STRESSES IN BEAMS When some external force acts on a beam, the shear force and bending moments are set up at all the sections of the beam. Due to these, the beam undergoes deformation. The material of the beam offers resistance to deformation. Stresses introduced by bending moment towards the bending deformation are known as bending stresses. Bending stresses are indirect normal stresses. > Concept of pure bending Pure bending is a condition of stress where a bending moment is applied to a beam without the simultaneous presence of axial, shear, or torsional forces. Pure bending occurs only under a constant bending moment since the shear force (V), has to be equal to zero. Such condition occurs solely because of coupling on its end. In that case there is no chance of shear stress in the beam. But, the stress due to this bending will propagate in the beam and will act as normal stress. It shown below in the picture. Couple _ Couple Pure Bending Pure bending can also be observed in the following scenario. Let us consider a beam AB transversely loaded as shown. In the BMD and SFD of the it can be noted that the middle portion CD of the beam is free from SF and BM in that region is constant, The BM can be expressed as My P.a, Therefore, the condition within CD is pure bending condition. Kinematics of pure bending * In pure bending the axial lines bend to form circumferential lines and transverse lines remain straight and become radial lines. + Axial lines that do not extend or contract form a neutral surface. > Simple Bending Stress Bending will be called as simple bending when it occurs because of beam self-load and external load. This type of bending is also known as ordinary bending and in this type of bending results both shear stress and normal stress in the beam. As shown below in the figure w wwfy.tength Aa Simple Renaing> Theory of Simple Bending y - ee } Force distribution within beam wg a — oe eT >» — tension longer Assumptions Theory of simple bending is developed with the following assumptions of pure bending which are reasonably acceptable: (i The material is homogeneous and isotropic and follows Hook’s law. (i) Modulus of elasticity is the same in tension and in comp: (iii) Stresses are within the elastic limit. (iv) Plane section remains plane even after deformations. (\) The beam is initially straight and every layer of it is free to expand or contract. (vi) The beam is subjected to pure bending and therefore bends in an are of a circle. (vi) The radius of curvature of bent beam is very large compared to depth of the beam. (vii) There is no resultant pull or push on the cross section of the beam, (viii) The loads are applied in the plane of bending, Theory: Consider a cantilever subjected to a clockwise moment M at the free end. The cantilever is subjected to a constant bending moment M at all sections of the beam. Let AB and CD be two sections at a distance dx apart, as shown in Figure. — Pt c! | Po hes kK — 4 ———_+ et 1 {al Betore bending {b) After bending As the cantilever is subjected to a constant bending moment M, the beam bends into a circular arc. The top fibres of the beam are subjected to tension.‘The topmost layer AC has elongated to A'C’. The lower layers, below the topmost layer of the beam have also elongated, but to a lesser degree. Now, we come to the layer GH. This layer has not suffered any change in its length. This layer is called the neutral layer or neutral plane. All the layers below GH have compressed to variable amounts. Thus, all the bottom fibres of the ‘beam are subjected to compression. The bottommost layer BD has compressed to B'D Let the projections of A’B’ and C'D' meet at ©, as shown in Figure. Let d@ be the angle between the planes A'B' and C’D' and R be the radius of the neutral layer. Consider a fibre P'Q' at a distance y from the neutral layer. Original length of this fibre = PQ = dx R do After deformation, this fibre occupies the position P'Q'. Now length of the fibre, P’Q’ Increase in length of fibre PQ, = P'Q'~ PQ = (R+y) dO - R dO = y do Strain in fibre PQ, IR+y) a9, increase inlength _ yd@_ y original length Rd6~ R Let ‘0’ be the stress in fibre PQ and ©’ is the Modulus of Elasticity of the material. Then, Thus, So, © >» Moment of resistance When a beam will be subjected with a pure hogging bending, like in a cantilever beam, layers above the neutral