Stats layout practice Cheat Sheet

by MADdogz43 via cheatography.com/19662/cs/3728/

Test 2 Q&A info (cont)

True or False : The median is the 50th percen​tile; the point in

Q1) The probab​ility which comes from the fact data where 50% of the data falls below that point
that you believe that you have a 1/2 chance of and 50% fall above it.Steps to calculate the K
drawing a red card from a standard deck of cards is percentile 1) Order all the values in the data set
empirical probab​ility. FALSE from smallest to largest. 2) Multiply K% by the
Q) The events "not shitting off the water in the total number of values, n(index). 3) IF the index
kitchen sink" and "​rec​eiving a high water bill" or n is not a whole number, round up to the
are not indepe​ndent. TRUE nearest whole number. Count the values in your
Q)The vents "​cho​osing a student who is male or a data set from left to right(​sma​llest -> largest)
finance major from a nearby university to partic​‐ until you reach the index. The corres​ponding
ipate in a research study", are mutually exclusive. value is your K %ile. 4)Count the values in your
FALSE data set from the left until you reach the index.
Q)8!= 20160. False The K &ile is the average of that corres​ponding
Q2)Suppose the local shop makes dining room tables value in your data set & the value that directly
in three shapes and in three different finishes. follows it.
Their production of the last six months is IE: 25 test scores in order
summarized in the following table: {43,54​,56​,61​,62​,66​,68​,69​,69​,70​,71​,72​,7
Suppose one table is selected at random, Find the 7​,78​,79​,85​,87​,88​,89​,93​,95​,96​,98​,99,99}
following: To find the 90th %ile 1) Multiply 0.90 25(amount
A) P(the table is oval) = 177/400 B) P(the table of data) = 22.5(i​ndex). 2)Rounding up to you get
is pine or rectan​gular) = 101+47​+26/400 = 23, so counting from L->R go until you reach the
177/400 C) P(the table is round and mahogany) = 23rd value (98) that is the 90th %ile of this data
43/400 D) P(the table is oak | it is round) = set. OR if you wanted the 20th %ile 1) 0.2025 =
52/129 E)P(the table is oval | it is mahogany) = 5(index). 2)5th+6th value (62+66)/2 = 64 is the
62/152. 20th %ile. The median is the 13th score (77).
Q3)A coordi​nator will select 7 songs from a list BASIC PROBAB​ILITY
of 13 songs to compose an event's musical entert​‐ Probab​ility Experiment -Any process with a result
ainment lineup. How many different lineups are determined by chance.
possible?A: 13vPv7 = 8648640 Sample Space - Each individual result that's
Q6) A box contains 16 white marbles and 12 green possible for a prob experi​ment.
marbles. If two are drawn without replac​ement, Event -A subset of outcomes from the sample space.
what is the probab​ility that they are both green? IE: Consider the experiment of rolling a dice.
- 12/28 * 11/27 = 132/756. There are 6 possible outcomes,namely the number 1-
Q7) The local restaurant is offering a dinner 6. The sample space is the set of all outcomes
special that includes an appetizer, an entree, and which in this case is simply {1,2,3​,4,​5,6}. The
a dessert. If there are 5 different appetizers to event "​rolling an even number​" is the subset of
choose from, 11 different entrees, and 4 different outcomes {2,4,6}. On the other hand, the event "​‐
desserts, how many different specials are possible? rolling a number less than 10" is the set
- 5114 = 220 {1,2,3​,4,​5,6}.
Subjective Probab​ility -The least precise type of
info probab​ility.
Experi​mental Probab​ility -specif​ically it is
calculated by dividing the number of times an
event occurs by the total number of trials
performed. F: If E is an event, the P(E), "the
probab​ility that E occurs is given by: P(E) = f/n
F= the frequency of event E, N= the total number
of times the experiment is performed.IE:A
fisherman wants to know the prob that a fish he
Empirical Rule (68-95-99.7%) - Use the empirical catches in his fav pond will be a catfish. HE

rule to estimate the probability of a porcupine records the numbers & types of fish he catches for

living between 20.5 & 27.4 years with an average one week. He catches 92 fish, 43 of which were

lifespan of 22.8, the standard deviation is 2.3 catfish. He then calculates the prob as follows: -

years. Chart 1.0 Step 1) The average lifespan -> P(catfish) = # of catfish caught​/total # of

