Coconut Midrib Removing Machine Thesis

COCONUT MIDRIB REMOVING MACHINE
A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Engineering and Architecture

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
Main Campus, Tagbilaran City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Mar Jasson Patrick B. Gutierrez

Kleford Fel III H. Alegre
Charles Bryan S. Amba
Paul Vincent C. Auxtero
March 2022
COCONUT MIDRIB REMOVING MACHINE
College of Engineering and Architecture

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
Main Campus, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Mar Jasson Patrick B. Gutierrez

Kleford Fel III H. Alegre
March 2022
APPROVAL SHEET
ABSTRACT
Philippines being the second largest coconut producer in the world and
coconut being a “Tree of Life” which provides different products. One of the
products that can be made from its leaf is a broomstick which is very common in
the Philippines to sweep up, in, and around the home and streets. This research
deals with the design of coconut leaf midrib removal machine. Aiming to design
and fabricate to test the functionality in terms of production rate, electric
consumption and quality. Nowadays, the community is using the traditional method
which is very unsafe and inefficient. The manual process needs more man power
and it consumes more amount of time. By the usage of this machine, the speed of
the removal process is 3 times more than the manual process. So that the
fabrication time will get reduced. This method will help the producers to reduce
their work and also ease the risks.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to express their profound gratitude and sincere
appreciation to those who extend their suggestions, pieces of advice, shared their
valuable time, supports and effort for the realization of this work.
First and foremost, to the Almighty God who has given the researchers
strength and determination to overcome the trials while conducting the study.
To Dr. Ernesto C. Rulida, the Campus Director and Dr. Nelson M. Pateña
the OIC Campus Director of BISU-MC, and Engr. Julius C. Castro, Dean of
College of Engineering and Architecture, for granting the approval in conducting
the study within school campus.
To the Panel of Examiners, for sharing their knowledge, time, and patience
in giving valuable insights, constructive criticisms and vital suggestions for the
improvement of this paper.
To Engr. Michael C. Jumila, the research adviser, for being supportive,
perseverant & for his time, professional and constructive criticism of this paper.
To Engr. Jessa Eraldin E. Origines, the research instructor, for her
vigorous support, advice, effort, and patience in guiding the researchers and.
To the all families of the researchers for being the inspiration and for their
never ending support all throughout.
The Researchers
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE …………………………………............................................... i
APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………………….. ii
ABSTRACT………....…………………………………………………….…… iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ………..…………………………………………...... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………... v
Chapter
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study……………………………….1
1.2 Statement of the Problem………………………………2
1.3 Objective of the Study…………………………………..3
1.3.1 Main Objectives………………………………….3
1.3.2 Specific Objectives……………………………...3
1.4 Significance of the Study …………........................... 4
1.5 Scopes and Limitations ……………………………… 5

1.6 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework ……......... 5
1.6.1 Basic Concept of the Machine…………………5
1.6.2 Data of Coconut Midrib…………………………6
1.6.3 Mechanism of the Machine…………………….6
1.6.4 Frames and Support…………………………….6
1.6.5 Electric Motor…………………………………….7
1.6.6 Belt ……………………………………………….8
1.6.7 Bearing……………………………………………9
1.6.8 Shaft Design…………………………………….9
1.6.9 Power Consumption…………………………...10
1.7 Definition of Terms....................................................10
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction …………………………………………....13
2.1.1 Walis-Tingting…………………………………..13
2.2 Extraction of Coconut Midrib………………………….14
2.3 Related Studies and Machineries..............................15
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction …………………………………………….18
3.2 Designing the Machine . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .…………19
3.2.1 Equations Used in Designing the Machine…20
3.3 Conceptual Design . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. ……………...21
3.4 Design Parameters . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ..……………...23
3.4.1 Cutter Blade………………………………….…23
3.4.2 Cutter Blade Distance…………………...….…24
3.4.3 Feed Rate………………………………………24
3.5 Parts of the Design . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ..……………...24
3.5.1 Cutter Blade………………………………….…24
3.5.2 Shaft……….………………………………….…24
3.5.3 Belt………...………………………………….…24
3.5.4 Motor………………………………………….…25
3.5.5 Bearing……………………………………….…25
3.5.6 Frame……………………………………….…..25
3.5.7 Chain………………………………………….…25
3.6 Material Selection . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ………………25

3.7 Fabrication……………………………………………...26
3.8 Testing…………………………………………………..27
3.8.1 Consideration in Machine Testing……………27
3.8.2 Procedure in Testing the Machine…………...28
3.8.3 Machine’s Functionality in terms of Production
Rate……………………………………………..28
3.8.4 Machine’s Efficiency based on Energy
Consumption……………………………………29
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction …………………………………………….31
4.2 Designing & Fabrication of Machine…………………31
4.3 Results from the First Trial of the Machine………….37
4.4 Results from the Second Trial of the Machine……...38
4.5 Results from the Third Trial of the Machine…………39
4.6 Testing and Result……………………………………..39
4.7 Contribution for the Coconut Midrib Removing
Machine of Albur……………………………………….44
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Findings ………………………………………………...45
5.2 Conclusion ……………………………………………..45
5.3 Recommendations ……………………………………45
List of Figures
Figure 3.1 Block Diagram of the Proposed Method…………….18
Figure 3.2 Process Flow of the Machine…………………………19
Figure 3.3 Isometric View of the Machine………………….........21
Figure 3.4 Top View of the Machine……………........................22
Figure 3.5 Front View of the Machine…………………………….22
Figure 3.6 Parts of the Machine…………………………………..23
Figure 4.1 Electric Motor of the Machine……………..………….32
Figure 4.2 Frame of the Machine…...…………………………….32
Figure 4.3 Bearing of the Machine….…………………………….33
Figure 4.4 Belt and Pulley of the Machine……………………….33
Figure 4.5 Shaft of the Machine…….…………………………….34
Figure 4.6 Bolt and Nut of the Machine………………………….34

Figure 4.7 Roller of the Machine………………………………….35
Figure 4.8 Safety Switch of the Machine…..…………………….35
Figure 4.9 Fabricated Coconut Midrib Removing Machine…….36
Figure 4.10 Left-Side View of the Machine………………………..36
Figure 4.11 Front View of the Machine…………………………….37
Figure 4.12 Result of First Trial………………………………….....38
Figure 4.13 Result of Second Trial…………………………………38
Figure 4.14 Result of Third Trial……………………………………39
List of Tables
Table 3.1 List of Materials Used………………………………….26
Table 3.2 Tools Required………………………………………....27
Table 4.1 Machine’s Functionality in terms of Production
Rate……………………………………………………..40
Table 4.2 Machine’s Efficiency in terms of Amount of Production
Compared to Manual Labor…………………………..41
Table 4.3 Quality Results from the Three Trial Testing………..41
Table 4.4 Machine’s Efficiency in terms of Electric

Consumption……………………………………………43
Table 4.5 Time Consumed per Trial……………………………..43
Table 4.6 Machine’s Efficiency in terms of Product
Produced per kW-hr…………….……………………..44

