University of Zakho
College of Engineering
Petroleum Engineering Department
Third stage
Fundamental of drilling engineering/lab
( Filtration )
Name : karwan omer mustafa
Teacher : Mr.sarkar
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Table of content :
Intoduction
Objective
Test equipment
Procedure
Discussion
Conclusion
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Introduction :
filtration, the process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid
are removed by the use of a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass
through but retains the solid particles. Either the clarified fluid or the
solid particles removed from the fluid may be the desired product.The
process of separating components of a slurry by leaving the suspended
solids as filter cake on a filter medium while the liquid passes through.
The process can be either static or dynamic.. A filter cake is a layer of
drilling fluid that lines a borehole to prevent fluids from entering the
surrounding soil. The drilling fluid creates a thin layer that cakes the
borehole so that permeation of the native soil is reduced or eliminated.
A filter is a circuit capable of passing (or amplifying) certain frequencies
while attenuating other frequencies. Mud filtrate is the liquid part of
the mud which can pass through a medium and become separated
from the mud cake. filter cake is that a filter cake can be defined as the
residue that is eliminated during the cane juice decantation process,
during the treatment stage, in sugar and/or alcohol production.The
filtration unit can be a centrifuge or closed filter that is either a
pressure or vacuum unit. Some processes may require solution washing
of the crystalline product. Facility design should therefore be optimized
for flexibility. The liquid which has passed through the filter is called the
filtrate. The filter may be paper, cloth, cotton-wool, asbestos, slag- or
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glass-wool, unglazed earthenware, sand, or other porous material.
Examples of this filtration equipment include disc filters, horizontal belt
filters, rotary drum filters, rotary drum precoat filters, table filters,
tilting pan filters, tray filters, and vacuum nutsches.we have three
equipment for measuring filtration 1.API filter /water base 2.high
pressure and temprature filter /oil base 3.PPT filter . Filtration is very
important for many commercial/industrial process water & wastewater
reuse applications. In reality, pumping wastewater from somewhere
like a refinery, food/beverage, textile or oil produced water application
requires pre-filtration due to high amount of suspended solids in these
typical applications.
obective :
it is used to measuring thikness of mud cake and volume of filtrate .
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test equipment :
The low-pressure test is made using standard cell under the API
condition of 100 + 5 psi for 30 minutes at room temperature. Another
special cell, will be used to measure filtration rate at elevated
temperatures and pressure. Filter press used for filtration tests consists
of four independent filter cells mounted on a common frame.
Each cell has its own valve such that any or all the cells could be
operational at the same time. Toggle valve on the top of each cell could
be operated independently for the supply of air for each individual cell.
Special high pressure and high temperature filtration tests are run in
the laboratory simulating formation temperature and formation back-
pressure.
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Procedure :
1.Detach the mud cell from filter press frame.
2.Remove bottom of filter cell, place right size filter paper in the bottom
of the cell.
3.Introduce mud to be tested into cup assembly, putting filter paper
and screen on top of mud tighten screw clamp.
4.With the air pressure valve closed, clamp the mud cup assembly to
the frame while holding the filtrate outlet end finger tight.
5.Place a graduated cylinder underneath to collect filtrate.
6.Open air pressure valve and start timing at the same time.
7.Report cc of filtrate collected for specified intervals up to 30 minutes.
8.Tabulate the results in an appropriate table.
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Discussion :
Factor of effect on filtration 1.Properties of fluid (i.e. viscosity
resistance, density and corrosive properties), 2.Nature of solids (i.e.
particle size and shape, size distribution and packing characteristics),
3.Concentration of solids in suspension,4.Quantity materials to be
handled and its value, 5. Valuable products (I.e. solids, liquid or both),
6.Do we need to wash the filtered solids?, 7.Effect of contaminants to
the product 8.Pretreatment of feed liquor (e.g. heated). And the impact
of fluid loss on drilling operation we have Lost circulation (drilling fluid
loss) and mud filtration have been investigated over the years because
they lead to non-drilling time (NDT) and increase the overall well cost. It
is usually the first source of damage to the formation among other
processes such as completions, workover, and hydraulic fracturing. it
can cause severe formation damage.
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Conclusion :
Filtration is not only done to remove solid particlesbut also it
contributes to the overall efficiency of water treatment process
because it prevent cloggingdue to solid particles. Without filtration,
solid particles could clog the other treatment process
thereforestopping the operation. filtration, the process in which solid
particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter
medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid
particles. Filtration is very important for many commercial/industrial
process water & wastewater reuse applications. In reality, pumping
wastewater from somewhere like a refinery, food/beverage, textile or
oil produced water application requires pre-filtration due to high
amount of suspended solids in these typical applications. Filtration rate
is a function of cake resistivity, solids loading, medium resistance and
viscosity. These parameters were calculated by a computer model
based on Darcy's Law. Factor of effect on filtration 1.Properties of fluid
(i.e. viscosity, density and corrosive properties), 2.Nature of solids (i.e.
particle size and shape, size distribution and packing characteristics)
3.Concentration of solids in suspension,4.Quantity materials to be
handled and its value, 5. Valuable products (I.e. solids, liquid or both),
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7.Effect of contaminants to the product 8.Pretreatment of feed liquor
(e.g. heated).