axis will be subjected to tensile stresses and layers below the neutral axis will be subjected with compressive stresses. Therefore, there will be force acting on the layers of the beams due to these stresses. To maintain horizontal equilibrium of forces, the total compressive force will be equal to total tensile force. Due to this couple, there will be moment about the neutral axis. Total moment of these forces about the neutral axis for a section will be termed as moment of resistance of that section.x——>} Let us now consider at a section of a cantilever beam at a distance x from free end, the resultant of tensile stress T, will be equal to the resultant of compressive stress, C. Let the distance between the lines of action of T and C be ‘a’ as shown in the figure. So, the couple formed due to T, = Txa and couple formed due to C, To maintain equilibrium, Txa = Cxa This couple is called the moment of resistance. For equilibrium of the portion of the beam, the moment of resistance offered by the section shall be equal to the bending moment M up to the section XX, Thus, Txa = Cxa = M > Relation between bending stress and moment of resistance: Let us now consider an elemental area ‘da’ at a distance ‘y’ from the neutral axis as shown in Figure. enum TENSILE: STRESS MARIMUM COUUPRESSIVE STRESS cross section stress distribution diagram Ex R*y Force on the elemental area = ¢ da = ; xyda ‘The stress on the elemental area, 0 Moment of resistance offered by the elemental area = Force Distance = (=x y da) x y =(Exy da) xy =F y*da But ¥ y?da is the moment of inertia 1’ of the beam section about the neutral axis. Total moment of resistance offered by the beam = ses (Hi) or, o Earlier, we have seen in (i) that, = Combining (i) and (ii),“This is the equation of simple bending "Mand Lare constants for a particular beam section. Hence, it may be concluded that the bending stress a varies proportion to the distance from the neutral axis y. This is a linear variation. So maximum stress occurs at extreme fibres. + The stress distribution diagram will be a triangle as shown in Figure. "For the cantilever subjected to a clockwise moment M, maximum tensile stress occur at the topmost fibre and maximum compressive stress will occur at the bottommost fibre. > Section modulus Formula for Simple Bending Stress: M I Where, M= bending moment moment of inertia of the section about the bending axis. fibre stress at a distance ‘y’ from the centroidal/neutral axis. E = Young’s Modulus of the material of the beam. R = radius of curvature of the bent beam. Ify is replaced by ymax, that is, the distance to remotest fibre of the cross section, then M _ max 1 Yinax MYmax _M or, Cmax = M T Z Where, 2= section modulus and is given by, Z= > Neutral Axis and Neutral Plane Almost all fibres in a beam undergoes change in their lengths, due to bending of the beam. Some layers are elongate and some layers are compressed. In between the top and bottom layers of the beam, there is a layer of fibres which are neither elongated nor compressed. Fibres in this layer are not stressed at all. This layer is called the neutral layer or neutral plane. oad [— This Surtace Compreseed L_ unues suites of Beam Stretched ‘The line of intersection of the neutral plane on the cross-section along which there are no longitudinal stresses or strains is called the neutral axis. If the section is symmetric, isotropic and is not curved before a bend occurs, then the neutral axis is at the geometric centroid. Location of neutral axis in a section can be calculated as below:Let us consider an elemental area 6a in a cross section of a beam at a distance ‘y’ from the neutral axis as shown in Figure. So, moment of the elemental area about the neutral axis = yx 6a So, total moment of the total area about the neutral axis = Y y 6a Now, if the neutral axis is at a distance J from the centroid of the section, then total moment of the area about neutral axis may also be expressed as = AxJ Ey 6a 4 So, neutral axis distance from the centroid, 7 Noting that Zy6a is the moment of area about neutral axis, Ete should be the distance of centroid of the area from the neutral axis. Hence ya = 0 means the neutral axis coincides with the centroid of the cross-section. > Bending stress distribution diagram « Solid Rectangular Section 7 e ! I rt if L L = + tess seston veo sine stn Let ‘b’ be the breadth and ‘d’ be the depth of ar with the centroidal axis of the beam. tangular beam section. The neutral axis coincides Moment of inertia, t= is bd? ‘Distance of outermost layer from the neutral axis. Vmax = 1 2. Section modulus, Z = —_ Dina 1 2 = gh? x5 =i = got Let o be the maximum bending stress at the outermost layer. + Moment of resistance, M = oxZ = Lo bd? 4 Solid Circular Section Let the diameter of the solid circular section be ‘d’. Moment of inertia about the neutral axis, 7 = a Distance of outermost layer from the neutral axis, Ymax = vip— yo —- a 4 Cv ‘BEAM SECTION . GENOING STRESS: ° ‘OISTRIBUTION Section modulus, Z = 4— nd’ 2 ad oe = 32 Leto be the maximum bending stress at the outermost layer. + Moment of resistance, M = oxZ ott . ~~ 32 I Sections In the sections, first we have to find the centroid of th ection. Then the moment of inertia of the section about the centroidal axis is determined. As the neutral axis coincides with the centroidal axis, the moment of inertia about the neutral axis is the same as that about the centroidal axis. In unsymmetrical sections, the distance of the extreme layer, ymax is not the same for the topmost and bottommost layers. Therefore, the topmost layer distance, y, and the bottommost layer distance, yo , are found. The section modulus is found using the higher value of ye or yp viz. the maximum value of y. Then, the moment of resistance of the section is equal to the product of the maximum bending stress and the section modulus. Problem-1: An I section is shown in figure below. The section is used as a beam, which is subjected to a bending moment of 2.5 kNm. Find the maximum bending stress developed. Solution ‘Let ¥ be the distance of centroid from the bottom face. Lay twee, 7 = hen, y La = (100 x 20) x 10 + (20 x 100) x 70 + (60 x 20) x 130 _ 60.8 mm (100 x 20) + (20 x 100) + (60 x 20)Tmax (130-60.8) N (60.810) min fr 100 men a BEAM SECTION BENDING STRESS DISTRIBUTION Moment of inertia of the section about the horizontal axis passing through the centroid, : Ie [a 100 x (20)? + (100 x 20) (60.8 - 107 | +[ sx 20.0007 + cox 100) 70-50 97 ] | 75X60 (209 + (60 x20) (130- vo? | = 1285.04 10* mm* ‘Topmost layer distance, yy = 140-00.8= 79,2 mm Bottommost layer distance, y, = 60.8 mm c+ Ymax = Ye = 79.2 mm From the relation, M — & Ty We get, Smax 4 se Ymax Bending moment, M = 2.5kNm = 25x 10°N mm cs Snax = —2ZSXIE 479.2 = SAL Nisam? 1285.04 x 10° +. The maximum bending stress in the beam= 15.41 N/mm?, Problem-2 A rolled steel joist of 1 section has the dimension as shown in the figure below. The beam of I section carries a UDL of 40 KN/m run on a span of 10 m. Calculate the maximum stress produced due to bending.Solution: fo Wen kot os 10m y 10mm SOK. 400mm |_¥__ Ee _ A Moment of inertia about the neutral axis, 200 x 400? (200 ~ 10) x (400 — 2 x 20)? Z 7 327946666 mm’ Distance of extreme fibre from neutral axis, = £- 400_ 200mm Ymax = 2-7 Section modulus of I section, 1 _ 327946666 7 mac 200 1693.7333 mm? Now bending moment of a simply supported beam carrying a UDL is maximum at centre, which is, wl? _ 40x10? M == = 500 kvm AM _ 800% 105 3 oo rm? °° 7 ~ 1693.7333— /mm’ maximum stress produced due to bending is 304.92 N/mm? Problem-3 ‘Two wooden planks 150 mm x 50 mm each are connected to form a T- section of a beam. If a moment of 7.4 kN-m is applied around the horizontal neutral axis, inducing tension below the neutral axis, find the bending stresses at both the extreme fibres of the cross-section. ic 6 150 180 ye 125mmSolution: Given: Size of wooden planks = 150 mm = 50 mm And, Moment (M) = 7.4 kN-m=7.4 * 105 N-mm, ‘Two planks forming the T-section are shown in above Fig. First of all, let us find out the centre of gravity of the beam section. We know that if the di between the centre of gravity of the section and its bottom face is then, '150x50) 175 + (150x50) 75 (150x50) + (150x 60) }875000/15000 25 mm Distance between the centre of gravity of the section and the upper extreme fibre, Ye = 200-125 =75 mm. And distance between the centre of gravity of the section and the lower extreme fibre, yr= 125 mm We also know that Moment of inertia of the T section about an axis passing through its c.g. and parallel to the bottom face, (150x50°y/12_ + (150x50) (175-125)"] + [(50x150°)/12. +(150x50) (125-75)"] mm? = 20.3125 x 10° + 32.8125 x10? mm* = 53.125 