Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 37, No. 5, August 2014, pp. 1059–1064. © Indian Academy of Sciences.

Effects of fibre orientation on mechanical properties of hybrid

bamboo/glass fibre polymer composites

B STANLY JONES RETNAM1,*, M SIVAPRAGASH1 and P PRADEEP2

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2Department of Automobile Engineering,
Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil 629 180, India

MS received 25 June 2013; revised 7 November 2013

Abstract. The usage of natural fibre as reinforcement in polymer composites have widely increased because
of its enhanced properties. The usage of plant fibre cannot alone satisfy all the needs of the composites. Hence,
introduction of hybrid plays a vital role in enhancing the mechanical properties of the FRP composites. Fibre
orientation contributes significant role in improving the mechanical properties of the FRP composites. In this
proposal, hybrid bamboo/glass fibre woven in different orientations such as 0°/90° and ± 45° was used and its
effect on mechanical properties were studied. Composites containing hybrid fibres found to possess better
mechanical properties, when compared to pure bamboo. In order to justify this, the following mechanical
properties such as tensile, flexural, impact and hardness were investigated. SEM analysis shows the bonding
between the matrix and reinforcement. All the above test results indicate that the introduction of natural
bamboo fibre in glass reduces the overall cost of the composites with no compromise in strength and also
attracted several studies covering green technologies.

Keywords. Bamboo fibre; tensile strength; flexural strength; SEM.

1. Introduction naturally on every continent except Europe. Among the

well known natural fibres (jute, coir, straw, banana, etc.)
Composites reinforced with natural fibres received bamboo has low density and high mechanical strength.
increasing interest from industries in a wide field of The specific tensile strength and specific gravity of
applications such as automobile, construction, aerospace bamboo are considerably less than those of glass fibres.
and packing (Pickering et al 2007; Ku et al 2011). Natural However, cost considerations makes bamboo an attractive
fibres, when compared to glass fibres possess low material for reinforcement (Krishna Prasad Rajan et al
density, low cost, consumes low energy, distributed 2011). Though, there are many advantages of natural
worldwide, neutral to CO2, no abrasion to machining, no fibres, there is also certain limitation such as lower
health risk when inhaled and since it is biodegradable, it modules, low strength and poor moisture resistance when
can be easily disposed (Paul Wambua et al 2003). The compared to synthetic fibres (Jarukumjorn and Suppakar
main drawback of using natural fibre is their high level of 2009). One main way to enhance the mechanical property
moisture absorption, insufficient adhesion between of the composite can be done by reinforcement by two or
untreated fibres and the polymer matrix which can lead to more variety of fibres in a single matrix, leading to
deboning with age (Gassan 2002). In order to increase the hybrid composites with greater diversity.
adhesion properties of natural fibre, the bamboo strips It was observed that the tensile, flexural and impact
were subjected to different chemical treatments (Hongyan strength increased with the increase in fibre loading up to
Chen et al 2011). By chemical modification (silane cou- 30%, above which, there was a significant reduction in
pling), the mechanical properties of the composite such as the mechanical strength. The treated composites showed
tensile, flexural and impact strength increases due to better properties when compared with non-treated
improved adhesion between the polymer and bamboo fibre composites (Smita Mohanty et al 2006). Enhancement of
matrix (Sun-Young Lee et al 2009). Surface treatments material performance depends entirely on interfacial bond
of bamboo fibres improve interfacial bonding strength strength between the fibre and matrix (Karger-Kocsis
between fibres (Hongwa Ma and Chang Whan Joo 2011). 1995). The stress–strain behaviour, strength, ductility,
Bamboo fibre belongs to the family of grass. It is an and failure mode of FRP composites depend on fibre
enduring, versatile and highly renewable resource found orientation (Guoqiang Li et al 2006). Woven composites
exhibit higher flexural and impact properties due to
different structures in cross-section. Composites reinforced
*Author for correspondence ([email protected]) with woven fabric have better out-of-plane stiffness,
1059
1060 B Stanly Jones Retnam, M Sivapragash and P Pradeep