22.8(mean).2) SD is 2.3 years so 1 SD below is fish caught --> 43/92 = 0.4674. Law of Large

20.5 & 1 above is 25.1 yrs. 3)Two SD's below the Numbers - The greater the number of trials, the

mean is 18.2, two above is 27.4. 4)Three SDs below closer the experi​mental probab​ility will be to

is 15.9yrs & above is 29.7yrs. 5) Looking for prob the true prob.

of porcupine living between 20.5-27.4 years. 6) CLASSICAL PROBAB​ILTIY

Empirical Rule tells us 95% of the porcupines will The most precise type of probab​ility. It is

have lifespans within 2 SD's of the avg. Also 68% calculated by taking all possible outcomes into

will have lifespans within 1 SD of the mean. 7) consid​era​tion. It states that if all outcomes are

That leaves 95% - 68% = 27% of porcupines between equally likely; the probab​ility of an event is

1&2 SD's or 13.5%(each side). 8) The probability equal to the number of outcomes included in the

is 68% + 13.5% or 81.5% event divided by the total number of outcomes in

STANDARD SCORE (Z-SCORE) the sample space.

A z-score is defined as the number of standard P(E) = n(E)/n(S) n(E) = the number of outcomes in

deviations a specific point is away from the mean. the event n(S)= number of outcomes in the sample

Q) The grades on a physics midterm at Santa Rita space.

are normally distri​buted with M = 78 & O = 3.5. IE:1 All fish from the pond recorded, total # of

Ishaan scored 79% on the exam. Find the Z-Score fish 1235, 541 are catfish. So:

Steps 1) Z = 79 - 78 / 2.5 ---> Z = 0.29. Ishaan's P(catfish) = n(E)/n(S) --> 541/1235 = 0.4381

score was 0.29 SD's above the mean. IE:2 Idea of rolling a 6 sided die and getting an

PERCENTILE even number. There are 3 possible outcomes a 2,4,

or 6. So n(E) = 3 with 6 outcomes in the sample
space thus n(S) = 6. P(even) = 3/6 --> 1/2 = 0.5
prob
Subjective Probab​ility- An educated guess
regarding the chance that an event will occur.

By MADdogz43 Published 18th March, 2015. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com

Last updated 13th May, 2016. Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!
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 Stats layout practice Cheat Sheet
by MADdogz43 via cheatography.com/19662/cs/3728/

info (cont) info1 (cont)

Experi​mental Probab​ility-Uses the outcomes ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ = P(F) * P(E |

obtained by repeatedly performing an experiment to F)
calculate the probab​ility. IE: What is the probab​ility of choosing two face
Comple​ment- For E denoted E ,consists of all the card in a row? Assume that the cards are chosen w/o
outcomes in the sample space that are not in E. replac​ement. When the first card is picked, all
P(E) + P(E ) = 1 OR P(E) = 1 - P(E ) 12 face cards are available out of 52 total cards.
IE:Roll a pair of dice, what is the probab​ility When the second card is drawn, there are only 11
that neither die is a 3? It is much easier to left out of 51. P(face card & face card)
count the outcomes in the complement E . There are = P(face card) * P(face card | face card)
11 possible outcomes where at least 1 of the dice = 12/52 11/51 = 1/13 11/17 = 11/221 = 0.0498
is a 3 = {(3,1)​,(3​,2)​,(3​,4)​,(3​,5)​,(3,6) When you need to count the number of ways objects
(counted once per die) + {3,3}. P(E )= n(E )/n(S) = can be chosen out of a group of distinct objects,
11/36 OR better written: without replac​ement, then the problem you are
P(E) = 1 - P(E ) = 1 - 11/36 = 25/36 = 0.6944 dealing with involves combin​ations & permut​‐
ations.
info1 Factorial- The product of all positive integers

Addition Rule P(E or F) = P(E) + P(F) - P(E & F) less than or equal to a given positive integer, n.