Chapter 1
PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Study
The coconut industry is considered a key to develop the Philippine
agriculture stated by the Philippine Coconut Authority. It is known for generations
as the "tree of life" and its name never fails to indicate its wonders from its leaf
down to its roots, all are beneficial.
The Philippines is considered as the second largest coconut producer in the
world and it is one of the major pillars of the agriculture industry. The coconut’s
fruit is rich in fiber and medium-chain triglycerides that can improve weight loss
and digestion, its trunk can be used for furniture and infrastructure moreover its
roots can be used in medicine to treat urinary infections as kidney related diseases,
it’s flesh and water can satisfy hunger and thirst, its leaves can make plenty of
products as a source of income to Filipinos from making bags, rags, carpet, roofs,
basket, broom and etc. suitable for an exchange of import and export beneficial to
our country.
The researchers realized a need of a machine for the betterment of the
workers, a way of increasing a massive production of broomsticks which are a part
of a common Filipino household. One of the factors to make a broomstick is the
central part of a coconut leaf, the midrib. The midrib of a coconut palm leaf is
studied for the purpose of natural fibre composite synthesis. The midrib of coconut
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palm leaves has the ability to be used in the development of natural fiber
composites, according to the findings (Structure property studies of fibers from
various parts of the coconut tree - Satyanarayana, Pillai, et al. – 1982).
The midrib of a coconut palm leaf contains 30 percent cellulose and 16 percent
lignin, which is used for reinforcement in various structural parts that require
moderate strength, such as door panels, roof sheets, and packaging.
There are many uses for this material including making lightweight
composite fibres and handicrafts. As a result, the process of separating the midrib
from the coconut leaf is normally a time-consuming process, so the researchers
had come up with a solution to this issue. They created a machine that uses the
coconut leaves as an input to separate the midrib from the leaves making it a
beneficial asset to the workers to produce more brooms made of coconut in a short
span of time.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The researchers conducted a study in some parts of Bohol, especially in
Tagbuane, Alburquerque where broomstick is produced as a source of income,
and discovered that all of the products are entirely manual (traditional method).
There was no advanced electrical and mechanical equipment in operation that
does not support large-scale production and therefore, obviously takes an
enormous amount of time and effort resulting in a slow production rate.

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Due to this unsafe existing method, the researchers came up with the idea
of removing the midrib with a machine so that the product would be more accurate,
easier and faster to produce.
The Coconut Midrib Removing Machine separates the midrib and the leaves
faster than a normal person performing the process using handheld tools. There
are a number of simple tools in production, such as a knife, which can cause high
risk of injury or accident. The researchers therefore came up with this idea of
creating a machine to prioritize the safety of workers and increase the production.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 Main Objective
Broomstick has been part of the Filipino culture and to some, is their way of
living. This study aimed to design and implement a Coconut Midrib Removing
Machine to increase the production of making broomsticks efficiently and to avoid
human error.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives: The study sought to achieve the following
objectives:
1. To design and fabricate the Coconut Midrib Removing Machine.
2. To test the functionality of the Coconut Midrib Machine and its
performance in the aspect of:
2.1 Production rate;

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2.2 Electric Consumption and
2.3 Quality of the sheared leaves
3. Check the efficiency of the machine in terms of the numbers of
product in kilowatt-hour.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This research is beneficial to the following individuals:
Local Consumers. The production of this machine aims to produce a large
quantity of coconut broomstick products which is faster and more accurate than
the manual process of using machete to separate the twigs from the leaves.
Local Manufacturers. The manufacturers will be able to easily remove the
rib from the coconut leaves which is time efficient with less human intervention to
prevent human errors.
Researchers. This study will allow the researchers to put their knowledge
and skills gained over the years of study. Its implementation would assist them in
their decision to pursue mechanical engineering as a field of research.
Future Researchers. This study will serve as a guide for those who wish
to perform related studies.

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1.5 Scope and Limitations
The goals and constraints of the study, which served as important factors of
the systems are as follows:
1. The study used green coconut leaves only.
2. The study focused merely on removing coconut leaves from its rib.
3. The coconut leaves are manually fed to the machine.
4. The study dues include the other parts of the manufacturing process such
as harvesting of coconut leaves.
5. Upon adjusting the shearing blade by separating the leaf from its midrib
gleaned an unsatisfying result due to a 90% successful rate of separation.
The researchers aimed the researcher to be consistent and precise as possible
and to save time in making the product helping the workers to avoid human error
or danger.
1.6 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
1.6.1 Basic Concept of the Coconut Midrib Removing Machine
Coconut Midrib Removing Machine is a machine that removes the coconut
leaf from its midrib aiming to increase production and safety of workers.
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1.6.2 Data of Coconut Midrib
The big, central part of a coconut leaf is called the midrib. It is used in the
production of brooms. The midrib of a coconut palm leaf contains 30 percent
cellulose and 16 percent lignin, and its properties have been found to be useful for
reinforcing plastics that can be used for a variety of structural parts.
The mechanical properties of the midrib are highly dependent on the
environment. Even the properties of the midribs of different leaves can vary. The
overall tensile strength is 177.5 MPa, which is close to coir fiber strength, and the
tensile modulus is 14.85 GPa, which is higher than coir, cotton, and sisal fcibers
(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 2,
February 2015).
1.6.3 Mechanism of the Machine
The mechanism of the Coconut Midrib Removing Machine assembly is
composed of a conveyor, cutter, wheel, electric motor, shafts, gears, bearings,
belts, frames and supports.
1.6.4 Frames and Support
In order to determine the strength of the support of the machine the
following formulas from the book of Design of Machine Elements 4th Edition by
Virgil Moring Faires were used as the guide.
Le 2(π)2 E 1/2
=( ) – Equation 1.1
K Sy
Le
If > about 120 for structural steel use the Euler’s Equation below.
K
7
(π)2 EA
Fc = ( Le 2 ) - Equation 1.2
( )
K
Le
If 30 < <120 for structural steel use the J.B Johnson’s equation below.
K
Le 2
Sy( )
Fc = Sy A (1 − K
) – Equation 1.3
4(π)2 E
Le
Where = slenderness ratio
K
Fc = critical load
A = cross-sectional area
Le = effective length
k = radius of gyration
Sy = yield strength of the material
E = modulus of elasticity
1.6.5 Electric Motor
A motor is an electrical device which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Electric motors are used to produce linear or rotary force
(torque).
P = 2πTN/60 (watts) - Equation 1.4
Where T = torque (N.m)

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N = speed (rpm)
1.6.6 Belt
Belt is a material that transmits rotational motion and torque from one shaft
to another.
Open Belts:
(D2−D1)2
L = 2C +1.57(D2+D1) + - Equation 1.5
4C
Crossed Belts:
(D2+D1)2
L = 2C +1.57(D2+D1) + - Equation 1.6
4C
Where L = length of the belt
C = center distance
D1 = smaller pulley diameter
D2 = bigger pulley diameter
Bending stress:
Fb =2(T1 + T2) – Equation 1.7
Where Fb = bending force produced by the belt
T1 = tension in the belt on the tight side
T2 = tension in the belt on the slack side

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Number of Belts
0.09
103 𝑐 𝑉 2 𝑉
Rated HP = {𝑎 ( 𝑉 ) −𝐾 – e ( 10
𝑚
6
)} {10𝑚3 } - Equation 1.8
𝑚 𝑑 𝐷1
Design HP = Nsf (Transmitted HP) Adjusted Rated HP = KѲ KL (Rated HP)
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐻𝑃
Number of Belts = 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑃
1.6.7 Bearing
Bearing is a device that is used to enable rotational and linear movement,
while reducing friction and handling stress. It enables devices to roll, which reduces
the friction between the surface of the bearing and the surface it is rolling over.
Fe = Nsf Cr Fx - Equation 1.9
Where Cr = 1 for inner face rotating
Nsf = service factor
Fe = equivalent load
Fx = radial force
1.6.8 Shaft Design
Shaft is a rotating machine element, usually circular in cross section, which
is used to transmit power from one part to another or from a machine which
produces power to a machine which absorbs power.