x 10° mm* So, Bending stress in the upper extreme fibre: Myc _ 7.4% 108 x 75 ~ 1 §3.125 x 108 oe = 10.44.N/mm? (compressive) And bending stress in the lower extreme fibre, My, 74x 10°x 125 = wee oT 53.125 x 10° 1741N/mm? (tensile)» Shear stress distribution in beams When a beam is loaded, bending moment and shear force are developed at all section of the beam. Previously, we have seen the bending stress distribution at any cross section of the beam. Now, we will study the shear stress distribution at any section of the beam. The vertical shear force at any section of a beam produces shear stress at that section. This vertical shear stress is ompanied by a horizontal shear a s of equal magnitude, known as complementary shear stress. So at any point in a cross section of the beam, there is a vertical shear stress and a horizontal shear stress of equal magnitude. These two shear stresses cause the diagonal tension and compression inclined at 45° to the horizontal. If F is the shear force at a section, then, F Shear stress, t= 7, x AY where, A is the area of cross section of the beam above the level considered, and y is the distance of the centroid of the area above the level considered, from the neutral axis. For a particular cross section of a beam, (F/I) remains constant for any point along the depth of et the beam. Therefore, shear stress at any point on a cross section is proportional to 2. For sections of uniform width, the shear stress will have maximum value at the neutral axis, since Ay is maximum at neutral axis ‘The shear stress will have zero value at top and bottom layers of the beam cross section since Ay is zero at those locations. 4 Shear Stress Distribution in Rectangular Section Let us consider a rectangular section of width ‘b’ and depth ‘d’ subjected to shear force F. Let tbe the shear stress at any level EF. Trax BEAM SHEAR STRESS CROSS SECTION DISTRIBUTION Distance, 7 = y+i(2-y -4(£9] Moment of area ABFE about the neutral axis, > 1 asoolEope(fey) o(f_ ys =2l4Shear stress, t= .. Shear stress has a parabolic variation. ‘The maximum shear stress occurs when yO, at tr neutral ax. F Fa tom = §(¢-0}- ie 12 “Wwe F bd =3 F ~ 2” cross sectional area ‘The shear stress is zero at the top and bottom layers, i.e. at y=+ 4. tmin = 37 “Average shear stress Faverage 0 I x t Saux = 2% bd max = 1.5% Taverage 4 Shear Stress Distribution in Circular Section Now, let us consider a circular cross section of radius R. Let fy be the thickness of an elementary strip at a distance ‘y’ from neutral axis. b=" © AZZZLLZZZZZZZO dy ts i, BEAM SHEAR STRESS CROSS SECTION DISTRIBUTIONMoment of this strip about the neutral axis = (b dy) y yar Moment of area above the plane EF about the neutral axis, Ay = f (oxy) ay yy But b= 2xVR-y? of B= 4(R?-y% On differentiating, we get, 2b db = 4(-2y) dy = —8ydy ydy= ~hge ‘When y= y, b= b and when y=R, b=0. Now changing the integration variable from y to b, 9 = bdb a= J »(-*4?) > A = GJ) ab ’ 0 = YoF] 2 4LO 3 |F 12 <. The shear stress, t = Exay - £8 _ Fe ~ 1b" 12 ~ 127 F = Tew -y? F = 31) ‘Thus, shear stress has a parabolic variation. The shear stress is maximum when y=0, at the neutral axis. Tmax, Fxr FR 4 Bt; (so, 3 -. mR? cross F sectional areaThe shear stress is zero at top and bottom layers, i.e. at y= R, tein = E(R?-RY = s+ Tin = 57 (R?—R) = 0 shear force F. A = ———Shearforce__-_ _F_ Verage shear stress = <= Gf cross section of beam ™R? 4. F Tmax = ZX 4 3 % Taverage » Shear Stress Distribution in I-Sections Problem-5: Draw the shear stress distribution diagram of the following I-section. Also determine the maximum shear stress. The shear force acting is 40 KN. rz "ZLZEEEEZIEEZA + 00m —4 | 20mm Tt |—_ 20 nn ———} Bow A a apo ke | a [een 4 = em - Beam Cross-section Solution: Moment of inertia of the section about neutral axis, 450% 350° 140%3109 — ee mm 12 12 = 535937500 — 347561666.6 188375833.4 mm, I Shear Stress Distribution in the Flange Width of section at a distance y from the neutral axis = 150mm. Area above the plane EF -y) «150 Centroidal distance of this area from the neutral axis=+ Shear st F xay=Ex(@&) -» 1b “9 = 35% 7) -Y ‘Thus, the shear stress has a parabolic distribution in the flange. At the top of I-section, i.e. at y = =, the shear stress, = 0. At the junction of the flange and web, ie. at y 4°, shear stress: Fo 40 x 10? 350)? 