nm architecture,
however, most of the details about them are
currently unknown.
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Alder Lake (Today’s processor):

Alder Lake has finally arrived to the market and we now have our reviews of the leading-
edge Core i9-12900K, Core i7-12700K, and Core i5-12600K, and Core i5-12400 with all of
the performance benchmarks and analysis. Overall, the Core i5-12600K is now the Best CPU
for gaming on the market, while the Core i7-12700K slots in as the best high-end processor
for mainstream platforms.
Product details
Brand-AMD
CPU Manufacturer-AMD
CPU Model-AMD Ryzen 7
CPU Socket-Socket AM4
Platform-Linux, Windows
Secondary Cache-100 MB

Alder Lake has finally arrived to the market and we

now have our reviews of the leading-edge Core i9-12900K, Core i7-12700K, and Core i5-
12600K, and Core i5-12400 with all of the performance benchmarks and analysis. Overall,
the Core i5-12600K is now the Best CPU for gaming on the market, while the Core i7-
12700K slots in as the best high-end processor for mainstream platforms.
General information

Launched November 4,2021

Marketed by Intel
Designed by Intel
Common manufacturer Intel
Product code 80715

Performance

Max.CPU clock rate 1.0GHz to 5.5 GHz, P-core

700 MHz to 4.0 GHz, E-cores

Cache

L1 cache 80KB, per P-core

96KB, per E-core
L2 cache 1.25 MB per P-core
2 MB per E-core-modules
L3 cache Up to 30 MB
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Architecture & classification

Technology node Intel 7

Architecture x86-64
Physical specification

Cores Up to 8 P-cores
Up to 8 E-cores
GPU Intel Xe-based
Integrated graphics
Products, models,varients

Brand name Intel Core

Pentium
Celeron
History
Predecessor Tiger Lake,10nm, mobile
Rocket Lake,14nm, desktop
Successor Raptor Lake (2022)

Application:
Retail-Enable capabilities at ATMs or intelligent vending machines, object detection for
cashier-free checkout and audience analytics. High resolution graphics and media deliver
stunning next-gen video walls.
Industrial manufacturing-Higher performance platform with TDP ranges for applications
like Industrial PCs, Human Machine Interfaces. AI capabilities also deliver fast/accurate
machine vision.

Types of Intel processors :

Intel makes many processors designed for different computers and functions. From power-
saving processors for netbooks to high-end, multiple-core 64-bit processors, understanding
the differences in the processors is key to selecting the right one for your computing
purposes.
Atom
Intel Atom processors are low-power-consumption processors designed for use in netbooks
and other networked-based computing devices where battery life and power consumption are
more important than processing power. There are several types of Atom processor.
Processors without a letter designator before the number are meant for general low-power
devices. Processors with a N designator are designed for netbooks. Atom processors designed
8

for mobile Internet devices have a Z designator. The number following the designator
indicates the level of processor. Higher numbers indicate more processor features.
Celeron
Celeron processors are designed for lower-end desktop computers that are primarily used for
web activities and basic computing. Celeron processors have a numerical indicator. The
higher the number, the more features on the processor. There are different classes of Celeron
processors, including lower-power consumption processors designed for laptop computers.
Pentium
Pentium has been used as a name for a number of different generations of processors. Current
generation Pentium processors are energy-efficient dual core processors designed for desktop
computers. Pentium processors have numeric designators that, like other Intel processors,
indicate higher levels of features with higher-series numbers.
Core
There are two types of Core processors. The original Core processor is called the i7. The
number following the i7 on the CPU indicates the number of CPU features. A higher number
indicates more features, like cache, clock speed, front side bus or other technologies. Core 2
Duo processors are multiple-core processors.
Xeon and Itanium
Intel Xeon and Itanium processors are server class CPUs designed and optimized for various
server applications. These processors have three letter indicators: X indicates a high-
performance CPU, E indicates a rack-optimized CPU, and L indicates a power-optimized
CPU. There are three levels of Xeon processors. The 3000 series processors contain a single
core, 5000 series processors contain two cores, and 7000 series processors contain more than
two cores. The 9000 series processors indicate Itanium class processors, which can have two
or more cores. Higher numbers in each series indicate more processor features

Conclusions
After I've presented all of the findings, I'll be able to draw some conclusions. Tiger Lake/
Rocket Lake is the last microarchitecture to be evaluated. The Tiger Lake microprocessor
architecture is the most recent in Intel's CPU history. It is equipped with more advanced
features than any previous Intel CPU version. In comparison to previous generations, the
tiger lake's functioning and performance are more flexible. It is built with higher-quality
components than other Intel processors. We also notice that RAM and cache boost the
computer's performance. We've also seen that the number of transistors and registers has
increased insignificantly over the last 15 years, so we expect this trend to continue in new
processors, with the number of registers vector increasing for higher processing quality. As a
result, we can expect the number of internal registers, transistors, and other parts in the next
processor microarchitecture to increase in order to improve performance.
 9

References
William Stallings; Computer organization and Architecture
New Challenges in Computer Architecture Education; September 2022; DOI: 10.46793/TIE22.141V
PARAM: The First Super Computer of India; August 2022; DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7017332

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