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Tr
σ= – Equation 2.0
J
Where σ = torsional stress
T = twisting moment
r = outer radius
J = polar moment of inertia
π(D)4
J= solid shaft - Equation 2.1
32
π(D)4 −(d)4
J= hollow shaft – Equation 2.2
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1.6.9 Power Consumption
Power consumption refers to the electrical energy per unit time, supplied to
operate something, such as a home appliance. Power consumption is usually
measured in units of watts (W) or kilowatts (kW)
1.7 Definition of Terms
Accuracy. It means the quality or state of being correct or precise.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). It develops and
publishes technical standards for many different industries with the goal of
enhancing performance and safety over a wide range of products, materials,
systems, and services.

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Bagus. It is the traditional way to shear coconut mid rib.
Bundle. It means to wrap things together in a compact way.
Cellulose. It is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green
plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes.
Coir. It is a stiff coarse fiber from the outer husk of a coconut.
Composite fibers. These are prominent applications with cellulose as organic
component are especially mentioned.
Diverse. It means showing a great deal of variety; very different.
Galvanize. It is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron,
to prevent from corrosion.
GPa (Grade Point Average). It is a number that indicates how well or how high
you scored in your courses on average.
Gyration. It means a rapid movement in a circle or spiral; a whirling motion.
Lamina. It is a general anatomical term meaning "plate" or "layer". It is used in
both gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy to describe structures.
Lignin. It is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials
in the support tissues of vascular plants and some algae. Lignin’s are particularly
important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they
lend rigidity and do not rot easily.

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Machete. It is a large heavy knife used in Central and South America as a
weapon or for cutting vegetation.
Midrib. It is the large, centre, main vein which helps hold to the leaf.
MPa (Megapascal). It is a unit of pressure representing one million Pascal’s.
Mechanism. It is a system of parts working together in a machine.
Pliable. It means easily bent or flexible.
Sisal. It is a Mexican agave with large fleshy leaves, cultivated for fiber
production.
Reinforcing. It means to strengthen or support (an object or substance),
especially with additional material.
Vermi-compost. It is the product of the decomposition process using various
species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to
create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials,
and vermicast.
Walis Tingting. It is a broom made from the thin midribs of palm leaves.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Walis Tingting
The Philippines is home to diverse cultures, and traditions spanning
hundreds of years. As such, the Filipino people had acquired several tools used
for cooking, sewing, and other works including cleaning. In the Philippines, one of
the most common things you would see inside the house was a walis tingting.
However, the more widely used term for this word is simply “walis”. Previously, the
word “pamalis” or “pangwalis” was more commonly used. The word “walis” in
English in translated as “sweeping”. Therfore, “pang walis” is the object used to do
the action “walis” or sweeping.
Walis-Tingting is a broom made up of thin midribs of coconut leaves.
Bundles of coconut midribs are then tied up on one end using either rubber or
string. The tips of the broom are pointy and are effective into the narrow slats and
openings of wooden floors for a thorough cleaning. This broomstick is also an
effective clean-up tool in the garden and can swept gravel and dirt aside much
better than modern nylon brooms or cleaners

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2.2 Extraction of Coconut Midrib
(Marketmanila, by marketman, 2008) Walis tingting theoretically made from
the ribs of coconut leaves, bundled together to make a uniquely strong broom with
needle like bristles, but incredibly pliable at the same time. It took some 3-4
branches of coconut leaves to craft one bundle of broom.
These are the process on how to shear a leaf manually:
• Using a small sharp knife.
• Take a leaflet and insert the knife between the mid-rib and the greens.
• Shear with the knife along the mid-rib to separate the greens.
• The remaining greens can be pulled down with hands.
• There may be a thin layer of greens attached to the mid-rib. Using the knife
remove these strands also from the sticks.
• Take all sticks together and level the bottom of the broom against a hard
surface.
• Tie the broom with piece of rope or rubber.
• Hold the sweeping end tightly with your hand.
• Using a garden shear, trim away the unwanted portion of broom. You can
also place this end over a piece of wood and trim using a machete.
Now your Broom made with coconut tree leaves is ready.
The remaining material after removing the broom sticks are biodegradable.
In rural areas, people use them as fuel for cooking and heating water. You can use
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them to make vermi-compost combining with cow dung. These material also serve
as mulch provided around plants and trees to keep the soil moist (instractables,by
antoniraj,2012)
2.3 Related Studies and Machineries
The operation of manual stripping of coconut midrib is labor-intensive work.
The first tool used by the worker is a small sharped knife, stripping the green or
yellow leaves from the central leaves and settling aside hundreds of ribs to be to
be bundled together into a broom.
LAMINA SEPARATOR (by Shmuel Levy, international publication number
with international search report WO2002007543A1,).
Apparatus for separating the lamina portion of a leaf or bundle of leaves
from the stem or mid-rib, comprising conveyor means including upper (50) and
lower (25) runs which engage the leaves between them, and stripping means
comprising mutually opposed pairs of teeth (15, 17) carried on a pair of drive chains
set at an acute angle to the leaf conveyor. The drive chains are arranged so that
the successive mutually opposed pairs of teeth come into engagement with
successive leaves or bundles moving along the conveyor, and the teeth then move
away from the conveyor so as to tear the leaves.
According to International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue 3, March 2017) Design
and Development of a Novel Machine to Separate Midribs from the Coconut

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Leaves. The System model of construction of the midrib separation machine, the
leaves were inserted into the opening and it is directed towards the spiked rollers.
As it consists of a pair of spiked rollers placed in a vertical manner and they are
kept rotating on opposite direction such a way that the input leaves are taken in
and the function of the spiked roller is to remove the leaf part from the midrib so
that the midribs are taken away at the end, the removed leaves from the midrib are
taken away as a waste. It consists of the three batch of rollers where one batch
roller is off spiked type and the other two batches are off non-spiked type roller.
The two non-batched rollers are placed at both the entrance as well as at
the output end. The function of non-spiked rollers at the opening is to make all the
leaves into the machine such a way that it will direct all the leaves directly to the
spiked rollers so that the leaf will be separated apart and the midrib can be taken
away with help of another non-spiked roller. These rollers are operated through
the help of single phase AC motor which will drive the three pairs of rollers during
the operation of midrib separation.
The bunch of leaves was inserted into the machine’s input through a slider.
The slider may be of light weight steel so that by putting the leaves into the slider
those leaves were rightly directed towards the machine’s input.
As the leaves approach the opening of the machine, the first pair of non-
spiked rollers makes the input leaves towards the spiked rollers. As it approaches
the spiked roller, the leaves get completely crushed off by the rollers. The removed
leaves are taken away as the waste and the complete midrib is taken out from the
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spiked rollers and the output is received by the last pair of non-spiked rollers and
taken from them as output.
This project is innovated in a sense that the outcome of the project should
make ease the work of farmers and other people who are all related to the coconut
based business. Especially in villages, they mostly rely on coconut based works in
The coconut leaves and its midrib usually has higher application but the people
feels tough to make use of them and they struggle to peel off the midrib from the
leaves and hence it’s a way that will help to easy makes the farmer utilize these
things with less man’s work and our product outcome is also more effective. So
this idea is to provide these machines to the farmers in the nearby villages and this
will make them feel comfortable to make their work easy and it will probably reduce
the cost of time also.
Thus, the project will make easier the work of farmers and all the agriculture-
based business people. By using the machine which will highly reduce the
manpower but also consider to be eco-friendly to the environment. This will be
highly beneficial as compared to commercial fibers. These fiber composite are light
weight and they are used to make handicrafts and even for making as the broom
to sweep. These are all considered eco-friendly.