310)” 2 T= GX AI = SS aayragad G) - G) = 0.7007 N/mm’ ~ 2x 1803758334 *\\2 2 the Web ey from the neutral axis = 10mm. WML /-———— =» ———_| Area above the plane EF = area of flange + area of web upto EF = 150 (=) + 10(22- y) 248) Centroidal distance of the flange area from the neutral axis, Centroidal distance of the web area from the neutral axis, Moment of both the areas about the neutral axis, ay 10 (2522222) 3650 310 2 Nat? : Shear stress, F ay sx 10" ef 5 ") ) +10 (22 ) 1a, )| Fy ay =e 350 = 310) 310) (310 = B= Ty0 2 2 2a 7% F_ (150. cago2 — 3102) + 150 (310% _ 2 om ES TRO VS z7\4” This also represents parabolic variation. So, at the junction of flange and web, y=(310/2) 40 x 108 x 150 om T= 81883758334 x 10 (350? — 310?) = 10.51 N/mm?At the neutral axis, i.e. at y = 0, the shear stress is maximum and it is as follows 150 (310? = 3102) + =(—-} ) = 13.06 N/mm? ro }«—— 1051 ——»1 (@) Tt O) >» T- Section Problem-4: A T-section has a flange of size 150 mm x 50 mim and web of size 50 mm x 150 mm. This section is subjected to a vertical shear force of 100 KN. Find the maximum shear stress and draw the shear stress distribution diagram with values al important points. Centroid of section is 125 mm from the bottom face and moment of inertia about the centroidal axis is 5312.5 x 10° mm’, rr fenfe 7 7 Tmax #167) Nima? —>|s0mmfe— BEAM - ¢no33 section DISTRIBUTION SHEAR STRESSSolution Maximum shear stress occurs at the neutral axis. Thus, tnax = Fxay _ 100 1000 © 5312.5 x 104 x 50 = 14.71 N/mm? [(150 x 50) x 50 + (50 x 25) x 12.5] Shear stress in the flange at the junction of flange and web, = — 1001000 __ 5 (150 x 50x 50) 5312.5 x 10* x 150 71 N/mm? ‘Shear stress in the web at the junction of flange and web, = 1001000 — 50450 x 50x 50) 5312.5 x 10* x 50 14.12 Nimm? "> Torsion Torsion is the twisting of a straight bar when it is loaded by twisting moments or torques that tend to produce rotation about the longitudinal axes of the bar. Torque is defined as the moment applied about the axis of the shaft. Torsion is the act of applying torque. For instance, when we turn a screw driver to produce torsion our hand applies torque T’ to the handle and twists the shank of the screw driver. Effects of Torsion: The effects of a torsional load applied to a bar are (i) To impart an angular displacement of one end cross ~ section with respect to the other end. (ii) To setup shear stresses on any cross section of the bar perpendicular to its axis. > Theory of Torsion sumptio Following assumptions are made for developing theory of torsion, i.e. correlating the torque on a cylindrical shaft with the stress and strain. (a) The material of the shaft is homogeneous and isotropic. (b) Normal cross-sections of the shaft, which were plane and circular before twist, remain plane and circular after twist. (c) The cross-section rotates as if rigid which means that each diameter of the cross-section rotates through the same angle after loading. This angle is called angle of twist. (d) Material is elastic and follows Hooke’s law which means that stress is proportional to strain, within the elastic limit. (c) Intensity of stress varies uniformly from zero at the centre to a maximum at the outside surface and hence the stress is proportional to the distance of that point from the centre. Polar moment of inertia The moment of inertia of a plane area, with respect to an axis perpendicular to the plane of the section is called polar moment of inertia with respect to the axis normal to the plane. Usually, the z-axis always passes through the centre of a section and perpendicular to the plane. Therefore, polar moment of inertia is also known as moment of inertia about z-axis. Polar moment of inertia can be calculated apply inertia: ing the perpendicular axis theorem of moment of Example: 1) For a circular section with diameter ‘d’, lee = Iyy = So, J= Ig, = 2x4S = 2) A hollow circular section is just like a circular section with only difference in the value of J. J for a hollow section can be calculated as the subtraction of J values of the outer circle (diameter = de) and. inner circle (diameter = di). Thus, Jnotiow = 35 (do ~ ds")Equation of torsion: For the purpose of developing the expressions for the torsional stress and strain, we shall assume that one end of a shaft is fixed and a torque (T) is applied at the other end as shown in Figure. The plane of application