strength and toughness and easier handling in production ethyl ketone peroxide. The bamboo fibre woven was
than unidirectional composites (Mariatti et al 2008). placed and then the required amount of polyester resin
Woven fibres possess good surface with pleasing appear- was poured over it. The process continued until the
ance. Research on pure bamboo/hybrid fibre with respect required thickness and volume percentage of fibre was
to fibre orientation is relatively new. The main aim of this obtained. For each time, a roller was used to roll over the
research was to investigate possible mechanical properties fibre in order to remove the air bubbles from it. Hybrid
of pure bamboo and hybrid FRP composite with respect FRP composite plates preparation also done in the same
to fibre orientation. The results were compared with each way, but the placing of fibres was done alternatively one
other to find the best among them. over the other, i.e. one layer of woven pure bamboo
fibre followed by E-glass fibre mat. After the required
thickness and volume fraction were obtained, the compo-
2. Experimental
site plates were allowed to dry at room temperature for
24 h. Then, the FRP composite plates were removed from
2.1 Materials
the mould.
The natural fibres of bamboo of diameter 10 μm and glass
fibre of diameter 5 μm were used in this study. To enhance 2.3 Mechanical testing
the properties of bamboo fibre, it was chemically treated
with silane. The bamboo fibres in dried form were woven The plates of pure bamboo and hybrid FRP composites
by weaving machine to the size of moulding box 200 × were then cut into specimens as per ASTM standards for
150 mm. The glass fibres in the form of woven were used conducting different tests. For obtaining different orienta-
for composite fabrication. Polyester resin as matrix, tions, the specimens were made as templates in GI sheets
cobalt napthanate and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide were and are drawn on the plates with appropriate angles.
used as oxidizer and catalyst, respectively. Then, the plates are cut into different angles using milling
cutter along the fibre orientation, say 0°/90° or ±45° as
shown in figure 3.
2.2 Preparation of composites
Tensile test of bamboo and hybrid FRP composites
were performed using computerized servo-controlled
Moulding box of required size 200 × 150 × 10 mm was
UTM machine with specimen standard ASTM D 638 as
made in wood and the inner portion of the moulding box
shown in figure 4. The cut specimens were fixed in the
was coated with wax polish, which acts as a releasing
UTM, the gauge length and cross head speeds were fixed
agent. Two different types of plates were made. Figures 1
to 5 and 2 mm/min, respectively.
and 2 show the pure bamboo reinforced with polyester
Flexural test was conducted on computerized UTM
matrix and the other with bamboo/E-glass hybrid fibre
using special attachment with specimen standard ASTM
with polyester resin combination. The method adopted
D 790 as shown in figure 5. The span to depth ratio was
for fabricating composite plates was hand lay-up process.
fixed as 16 : 1 and the speed of test was set as 2 mm/min.
Polyester resin was mixed with required amount of cobalt
Impact test were carried out using a Charpy impact
napthanate as oxidizer and then with catalyst, methyl
testing machines with specimen standards ASTM D 6110

Figure 1. Woven bamboo fibre plate. Figure 2. Hybrid fibre plate.

 Mechanical properties of hybrid bamboo/glass fibre polymer composites 1061

as shown in figure 6. The fracture values were calculated fibres, such as banana and pandanus which exhibit higher
by dividing the energy by cross-sectional area of the properties when compared with kenaf, bagasse, sisal and
specimen. pineapple. Normally, the properties of natural fibres
Hardness test was conducted by using a Rockwell depend on species, maturity and extraction (Mariatti
hardness tester as per specimen standard ASTM D 785 et al 2008).
shown in figure 7. A standard specimen of 6⋅4 mm thick-
ness was cut from the plate irrespective of its size. Load
3.2 Effects of fibre orientation on pure bamboo and
was applied for 15 s and the hardness was measured. All
hybrid fibre
the values were taken as the average of 3 samples each.
Morphology of the fibres was observed by scanning
3.2a Tensile stress–strain: Figure 9 shows the tensile
electron microscope (SEM). The specimen for SEM test
stress–strain curve of pure bamboo and hybrid FRP
is shown in figure 8. Magnification of 50 μm is taken for
composites with respect to fibre orientation (0°/90°,
the study.
±45°). Among all the combinations, the hybrid FRP
composites with ±45° orientation exhibited high tensile
3. Results and discussion strength, when compared with other combination. Fur-
3.1 Properties of bamboo and E-glass fibre ther, the other combinations such as hybrid with 0°/90°
orientation and pure bamboo with 0°/90°, ±45° orienta-
The measured tensile properties of bamboo and E-glass tion showed a very significant increase in tensile strength,
fibre are shown in table 1, in comparison with other natural

Figure 5. Flexural specimens.