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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the procedures on how to design and fabricate a
Coconut Midrib Removing Machine. This following process has been established
to serve as the guideline for the whole project scheme.
The complete operation of the proposed method to separate midrib is
explained in a block diagram shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1 Block Diagram of the Proposed Method

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The process flow on how to fabricate the coconut midrib removing machine
is show in Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2 Process Flow of the Machine
3.2 Designing the Machine
The machine is designed so it can remove the coconut leaves from its
midrib. The motor to be used should be enough to produce the required amount of
torque to roll the conveyor and shafts. The dimension of the shaft, the length of the
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belt, gears and the frames are being calculated using force analysis and the
governing laws in designing the machine.
3.2.1 Equations that will be used in Designing the Machine
Motor Power
P = 2πTN/60 (watts) - Equation 1.4
Where T = torque (N.m)
N = speed (rpm)
Length of the Belt (Open Belt)
(D2−D1)2
L = 2C +1.57(D2+D1) + - Equation 1.5
4C
Where L = length of the belt
C = center distance
D1 = smaller pulley diameter
D2 = bigger pulley diameter
For the Frames (Columns)
Euler’s Formula – Equation 1.2
(π)2 EA Le
Fc = ( Le 2 ) for > 120
( ) K
K
J.B Johnson’s Formula – Equation 1.3

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Le 2
Sy( ) Le
K
Fc = Sy A (1 − ) for 30 < <120
4(π)2 E K
Number of Belts
0.09
103 𝑐 𝑉 2 𝑉
Rated HP = {𝑎 ( 𝑉 ) −𝐾 – e ( 10
𝑚
6
)} {10𝑚3 } – Equation 1.8
𝑚 𝑑 𝐷1
Design HP = Nsf (Transmitted HP) Adjusted Rated HP = KѲ KL (Rated HP)
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐻𝑃
Number of Belts = 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐻𝑃
3.3 Conceptual Design
Figure 3.3 shows the isometric view of the machine fabricated.
Figure 3.3 Isometric View of the Machine

22
Figure 3.4 shows the top view of the machine fabricated.
Figure 3.4 Top View of the Machine
Figure 3.5 shows the front view of the machine fabricated.
Figure 3.5 Front View of the Machine

23
Figure 3.6 shows the parts of the machine fabricated.
Figure 3.6 Parts of the Machine
3.4 Design Parameters
Designing in general means making a machine works according to its
purpose. It can be concluded that the goal of design is to maximize the
performance of machine.
3.4.1 Cutter Blade
The cutter blade acts as a main weapon of the machine to sheared the
coconut leaves. Correct design of the blade must be considered to fully shear the
24
coconut leaves. The thickness of blade should also be guarding parameter for a
good performance of the machine.
3.4.2 Cutter Blade Distance
This is the distance of each blade placed in the feeder of the machine. This
is a factor to be considered so that the produced will be in good quality.
3.4.3 Feed Rate
The quantity of the coconut leaves fed to the system in unit time. It depends
on the operator on how they operate the machine.
3.5 Parts of the Design
3.5.1 Cutter Blade
A cutter blade acts as the most important tool of the machine. It enables the
machine to separate the leaves from its midrib.
3.5.2 Shaft
Shaft design consists primarily of the determination of the correct shaft
diameter to ensure satisfactory strength and rigidity when the shaft is transmitting
power under various operating and loading condition.
3.5.3 Belt
The belts are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means
of pulley which rotate at the same speed on at different speed.

25
3.5.4 Motor
Converting alternating current into mechanical power this serves as the
prime mover of the machine. The researchers used a single-phase electric motor
with specification of 1 horsepower and 1740 rpm.
3.5.5 Bearing
A connector that permits the connected members to rotate to move in a
straight line relative to one another is a bearing. Often one of the members is fixed,
and the bearing acts as a support for the moving member.
3.5.6 Frame
The most common material used to build a frame is the angle bar. Angle
bar can be made of different kind of metals such as carbon steel, alloy steel,
stainless, cast iron, aluminium, and etc. In this design the researchers must chase
the type of metal that is less expensive and is accessible.
3.5.7 Chain
A connected flexible series of metal links used to connects the shafts and
rollers to move at the same time.
3.6 Materials Selection
For the frame, the researchers chose ASTM A36 for it is one of the most
widely used carbon steels by the construction industry according to O’neal Metal
Company (www.onealsteel.com) as mentioned. It is a low cost material compared

26
to the specialty steels and exhibits the strength required for structural applications.
In addition, it is wieldable, formable, and machinable. Galvanizing the steel will
increase its resistance to corrosion. The frame was made up of 1x0.5 angle bar.
The roller are metal bars, as for the belts, and motor used, calculations were made
to obtain the specifications of the materials for the mentioned parts.
The researchers also considered the economic practicality of the materials
to be used without sacrificing its quality. The researchers will also consider the
availability of the materials in the local market of the province.
Table 3.1 List of Materials Used
Shaft GI Sheet
Pillow Block Nut
Electric Motor Bolts
Steal Bar Belt and Pulley
Angle Bar Sprocket
Rubber Roll Chain
Steel Plate Paint
3.7 Fabrication
The machine was fabricated according to its design created and materials
selected by the researchers with the corresponding specifications obtained from
the future calculations that were made for the machine components.
27
The materials and equipment needed for the fabrication of the machine
were be purchased at the local markets of the province so that transportation of
purchased materials and equipment from the market to the designated assembly
area will be convenient and not costly. The materials which were available in the
local market were purchased outside the province or the researchers decided to
use other type of material considering the similarity of the specification and quality
by the original selected materials.
Table 3.2 Tools Required
Welding Machine Pen
Pencil Hammer
Ruler Vise Grip
Electric Drill Welding Rod
Grinder Pliers
Wrenches Screwdriver
Sandpaper File
3.8 Testing
3.8.1 Consideration in Machine Testing
The consideration in machine testing are listed as follows:
1. A minimum of 3 test trials were adopted.
2. In every test trial, the desired number of coconut leaves were fed to the
machine.
28
3. The duration of each test trial shall started with the feeding of a test
material into the machine and ends after the test material was sheared
(bagus) to the needed quality.
4. During the test, all operation data from input to output were recorded for
analysis.
3.8.2 Procedure in Testing the Machine
The fabricated machine will be tested in terms of shearing of midrib from its
leaves capacity.
The following is the procedure of the testing:
1. Gather the leaves intended for the testing.
2. Decide on the maximum capacity of leaves to be sheared.
3. Start the machine by plugging it in and turning it on.
4. Adjust the shearing blade to its maximum separation from the leaves
to its midrib if the result of the previous result is unsatisfying
5. When operation is done, turn the machine off, unplug, clean the
machine and removed all the waste and put it in the waste collector.
6. Plot data, analyse and compare the result.
3.8.3 Machine’s Functionality in terms of Production Rate
The test will determine the functionality of the machine based on the amount
of production per hour. A minimum of 3 trials will be conducted. Each trial will have
the same amount of sample. The testing will follow these procedures.
29
1. Collect the amount of coconut leaves for the testing.
2. Measure the same amount of samples for three trials.
3. Feed the sample to the machine and record the time it takes to
complete the process. Record the data gathered.
4. Solve for the production rate per hour in solving the production rate.
5. Provide the evaluation based on the results that were gathered and
compared the data to the previous study. Make the right conclusion.
In the test of the machine’s production rate, Table 4.1 presents the results.
The average number of midrib per bundle is 420 broomsticks.
Average number of broomsticks made by manual labor per day is 5–7
brooms.
3.8.4 Machine’s Efficiency based on Energy Consumption
Electric Consumption
In measuring the electric consumption machine, a Conventional Method is
used. The test is composed of 3 trials. Each trial has a span of 1 hour and same
amount of coconut leaves. The procedure written below will be the followed
during the testing of energy consumption.
Testing Electric Consumption of the Machine
1. During the test, make sure that there is no other electrical component
is connected to the power source. Record the reading of the electric
meter.
30
2. Connect the machine and switch on the power. Feed the samples into
the machine then turn it off after 1 hour.
3. Record the reading after the test trial. Subtract the previous reading to
the new reading and multiply the answer to the equivalent price of kW
of your power company.