of the torque is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam. The torsion equation is given as follows: +, _T_ GO fos od plied torque; olar moment of inertia; istance of the point where the shear stress is considered from centre; rigidity modulus; I=Length of the bar; gle subtended during twist in radians; += Shearing stress at a point on circular section at radius, r Polar modulus or torsional section modulus: ‘The ratio of the polar moment of inertia to the radius of the circular shaft i.e., the term (4 is known as torsional section modulus or polar modulus (Z,. It is similar to section modulus of a 1 beam section, which is equal to > ‘Thus, polar modulus for a solid circular shaft: nd? po = B= Torsional stiffness Torque required for unit twist, is called the torsional stiffness of the shaft. It can be calculated by T @ Torsional rigidity Torque divided by the angle of twist per unit length, is called the torsional rigidity. It is calculated by: T a Maximum shear stress developed in a solid circular shaft due to torsion: Maximum shear stress will be developed at the outermost layer of the shaft. If, the diameter of the shaft is ‘d’, then in the equation of torsion r = 4/2 na Polar moment of inertia,Applied torque = T. ‘Then maximum shear stress, d te_1(2) ser Tmax = T= dt = at Bz Maximum shear stress developed in a hollow circular shaft due to torsion: Maximum shear stress will be developed at the outermost layer of the shaft. If, outer diameter of the shaft is ‘d,’ and the inner diameter of the shaft is ‘d’’, then in the equation of torsion r= de/2 Polar moment of inertia, Jnouo = 3 (do* ~ di*) Applied torque = T. Then maximum shear stress, 7(%) 16rd, Fela) mata) Maximum power transmitted to a shaft due to torsion Let’s consider a rotating shaft which transmits power from one of its ends to another. Power is the time rate of doing work. Consider a shaft of diameter, d, subjected to a torque T, while the shaft is rotating at a speed of N rpm or @ rad/s, subjected to end couples which cause turning effect. 2nN So, =~ rad/s 60 + Work done in a revolution = Applied force displacement = 2nxT Work done per minute = 2r NT 2nNT Power transmitted P= = wT Normally, the torque is expre to 1 Joules of work per second. in units of Nm and power in units of Watt (W) where 1W Proble: Calculate the maximum torque that can be safely transmitted by a shaft of 400 mm diameter, if (a) the maximum allowable shear stress is 40 N/mm?, and (b) the maximum allowable angle of twist is 2° in a length of 10m. Take G = 80 KN/mm?2. Solution: Given: d= 400 mm = 0.40m I= 10m. G = 80 kN/mm? = 80000 N/mm? na _ x4oo* For a circular cross section polar moment of inertia, J = = = 2.513*109 mm‘,a) As we know for a solid circular shaft if the applied torq 16T Tmax = Fg ax Xd? 40x mx 4008 6 N— mm = 7 7 502.65 X 106 N — mm = 502.65 kNm So, So, maximum torque can be applied in this case = 502.65 kNm b) We know from equation of torsion that, T_ GO Jot JGO _ 2.513 x 10° x 80000 x 0.035 " T 10000 So, maximum torque can be applied in this case = 703.7 kNm = 703.7 x 106 N= mm = 703.7 kNm or, Problem: in a holiow circular shaft of outer and inner diameters of 20cm and 10cm respectively, the shear stress is not to exceed 40 N/mm?. Find the maximum torque which the shaft can safely transmit. Sol. Given : Outer diameter, D, = 20 em = 200 mm Inner diameter, D;,= 10cm = 100 mm Maximum shear stress, t= 40 N/mm? let T= Maximum torque transmitted by the shaft. Now, we know that, d, tit 1(¥) 16Td, max = J (0. - So, [Dot =D] _ #4 [2004 - 1004 T= 36 + Do 16 * 200 8 8 == x40 puta) = 58904860 Nmm 16 200 = 58904.86 Nm. Ans. Problem: A steel shaft transmits 105 kW at 160 rpm. If the shaft is 100 mm dia , find the torque on the shaft and the maximum shear stress induced. Find also the twist of the shaft in a length of 6m. Take G = 8 x 10* N/mm. Solution: Given: Power transmitted, P = 105 kW = 105 x 10° W Speed of rotation, N = 160 rpm Diameter of the shaft, d= 100 mm Length, != 6 m = 6000 mm 8 x 10+ N/mm?so P60 ° aN 105 x 103 x 60 = = 6.266 x 10° N — mm or T= Fa x T60 Now, as we know for a solid circular shaft if the applied torque is ‘T’, then maximum shear stress: 16T _ 16 x 6.266 x 108 16? _ : 2 fmax = eg mx 1005 1-19 N/mm Again, from the equation of torsion, 1_ G8 ro _ tl Tmax Xb 31.19 x 6000 5 Oa ime EO = 0.0468 rad on 76" (a,)xG CO/,)xax 108 rai