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    Grade 10 Chemistry Week 8 Lesson 1

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    Nikoli Major
    This document provides an overview of different types of compounds and their structures: Ionic compounds form crystal lattices where cations and anions alternate in a regular pattern. They have high melting points and conduct electricity when molten or dissolved. Molecular crystals are held together by weak van der Waals forces between molecules. They have low melting points and do not conduct electricity. Giant covalent networks like diamond and graphite have very strong covalent bonds extending in three dimensions, giving them very high melting points. Electrical conductivity varies depending on the material.

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    Grade 10 Chemistry Week 8 Lesson 1

    Uploaded by

    Nikoli Major
    60 views5 pages
    This document provides an overview of different types of compounds and their structures: Ionic compounds form crystal lattices where cations and anions alternate in a regular pattern. They have high melting points and conduct electricity when molten or dissolved. Molecular crystals are held together by weak van der Waals forces between molecules. They have low melting points and do not conduct electricity. Giant covalent networks like diamond and graphite have very strong covalent bonds extending in three dimensions, giving them very high melting points. Electrical conductivity varies depending on the material.

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    This document provides an overview of different types of compounds and their structures: Ionic compounds form crystal lattices where cations and anions alternate in a regular pattern. They have high melting points and conduct electricity when molten or dissolved. Molecular crystals are held together by weak van der Waals forces between molecules. They have low melting points and do not conduct electricity. Giant covalent networks like diamond and graphite have very strong covalent bonds extending in three dimensions, giving them very high melting points. Electrical conductivity varies depending on the material.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    60 views5 pages

    Grade 10 Chemistry Week 8 Lesson 1

    Uploaded by

    Nikoli Major
    This document provides an overview of different types of compounds and their structures: Ionic compounds form crystal lattices where cations and anions alternate in a regular pattern. They have high melting points and conduct electricity when molten or dissolved. Molecular crystals are held together by weak van der Waals forces between molecules. They have low melting points and do not conduct electricity. Giant covalent networks like diamond and graphite have very strong covalent bonds extending in three dimensions, giving them very high melting points. Electrical conductivity varies depending on the material.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

    SECONDARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME

    GRADE 10

    CHEMISTRY

    WEEK 8 Lesson 1

    Topic: Structure and Bonding

    Sub-topic: Structure and Properties of Simple Ionic and Covalent Compounds

    Objectives: After reading and looking at related diagrams students will:

     describe ionic crystals, simple molecular crystals and giant molecular crystals.

     make diagrammatic representations of sodium chloride, graphite and diamond.

    Content:

    Ionic Crystals

    An ionic crystal consists of ions bound together by electrostatic attraction. The arrangement of
    ions in a regular, geometric structure is called a crystal lattice and varies depending on the ions’
    sizes or the radius ratio (ratio of radii of the positive to the negative ion). Example: NaCl

    Structure of Ionic Crystal

    Structure of NaCl lattice Model of NaCl lattice

    90
    Properties of Ionic Crystals

    Property Explanation

    form crystals An ionic crystal is a regular structure, with the cation and anion
    alternating with each other and forming a three-dimensional structure
    based largely on the smaller ion evenly filling in the gaps between the
    larger ion. Eg. NaCl

    High melting and High temperatures are required to overcome the attraction between the
    boiling points. positive and negative ions. Therefore, a lot of energy is required to melt
    ionic compounds or cause them to boil.

    Conducts When ionic compounds are dissolved in water the dissociated ions are
    electricity when free to conduct electric charge through the solution. Molten ionic
    dissolved in water compounds also conduct electricity.

    Solubility Ionic compounds are usually soluble in polar solvents such as water, in
    which ions are free to move and interact with the solvent molecules.
    They are usually insoluble in non-polar solvents which do not allow
    free, movement of ions and interactions with solvent molecules.

    Molecular Crystals

    1. Simple Molecular Crystals

    Liquids and solids composed of molecules are held together by van der Waals (or
    intermolecular) forces, and many of their properties reflect this weak binding.

    Intermolecular Forces

     Van der Waals Force

    All covalent molecules, whether polar or non-polar, develop temporary or instantaneous dipoles.
    This results from the uneven distribution of electronic charge lead to positive and negative
    charges within molecules. Van der Waals forces are weak attractions between oppositely charged
    ends of molecules with temporary dipoles. Example: Helium molecule

    91
    Diagram Showing Induced Dipole

    When a helium molecule with an instantaneous dipole is brought close to another helium
    molecule that is not polarized, it is attracted to the instantaneous dipole. This causes the
    uncharged non-polar helium molecule to develop induced dipoles by attracting or repelling its
    electrons. Hence a resultant attractive force (Van der Waals Force – London dispersion).

    Dispersion forces exist between all molecules, but they are the only forces that exist between
    nonpolar molecules. Polar molecules and ions can also induce dipoles in nonpolar molecules.
    This effect partially accounts for the solubility of molecular oxygen (nonpolar) in water and the
    ability of blood (which contains Fe cations) to bind oxygen.

     Hydrogen Bonds
    The hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen atom in
    one molecule and the slightly electronegative atom in another polar molecule of the same
    type or a different type. Because of water’s polarity, individual water molecules are
    attracted to one another. Example: water and ammonia

    92
    Hydrogen Bonding in Water Hydrogen Bonding in Ammonia
    Properties of Simple Molecular Crystals
    Property Explanation
    Low melting point Because of the weak intermolecular attractive forces between
    and boiling point molecules, little energy is required to separate the molecules.
    Electrical There are no charged particles (ions or electrons) delocalized
    conductivity throughout the molecular crystal lattice to conduct electricity. They
    cannot conduct electricity in either the solid or molten state.
    Solubility Molecular crystals tend to dissolve in non-polar solvents such as
    alcohol.
    They are usually insoluble in polar solvents such as water. However,
    some may dissolve in water as a result of forming hydrogen bonds
    with it.

    2. Giant Covalent Solids

    Giant molecular solids are a class of extended-lattice compounds in which each atom is
    covalently bonded to its nearest neighbors. This means that the entire crystal is, in effect, one
    giant molecule. These compounds exist as macromolecules in which strong covalent bonds
    extend in three dimensions. Examples of giant molecular solids are polymers, silicon dioxide,
    diamond, and graphite.

    93
    Properties of Giant Molecular Solids

    Property Explanation
    Very high melting Very high melting points and boiling points because their very strong
    and boiling points covalent bonds are not easily broken.
    Solubility Macromolecular crystals are very stable and are insoluble in a polar or
    non-polar solvent.
    Variable electrical Diamond does not conduct electricity, whereas graphite contains
    conductivity free electrons so it does conduct electricity. Silicon is a semiconductor
    – it is midway between non-conductive and conductive.

    References:
    1. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/types-of-crystals/
    2. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/allotropes-of-carbon/
    3. http://www.scienceskool.co.uk/intermolecular-forces.html
    4. https://www.easybiologyclass.com/how-hydrogen-bond-is-formed-in
    5. water/https://chemistryskills.com/hydrogen-bonding/

    94

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