31
Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the researchers record the results prior to the testing of the
coconut midrib removing machine. The researchers also determine the output
number of bundle of broomstick done over the period of time the machine is
extracting the coconut midrib from its leaves.
4.2 Designing & Fabrication of Machine
The main purpose of this study was to design & fabricate a Coconut Midrib
Removing Machine for easing the work in making broomstick. The Figure 4.1
shoes the fabricated output from the designed coconut midrib removing machine.
Its mechanism involves the moving of roller in order to move the coconut leaves
into the blades.
The frame of the machine is made of metal angle bars with 35mm x 35mm
x 4.5 mm in dimensions, it is used for the constructions of the frames that serves
as housing for the whole component. The mechanism of the design is for the
coconut leaves to moves toward the blade in order to separate its midrib from its
leaf. The blade of the machine is properly adjusted to its desired design. The
electric motor provides the power for the entire operation.

32
Electric Motor
Converting alternating current into mechanical power serves as the prime
mover of the machine. The researchers used a single-phase electric motor with
specification of 1 horsepower and 1740 rpm.
Figure 4.1 Electric Motor of the Machine
Frame
The most common material used to build a frame is the angle bar. Angle
bar can be made of different kind of metals such as carbon steel, alloy steel,
stainless, cast iron, aluminium, and etc. In this design, the researchers chose the
type of metal that is less expensive and is accessible.
Figure 4.2 Frame of the Machine

33
Bearing
A connector that permits the connected members to rotate and to move in
a straight line relative to one another is a bearing. Often, one of the members is
fixed, and the bearing acts as a support for the moving member.
Figure 4.3 Bearing of the Machine
Belt and Pulley
The belts are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means
of pulley which rotate at the same speed on at different speed.
Figure 4.4 Belt and Pulley of the Machine

34
Shaft
Shaft design consists primarily of the determination of the correct shaft
diameter to ensure satisfactory strength and rigidity when the shaft is transmitting
power under various operating and loading condition.
Figure 4.5 Shaft of the Machine
Bolt and Nut
Bolts and nuts are the most fundamental component. These are used to
secure various parts to the frame.
Figure 4.6 Bolt and Nut of the Machine

35
Roller
A rotating cylindrical component functions as a conveyor use to pull the
coconut leaves.
Figure 4.7 Roller of the Machine
Safety Switch
It is a device that quickly switches off the electricity supply if an electrical
fault is detected, to minimize the risk of electricity-related injury.
Figure 4.8 Safety Switch of the Machine

36
Figure 4.9 shows the isometric view of the machine.
Figure 4.9 Fabricated Coconut Midrib Removing Machine
Figure 4.10 shows the left-side view of the machine.
Figure 4.10 Left-Side View of the Machine

37
Figure 4.11 shows the front view of the machine.
Figure 4.11 Front View of the Machine
4.3 Results from the First Trial of the Machine
The results of the first set-up are shown in Figure 4.12. The researchers
examined whether the midrib and the leaves are adequately separated. After the
machine was tested, the process took 5 minutes and 47 seconds to shear a 100
pieces of coconut leaves.

38
Figure 4.12 Result of First Trial
4.4 Results from the Second Trial of the Machine
The results of the second set-up are shown in Figure 4.13. During the
second trial, the process took 5 minutes and 17 seconds to shear 100 pieces of
coconut leaves.
Figure 4.13 Result of Second Trial

39
4.5 Results from the Third Trial of the Machine
At the third trial, the time taken to shear a 100 pieces of coconut leaves was
5 minutes and 33 seconds. The results of the third set-up are shown in Figure 4.14.
Figure 4.14 Result of Third Trial
4.6 Testing and Result
Table 4.1 shows the machine’s functionality in terms of production rate. In
the first trial, it took 5 minutes and 47 seconds to finish the process. The
researchers decided to test a 100 coconut leaves in every trial. Dividing it with the
time consumed per hour, the researchers obtained 1096.89 broomsticks/hr
production rate. In the second trial, it took 5 minutes and 17 second to finish the
process. Dividing it with the time consumed per hour, the researchers obtained
1160.54 broomsticks/hr production rate. In the third trial, it took 5 minutes and 33
seconds to finish the process. Dividing it with the time consumed per hour, the
40
researchers obtained 1125.7 broomsticks/hr production rate. Table 4.1 shows the
results of each trial. See Appendix D.
Table 4.1 Machine Functionality in terms of Production Rate
No. of Trials Number of Time (min) Time (hr) Production Rate

Coconut of the Machine
Leaves per hour
Trial 1 100 5.47 0.0911 1096.89
100 5.17 0.0861 1160.54

Trial 2
100 5.33 0.0888 1125.70
Trial 3
Average Production Rate: 1127.71 broomsticks/hour
For the machine’s efficiency in terms of amount of production compared to
manual labor, the researchers tested 420 coconut leaves in every trial which is
equal to a single bundle of broomsticks. The data that the researchers gathered in
Tagbuane, Albuquerque is a normal worker can make 5 – 7 brooms/day, which
resulting an average of 367.5 broomstick done per hour or it can took 1.142857
hours to manually finish a 420 broomsticks.
In the first trial using the machine, finished a 420 broomsticks in just 22.97
minutes or 0.383 hours. In the second trial, it took 21.71 minutes or 0.362 hours to
finish a 420 broomsticks. in the third trial, it took 22.39 minutes to finish a 420
broomsticks. It is concluded that the average time consumed to finish a single
bundle of broomsticks or 1 broom using the machine is 0.372 hours or 22.36
minutes. See Appendix E for the calculations.