Figure 3. Cutting specimens using milling cutter.

Figure 4. Tensile specimens. Figure 6. Impact specimens.

1062 B Stanly Jones Retnam, M Sivapragash and P Pradeep

Table 1. Tensile properties of bamboo and E-glass fibres in comparison with other natural fibres.
Fibre diameter Tensile strength Tensile modulus Strain at break
Fibres (μm) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%)

E-glass 5–26 3446 72⋅3 4⋅8

Bamboo 10–330 440 35 1⋅4
Banana 70–330 355 33⋅8 5⋅3
Pandanus 80–260 135 46 4⋅6

Figure 7. Hardness specimens.

Figure 9. Tensile stress–strain curve.

impact and hardness properties of hybrid composites

were higher, when compared with pure bamboo fibre
composites. From figure 10(a) and (c) for 0°/90° orienta-
tion for both combinations, relatively long fibres were
observed. The crack path is changed by the fibre orienta-
tion and directed along the fibre surface. This leads to
fibre debonding, which is an indication of matrix separa-
tion around the fibres as crack front intersects the fibre/
matrix interface. Subsequently, it causes fibre pull-out
and creates energy dissipation by shear. Furthermore,
fibre end damage and fibre split were observed and in
Wonga et al (2010), the same was identified. The figure
10(b and d) of ±45° orientation reveals no formation of
Figure 8. SEM specimens.
fibre debonding, pull out, end damage and split.

3.2b Flexural strength: Figure 11 shows the flexural

when compared to non-woven bamboo strip mat and strength of pure bamboo and hybrid FRP composites with
glass hybrid fibre (Pradeep and Rakesh Kumar 2010). respect to fibre orientation (0°/90°, ± 45°). Flexural
SEM has been done to investigate the surface morpho- strength of woven hybrid FRP composites with ±45° ori-
logy of the fibres with respect to bonding on the tensile entation shows higher strength when compared to other
specimens after breakage. The cross-section of pure combinations including flexural strength of reformed
bamboo and hybrid FRP composites with respect to orien- bamboo which has 276⋅6 MPa (Wonga et al 2010).
tation is shown in figures 10(a–d). It was observed that
hybrid fibre shows more densified and compact structure 3.2c Impact strength: Figure 12 shows the Charpy
than the pure bamboo fibre. Thus, the tensile, flexural, impact strength of pure bamboo and hybrid FRP
 Mechanical properties of hybrid bamboo/glass fibre polymer composites 1063

Figure 10. SEM images of pure bamboo FRP composites with respect to (a) 0°/90° orientation and (b)
±45° orientation. SEM images of hybrid FRP composites with respect to (c) 0°/90° orientation and (d)
±45° orientation.

Figure 11. Specimen vs flexural strength.

Figure 13. Specimen vs Rockwell hardness number.

composites with respect to fibre orientation (0°/90°,

±45°). Though, the packing between the fibres were very
close, all the combinations exhibit very good impact
strength. But, when compared to pure bamboo FRP com-
posites, the hybrid composites expressed very high
impact strength. Higher values of impact strength were
observed in hybrid FRP with ±45° orientation. It is well
known that the impact response of fibre composites is
highly influenced by the interfacial bond strength, the
matrix and fibre properties. Impact energy is dissipated
by debonding, fibre and/or matrix fracture and fibre pull-
Figure 12. Specimen vs impact strength. out. Fibre fracture dissipates less energy compared to
1064 B Stanly Jones Retnam, M Sivapragash and P Pradeep

fibre pull-out. The former is common in composites with increasing the bonding strength between the fibre and
strong interfacial bond, while the occurrence of the latter polyester resin. An orientation of ±45 o helps to boost up
is a sign of a weak bond (Paul Wambua et al 2003). the mechanical properties of the composites.
Hence, hybrid fibres possess very good impact strength.
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