IE: What is the probab​ility of drawing a heart or Symbol​ically written as n!.

a queen from a deck of cards? There are 52 cards IE: 0! = 1 , 4!/0! = 4 321/1 = 24/1 , 95!/93! =

in a deck and 13 are hears. Probab​ility of drawing 9594939291/939291 = 9594 = 8930.

a heart is 13/52, there are 4 queens in a deck so Combin​ation- A selection of objects from a group

4/52. Probab​ility of drawing one or the other? without regard to their arrang​ement. C = n!/r!(​‐

One problem - The queen of hearts is counted twice n-r)! When order is not important

since it falls under both catego​ries, so it must Permut​ation- A selection of objects from a group

be subtracted as follows: where the arrang​ement is specific. P = n!/(n-r)!

P(heart or queen) = P(heart) + P(queen) - P(heart & When order is important

queen) = 13/52 + 4/52 - 1/52 = 16/52 = 0.3077. IE: Given a group of 3 friends, Bubba, Lyndsay, &

Mutually Exclusive- Events that share no outcomes. Re. QA) How many ways can you arrange the way they

**Addition Rule for Probab​ility of Mutually stand in line for the movies? order is important

Exclusive Events so permut​ation, were arranging 3 object so r = 3,

P(E or F) = P(E) + P(F)** from a group of 3 objects so n = 3. The number of

IE: Caleb is buying a new car, he's narrowed it permut​ations of 3 things permuted 3 at a time is

down to 4 cars. Kevin is betting he will chose calcul​ated: P = 3!/(3-3)! = 321/0! = 6/1 = 6

either toyota or jeep. Find the probab​ility Devin QB) How many ways can you choose two of them to

is right. ride in a car together? order is not important, so

Toyota: 0.40 | Honda: 0.10 | Ford: 0.10 | Jeep: combin​ation, contro​lling the number of combin​‐

0.35 His friends accurately determined his ations of 2 things from a group of 3 so C = 3!/2!

interest in each brand (​3-2)! = 3!/2! 1! = 321/211 = 3/1.

**P(Toyota or Jeep) = P(Toyota) + P(Jeep) = Special Permut​ations - Involve objects that are

0.40+0.35 = 0.75. identical. The number of distin​gui​shable

Multip​lic​ation Rules for Indepe​ndent Events permut​ations of n objects, of which K are all

P(E&F) = P(E)*P(F) alike, k2 are all alike, & so on. n!/k1!​‐

IE: Chose two cards from a deck, with replac​‐ k2!....kp!

ement. What is the probab​ility of choosing a king IE: How many different ways can you arrange the

and then a queen? letters in the word TENNESSEE? **You can distin​‐

P(king & queen, w/repl​ace​ment) = P(king) guish between each E,N, or S, so group each letter

P(queen) = 4/52 4/52 together. T: 1, E: 4, N: 2, S: 2 9 total letter so

= 1/13 *1/13 = 1/169 = 0.0059 --> 9!/1!4​!2!2!

Without Replac​ement = 987654321/(1)(4321)(21)(21) = 9473*5 = 3780.

P(king) = 4/52 = 1/13 assume you draw a king what
is the probab​ility you draw a queen next? There
are 4 queens left but only 51 cards remain.
P(queen, given king drawn first, w/o replac​ement)
= 4/51 So -->
P(king​&q​ueen, w/o replac​ement) = P(king​)*P​‐
(queen, given king drawn first)
= 4/52 4/51 = 1/13 4/51 = 4/663 = 0.0060
Condit​ional Probab​ility-
Denoted P(F | E), it is
the probab​ility of event F occurring given that
event E occurs first. P(F | E) = P(E & F)/P(E)
IE:One card has already been chosen, w/o replac​‐
ement. What is the probab​ility of now choosing a
second card from the deck and it being red, given
that the first card was a diamond? Given that the
first card was a diamon​d(red card) there is only
25 red cards left instead of 26, and only 51 total
cards remaining. So : P(red | diamond) = 25/51 =
0.4902
Multip​lic​ation Rule for Probab​ility of Dependent
Events
P(E & F) = P(E) * P(F | E)

By MADdogz43 Published 18th March, 2015. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com

Last updated 13th May, 2016. Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!
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