41
Table 4.2 Machine’s Efficiency in terms of Amount of Production
Compared to Manual Labor
Time Time Time

Consumed Consumed Difference
Number of (hrs) (hrs) Between
Manual
Trials Coconut
(Manual (Using Labor and
Leaves Labor) CMRM) Machine
(hrs)
Trial 1 420 1.14 0.383 0.76
Trial 2 420 1.14 0.362 0.781
Trial 3 420 1.14 0.373 0.77
Average Time Consumed Using The Machine = 0.372 hours or 22.36 minutes
In Table 4.3, it shown that in the first, second and third trial, the machine to
sheared 91, 88, 92 coconut leaves successfully out of 100 leaves respectively.
Which resulted an average percentage quality of 90.3%. Refer Appendix F.
Table 4.3 Quality Results from the Three-Trial Testing
Number of Passed Failed
Trials leaves to be (<0.1mm) (>0.1mm leaf Percentage (%)
fed residue)
1 100 91 9 91%
2 100 88 12 88%
3 100 92 8 92%
Average Percentage of Quality Result = 90.3%
Table 4.4 shows the electric consumption of the machine. In the first trial,
42
the machine was run for 5 minutes. The previous reading was 09760.3 and the
present reading is 09760.339. Subtracting the previous reading to the present
reading, the researchers obtained 0.039173 in difference. The difference is
multiplied by 12 to get the electric consumption in an hour and then multiplied to
the amount per kWh. 0.47 multiplied by Php 11.03 (the amount per kWh as of
January 2022, Bohol Light Company Inc.), the researchers obtained Php 5.1841.
In the second trial, the machine was run for 5 minutes. The previous reading
was 09760.4 and the present reading is 09760.439. Subtracting the previous
reading to the present reading, the researchers obtained 0.039168 in difference.
The difference is multiplied by 12 to get the electric consumption in an hour and
then multiplied to the amount per kWh. 0.47 multiplied by Php 11.03 (the amount
per kWh as of January 2022, Bohol Light Company Inc.), the researchers obtained
Php 5.1841.
In the third trial, the machine was run for 5 minutes. The previous reading
was 09760.5 and the present reading is 09760.539. Subtracting the previous
reading to the present reading, the researchers obtained 0.039170 in difference.
The difference is multiplied by 12 to get the electric consumption in an hour and
then multiplied to the amount per kWh. 0.47 multiplied by Php 11.03 (the amount
per kWh as of January 2022, Bohol Light Company Inc.), the researchers obtained
Php 5.1841. See Appendix G for calculations.

43
Table 4.4 Machine’s Efficiency in terms of Electric Consumption
Time Difference
Trial Previous Present kWh
between
No. (min) Reading Reading Consumption
Readings
Trial 1 5 09760.3 09760.339 0.039173 0.47 kWh
Trial 2 5 09760.4 09760.439 0.039168 0.47 kWh
Trial 3 5 09760.5 09760.539 0.039170 0.47 kWh
Table 4.5 Time Consumed Per Trial
Trials Time Started Time Finished Time Consumed
Trial 1 9:10 9:15 5.47 min
Trial 2 9:30 9:35 5.17 min
Trial 3 10:00 10:05 5.33 min
Average Time Consumed per Trial = 5.32 mins
Table 4.6 shows the machine’s efficiency in terms of product produced per
kW-hr. See Appendix H for calculations.

44
Table 4.6 Machine’s Efficiency in terms of Product Produced per kW-hr
Number of Product
Trials Production Rate Hours Produced in
per Hour Consumed in 1kWh
1 kWh (broomstick/kWh)
Trial 1 1096.89 midrib/hr 2.12731558 2333.44
Trial 2 1160.54 midrib/hr 2.12758715 2469.15
Trial 3 1125.70 midrib/hr 2.12747851 2394.91
Average Product Produced per kWh= 2399.167 broomstick/kWh
4.7 Contribution for the Coconut Midrib Removing Machine of Albur
As the researched test the functionality of the coconut midrib removing
machine, results found that there was less manual work in removing the midrib
from its leaves, for it is automatically done by the machine. This machine contribute
much to the manufacturing of broomsticks in Albur, Bohol. Lesser work from the
researcher’s point of view was observed during the testing of the Coconut Midrib
Removing Machine and this will be a great help in easing the difficulties of the
workers in the said town.

45
Chapter 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Findings
The overall findings of this research resulted to the approximate
functionality of the machine that would cut thoroughly to the coconut leaves’ midrib
to a percentage of 90, amounting to the machine’s effectiveness in making the
product.
5.2 Conclusion
The researchers successfully designed a machine with a production rate of
3x vs the manpower. We conclude that the machine will be a great help to the
community by increasing its profitability with less manpower. In terms of its
functionality, it can easily be used and accessible. All parts are in standard sizes,
changes or upgrades can be done. It can also easily transport from one location
to another or as needed.
5.3 Recommendations
Based on the results, recommendations for improving the performance of
the Coconut Midrib Removing Machine are encourage. Further research is
recommended in the following aspects.

46
1. To improve the machine by making the feeder fully automatic and can
feed multiple midribs at a time.
2. To add the overall efficiency of the machine and collect data that
involves the endurance of the blade used.
3. Make the parts of the machine as small and light as possible to reduce
power usage especially the rollers and electric motor.
The time constraint and the evolution of technology is broad where change
is constant, parts of the machine are interchangeable for future enhancements to
future researchers that would pursue this project. The coconut leaf are manually
fed to the machine thus after cutting its midrib, the machine has done its purpose
whereas in the near future, the odds of enhancing it by feeding twice or thrice the
number of leaves this project has limited into would increase the machine’s
capacity to produce more.
Fully removing its midrib also is vital to the continuation of this research from
90% to 100% successful rate. The machine’s consumption of electricity also would
be better to have a solar panel in the near future to lessen its electricity usage
making it more efficient and reliable.

REFERENCE LIST
Satyanarayana et Al (1982), Structure property studies of fibres from various parts
of the coconut tree. Retrieved August 1982.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227111766_Structure_property_
studies_of_fibres_from_various_parts_of_the_coconut_tree
Shmuel Levy (2000), Lamina separator. Retrieved January 31, 2002.
https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2002007543A1/en
Ki (2020), Walis Tingting: What Is It Made Of & More! (Filipino Broom). Retrieved
May 26, 2020. https://philnews.ph/2020/05/26/walis-tingting-what-is-it-
made-of-more-filipino-broom/
Marketman (2008), Walis Ting-Ting. Retrieved June 7, 2008.
https://www.marketmanila.com/archives/walis-ting-ting
Virgil Moring Faires (1965), Design of Machine Elements 4th Edition. Philippines
Copyright, 1969
APPENDIX A
GANTT CHART
APPENDIX B
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
FRAME AND SUPPORT I = 33,365.8 mm4

Angle bar dimensions:
35x35x4.5 mm For the top shaft: (shaft without
pulley)
A1 = 30.5 (4.5) = 137.25 mm2

R1 is heavier than R7
A2 = 35 (4.5) = 157.5 mm2
(35 − 4.5)
Y1 = = 15.25 mm2 Roller weight = 6 kg
2
Y2 = 30.5 + 2.25 = 32.75 Pillow block weight = ERV – 205
=0.67 kg
AT YC = A1Y1+ A2Y2
lb
A1Y1+ A2Y2 Shaft weight per foot = 1.504
YC = ft
2
(137.25)(15.25) +(157.5)(32.75)
Sprocket weight = (32 teeth, 137 mm
YC = (137.5+157.25) diameter) = 0.7 kg
YC = 24.6 mm
I = ∑S y2dA
30.5−24.6
I = ∫−24.6 y2(4.5)dy +
30.5−24.6
∫30.5−24.6 y2(35)dy
I = (22638.4725 + 10727.325) mm4

∑M R3 = 0
- (66.708) (32) – 6.6(28.25) +
R4 ( 28.25) − 66.48 (14.125) +
6.9(3.75) = 0
R4 = 114.487 N
∑M R4 = 0
∑M R1 = 0
- (66.708) (3.75) + 66.48(14.125) +
-28.25 (6.6 N) – (59) (14.125) – 6.6(28.25) – R3 ( 28.25) + 6.9(32) =
(7.48) (13.25) + (6.9) (3.75) + 0
R2 (28.25) = 0
R3 = 38.8 N
R2 = 38.7 N
For Lower Shafts:

