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Nama : Nilai

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Compact discs (CDs), which may be found in over 25 million American homes, not to
mention backpacks and automobiles, first entered popular culture in the 1980s. But their
history goes back to the 1960s, when an inventor named James Russell decided to create
an alternative to his scratched and warped phonograph records—a system that could
record, store, and replay music without ever wearing out.
The result was the compact disc (CD). Made from 1.2 mm of poly- carbonate plastic,
the disc is coated with a much thinner aluminum layer that is then protected with a film of
lacquer. The lacquer layer can be printed with a label. CDs are typically 120 mm in
diameter, and can store about 74 minutes of music. There are also discs that can store 80,
90, 99, and 100 minutes of music, but they are not as compatible with various stereos and
computers as the 74–minute size.
The information on a standard CD is contained on the polycarbonate layer, as a single
spiral track of pits, starting at the inside of the disk and circling its way to the outside. This
information is read by shining light from a 780 nm wavelength semiconductor laser through
the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The light from the laser follows the spiral track of
pits, and is then reflected off either the pit or the aluminum layer. Because the CD is read
through the bottom of the disc, each pit looks like a bump to the laser.

1. Paragraph 2, lines 6–10, explains all of the following EXCEPT

A. how the information on a CD is read.
B. why semiconductor lasers were invented.
C. where information is stored on a CD.
D. what pits and bumps are.
E. the purpose of the aluminum layer of a CD.
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The ensuing depression led to the election of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932.
Roosevelt introduced relief measures that would revive the economy and bring needed
relief to Americans who were suffering the effects of the depression. In his first hundred
days in office, Roosevelt and Congress passed major legislation that saved banks from
closing and regained public confidence. These measures, called the New Deal, included the
Agricultural Adjustment Act, which paid farmers to slow their production in order to
stabilize food prices; the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured bank
deposits in the case that banks fail; and the Securities and Exchange Commission, which
regulated the stock market. Although the New Deal offered relief, it did not end the
depression. The economy sagged until the nation entered World War II. However, the New
Deal changed the relationship between government and American citizens, by expanding
the role of the central government in regulating the economy and creating social assistance
programs.

2. The content of the paragraph would most likely support which of the following
statements?
A. The New Deal policies were not radical enough in challenging capitalism.
B. The economic policies of the New Deal brought about a complete business
recovery.
C. The Agricultural Adjustment Act paid farmers to produce surplus crops.
D. The federal government became more involved in caring for needy members of
society.
E. The New Deal measures went too far in turning the country toward socialism.

One of the most hazardous conditions a firefighter will ever encounter is a backdraft
(also known as a smoke explosion). A backdraft can occur in the hot-smoldering phase of a
fire when burning is incomplete and there is not enough oxygen to sustain the fire.
Unburned carbon particles and other flammable products, combined with the intense heat,
may cause instantaneous combustion if more oxygen reaches the fire.
Firefighters should be aware of the conditions that indicate the possibility for a
backdraft to occur. When there is a lack of oxygen during a fire, the smoke becomes filled
with carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide and turns dense gray or black. Other warning
signs of a potential backdraft are little or no visible flame, excessive heat, smoke leaving the
building in puffs, muffled sounds, and smoke-stained windows.
Proper ventilation will make a backdraft less likely. Opening a room or building at the
highest point allows heated gases and smoke to be released gradually. However, suddenly
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breaking a window or opening a door is a mistake, because it allows oxygen to rush in,
causing an explosion.

3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential backdraft warning sign?

A. windows stained with smoke
B. flames shooting up from the building
C. puffs of smoke leaving the building
D. more intense heat than usual
E. muffled noise

According to the controversial sunspot theory, great storms on the surface of the sun
hurt streams of solar particles into the atmosphere, causing a shift in the weather on earth.
A typical sunspot consists of a dark central umbra surrounded by a lighter penumbra
of light and dark threads extending out from the centre like the spokes of a wheel. Actually,
the sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere, which may account for color.
Typically, the temperature in the sunspot umbra is about 4000 K, whereas the temperature
in a penumbra registers 5500 K, and the granules outside the spot are 6000 K.
Sunspots range in size from tiny granules to complex structures with areas stretching
for billions of square miles. About 5 percent of the spots are large enough so that they can
be seen without instruments; consequently, observations of sunspots have been recorded
for several thousand years.
Sunspots have been observed in arrangements of one to more than one hundred
spots, but they tend to occur in pairs. There is also a marked tendency for the two spots of a
pair to have opposite magnetic polarities. Furthermore, the strength of the magnetic field
associated with any given sunspot is closely related to the spot`s size.
Although there is no theory that completely explains the nature and function of
sunspots, several models attempt to relate the phenomenon to magnetic fields along the
lines of longitude from the north and south poles of the sun.

4. The passage mentions all of the following facts about sunspot EXCEPT…..
A. A sunspot consists of a dark central umbra surrounded by a lighter penumbra of
light.
B. A sunspot cannot be seen without an instrument because the large are about 5
percent of the spots.
C. Sunspot stands up with dark threads extending out from the centre like the
spokes of a wheel.
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D. The temperature in the sunspot umbra is about 4000 C, whereas the temperature
in a penumbra registers 5500 C, and the granules outside the spot are 6000 C.
E. Observation of sunspots have been done in arrangements of one to more than one
hundred spots.

5. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Observations of sunspots have been recorded for several hundred years.
B. There are several models of theory which explain the nature and function of
sunspots.
C. The sunspots are hotter than the rest of the photosphere.
D. The temperature in the sunspot umbra is higher than the temperature in a
penumbra.
E. The magnetic field force associated with any given sunspot is in close contact with
the size of the spot.