∑M R2 = 0
(all the same with 3 inch diameter
59 (14.125) + 7.48 (15) + 6.6 (28.25) steel rollers, 33.5 cm width and 14
+ 6.9 (32) - R1 (28.25) = 0 teeth ,2.5 inch diameter sprockets)
R1 = 47.9 N
For the top shaft: (shaft with pulley)

∑M R7 = 0
-6.7 kg (9.81 m/s2) (32cm) – (7.48 N)
(15cm) + (R8 )(28.25 cm ) = 0
R8 = 78.42 N
∑M R8 = 0
-67(9.81) (3.75) + (7.48) (13.25) -
∑M R5 = 0
R8 (28.25) = 0
R6 (28.25) – 6.76 (14.125) – 7.48
R7 = 5.2165 N (going up)
(13.25) + 1.37 (3.75) = 0
R6 = 6.706 N
For the Motor Frames:
∑M R6 = 0
6.76(14.125) + (7.48) (15) -
R5 (28.25) + 1.37(32) =0
R5 = 8.9 N
For the shaft at the lower pulley: Motor Weight = 15 kg

Frame Weight = 2.6 kg/meter
∑M R9 = 0
R10 (30cm) – 7.65 (15) – 73.6 (8.5) =
0
R10 = 24.7 N
∑M R10 = 0
- R 9 (30) + 7.65 (15) + 73.6 (21.5) = 0
R9 = 56.57 N
For the Lower Motor Frames:

∑M R13 = 0
R14 (31.75) – 8.09(15.785) –
56.57(16) = 0
R14 = 32.53 N
∑M R14 = 0
8.09(15.875) + 56.57(15.75) +
56.57(31.75) - R13 (31.75) = 0
R13 = 88.7 N
To find the most loaded beam:

∑M R11 = 0
R12 (31.75) – 8.09(15.875) – 24.7
(16) = 0
R12 = 16.5 N
∑M R12 = 0
8.09 (15.875) + 15.57(24.7) +
31.75(24.7) - R11 (31.75) = 0
R11 = 41N
Beam 1: Vertical Forces:
R2 + R2 + R4 + R6 + R6 + R6 + 3x
pillow block weight for R6 + (1.5)
(31.75 cm beam) - for shorter beams
= ∑F VB1
∑F VB1 = 2(38.7 N) + 114.487 N +

3(6.706 N) +3(0.67 x 9.81) N + (1.5) ∑ MR16= 0
31.75
( 100 ) (2.6x9.81) N M
Pillow Block = 0.67 kg x 9.81 S2
∑F VB1 = 243.87 N
= 6.6 N
Beam 31.75
Half Beam = 2
= (0.5) ( 100 )
(2.6x9.81)
R1 + R1 + R3 + R5 + R5 + R5 +
31.75 = 4.05 N
3(0.67x9.81) + 1.5 ( 100 )(2.6x9.81)
38.7 38.7
- 4.05 (48.6) – ( 2
) (45.9) – ( 2
)
=∑F VB2
(35.3)
∑F VB2 = 2(47.9) + 38.8 + 3(8.9) +
31.75
- 4.05 (34.1) + R15 (34.1) – (6.706 +
3(6.57) + 1.5 ( 100 )(2.6x9.81) 6.6) (34.1) – (12.4) (24.3)
∑F VB2 = 193.16 N 38.7
-( ) (22.9) − (6.706 = 6.6)(17.1)
2
; Therefore Beam 1 is more loaded 38.7
than Beam 2 since ∑F VB1 > ∑F VB2 -( ) (12.3) = 0
2
38.7
-2661.2096 + R15 (34.1) – ( )
2
Forces at Beam 1: (22.9)
38.7
- (6.706 + 6.6) (17.1)-( ) (12.3) =0
2
R15=104.7 N
∑ MR15 = 0
38.7
-0.45 (14.5) – ( ) (11.8) −
2
38.7
( ) (1.2) + 12.4(9.8) +
2
38.7
( ) (11.2) + (6.706 + 6.6)(17) +
2
38.7
( ) (21.8) − R16 (34.1) = 0
2
R16 = 19.82 N ∑ MR21 = 0
47.9
-4.05 (48.6) – ( ) (45.9) −
2
47.9
( ) (35.3) – 4.05 (3.41) + R20
2
(34.1) – (8.9 + 6.6) (34.1) –
47.9
(12.4)(24.3) – ( 2 ) (22.9) − (8.9 +
47.9
6.6)(17.1) ( ) (12.3) + R20 (34.1)
2
=0
∑ MR18 = 0 R20 = 123.68 N

114.487
R17 (63.4) – ( )(58) −
2
(
114.487
) (47.4) − (6.706 + 6.6)(39) − ∑ MR20 = 0
2
(16.17)(31.7) = 0 47.9
-4.05 (14.5) – ( ) (11.8) −
2
R17 = 111.43 N 47.9
( ) (1.2) + 12.4(9.8) +
2
47.9
( ) (11.2) + (8.9 + 6.6)(17) +
2
47.9
∑ MR17 = 0 ( ) (21.8) − R21 (34.1) = 0
2
- R18 (63.4) + (4.05) (63.4) + 47.9
(16.17)(31.7) + (6.706 + 6.6)(24.4) + 283.185 + ( ) (21.8) − R21 (34.1) =
2
114.487 14.487 0
( ) (16) + ( ) (5.4) = 0
2 2
R21 = 23.6 N
R18 = 36.6 N
R16 + R17 = R19

R19 = 19.82 + 111.43
R19 = 131.25 N
Forces at Beam 2:
R5 = 8.9N
R3 = 38.8N
∑ MR23 = 0 Beam 4: Vertical Forces:
38.8 R20 + R24 + 61.2144 + R12 + R14 + R23
R22 (63.4) – ( ) (58) −
2
38.2 + 33 + R7 = ∑ FVB4
( ) (47.4) − (8.9 + 6.6)(39) −
2
(16.17)(31.7) = 0
∑ FVB4 = 123.68 + 73.4 61.2144 +
R22 = 49.8 N
16.5 + 32.53 + 24.65 + 33 – 5.2165
∑ FVB4 = 359.8 N
∑ MR22 = 0
Therefore Beam 3 is more
- R23 (63.4) + (4.05) (63.4) + loaded than Beam 4 since ∑ FVB3 > ∑
(16.17)(31.7) + (8.9 + 6.6)(24.4) + FVB4.
38.8 38.8
( ) (16) + ( ) (5.4) = 0
2 2
R23 = 24.65 N Loads at Beam 3:

(Loads at the most Loaded)
R21 + R22 = R24
R24 = 23.6 N + 49.8 N
R24 = 73.4 N
To know between Beam 3 and Beam

4 is more loaded:

VBeam = Vertical Beam =
80 80
R15 + R19 + (100) (2.6)(9.81)(3) + R11 (100) (2.6)(9.81) = 20.4 N
97.5+31.75 Beam
+ R13 + R18 + ( ) (2.6)(9.81) + = 4.05 N
100
R8 2
R15 = 0
R15 = 104.7 N
R13 = 88.7 N
∑ FVB3 = 104.7 + 131.25 + 61.2144 +
R19 = 131.25 N
41 + 88.7 + 36.6 + 33 + 78.42
R18 = 36.6 N
∑ FVB3 = 574.88 N
R11 = 41 N
R8 = 78.42 N
∑ MR26 = 0 VCR = -56.778 N -41N
- (20.4 + 4.05 + 104.7) (97.5) + R25 VCR = -97.778 N
(97.5) – (24.87)(48.75) – 41(40) –
VDL = -97.778 N – 25.506 N/m (0.3m)
88.7(10) – (20.4 + 131.25 +
78.42)(63.4) VDL = -105.43 N
R25 = 317.107 N VDR = -105.43 N – 88.7 N
VDR = -194.13 N
∑ MR25 = 0 VEL = -194.13 N – (22.506
N/m)(0.1m)
(24.87)(48.75) + 41(57.5) +
88.7(87.5) + (20.4 + 4.05 + 36.6) VEL = -196.68 N
(97.5) – R26 (97.5) + (20.4 + 131.25 +
78.42)(34.1) = 0
SHEAR DIAGRAM:
R26 = 257.7 N
Shear and Moment Diagram:
MA = 0
0.341
MB = (187.957 + 179.26) ( 2
)
VAL = 0 MB = 62.61 Nm
VAR = 0 + 317.107 N -129.15 N 0.234
MC = 62.61 – (50.81 + 56.7) ( )
2
VAR = 187.957 N
MC = 50.03 Nm
VBL = 187.957 N -25.506 N/m 0.3
(0.341m) MD = 50.03 – (97.7 + 105.43) ( 2 )
VBL = 179.26 N MD = 19.5605 Nm
VBR = 179.26 N – 230.07 N = -50.81 ME = 19.5605 – (194.13 + 196.68)

0.1
N (2)
VCL = -50.81 N -25.506 N/m (1.234m) ME = 0
VCL = -56.778 N
Moment Diagram:
TENSION:
m
Fbt 62.61 Nm (24.6 mm)( )
1000 mm
> 4
(33365.8 mm )(
m 4
3 )
1000 mm
165.6 MPa > 46161218.97 Pa

165.6 MPa > 46.16 MPa, Ok✓
Maximum Moment = Mmax = 62.61 COMPRESSION:

Nm 62.61 Nm (24.6 mm)(
m
)
Fbc 1000 mm
> (33365.8 mm4)(
m
3 )4
1000 mm
165.6 MPa > 19515312.098 Pa

165.6 MPa > 19.5 MPa, Ok✓
Based on Ultimate Strength, NU = 3-4
Mmax = 62.61 Nm Therefore the most loaded
fbt fbc 72 ksi beam can withstand both tensile and
= = = 24 ksi compressive loads.
3 3 3
= 165.6 MPa
Material: AISI – C1022 SU = 72
ksi, Sy = 52 ksi
7 ksi = 6,894,757.3 Pa or 6.9 MPa
ANGLE BAR:
CHECKING IF THE COLUMNS CAN

WITHSTAND THE LOADS: (J.B.
Johnson)
AISI – C1022
SU = 72 ksi, E = 30x106 Pa
Sy = 52 ksi, N = 3
Le 2
1 Sy(
k
) R25 = 317.107 N
F=(N) SyA (1 − 2 )
4π E
R26 = 257.7 N
Appropriate for:
30>Le/k<120
Le = L/2
I 1
k= (A)2 BELT DESIGN
Le = 80cm/2 = 40cm (Motor to the 1st pulley)

Motor Power = 1 hp, 1740 rpm
Radius of gyration = k = D1 = 3 in
33365.8 mm4 D2 = 12 in
√(137.25+157.5)mm2
c= 16.5 in
k= 10.64
10mm
Le 40 cm x
= cm = 37.594 From Table 17.7 of Books of Faires
k 10.64mm
Nsf = 1.4 – 0.2 = 1.2
30 < 37.594 < 120
Design hp = Nsf (transmitted hp)
Therefore we use J.B.
Johnson Design hp = 1.2 (1.0) = 1.2 HP
1 6.9 MPa From Fig. 17.4

F = (3) (52 ksi x ) (137.25 +
ksi
(52 x 6.9)MPa (37.594)2 For 1.2 hp and n= 1740 rpm
157.5)mm2 (1 − 6.9MPa )
4π2 (30x103 ksi)( ) Section A, Dmin = 3 in@ Table 17.3
ksi
1
F = (3) (10576.3 N)(1 − 0.065) Assume D1 = 3 in
D2 n1 12 1740
F = 32960.7 N ( )= ( ) ; ( )= ( )
D1 n2 3 n2
n2 = 435 rpm
We conclude that the frame can π D1 n1 π (3) (1740)
Vm = ( )=( )
withstand the loads by comparing 12 12
R25 and R26 to the force that the
Vm = 1366.59 fpm
vertical frame can withstand which
is;
F = 32960.7 N
(103 ) 0.09 c Adjusted Rate hp = (0.92092) (0.96)
Rated hp = [a( ) - (Kd Vm)
Vm
(1.439 hp)
𝑉𝑚2 Vm
- e ( 106 )] ( 103 ) Adjusted Rated hp = 1.27 hp
Design hp
At Table 17.3 A-section Number of Belts = ( )
𝐴𝑑𝑗.𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑝
a = 2.682 1.2 hp
=( )
c = 5.326 1.27ℎ𝑝
e = 0.0136 Number of Belts = 0.94 or say 1 belt
D2 12
( )= ( )= 4
D1 3
1, A55 belt with 3 in. and 12 in.
Kd = 1.14 @ Table 17.4 sheaves
(103 ) 0.09 5.326

Rated HP = [a( ) - ((1.14)3)
1366.59
(1366.59)2 1366.59
-e( 6
)] ( ) BELT DESIGN
10 103
Rated hp = 1.439 hp (1st pulley to the Roller)
Adjusted Rated hp = KѲKL(Rated hp) Motor Power = 1 hp
From table 17.5 D1 = 3 in

D2−D1 12−3 D2 = 14 in
= = 0.5454
C 16.5
c= 14.5 in
KѲ = 0.92092
D2 n1 12 1740
( )= ( ) ( )= ( )
From Table 17.6 D1 n2 3 n2
L = 2C + 1.57 (D2 + D1) + n2 = 435 rpm = rpm of the 1st pulley

(𝐷2−𝐷1)2
[ 4C
]
From Table 17.7 of Books of Faires
L = 2(16.5) + 1.57 (12 + 3) +
Nsf = 1.4 – 0.2 = 1.2
(12−3)2
[ 4(16.5)
]
Design hp = Nsf (transmitted hp)
L = 57.7 in Design hp = 1.2 (1.0) = 1.2 HP
Use A55, L = 56.3 @ Table 17.3
KL = 0.96 @Table 17.6
From Fig. 17.4
For 1.2 hp and n= 435 rpm
Section A, Dmin = 3 in@ Table 17.3 L = 2C + 1.57 (D2 + D1) +
Assume D1 = 3 in (𝐷2−𝐷1)2
[ 4C
]
D2 n1 14 435
(D1) = (n2) ; ( 3 ) = ( n2 ) L = 2(14.5) + 1.57 (14 + 3) +
n2 = 93.21 rpm (14−3)2

[ 4(14.5)
]
π D1 n1 π (3) (435)
Vm = ( )=( ) L = 57.78 in
12 12
Vm = 341.65 fpm Use A55, L= 56.3 @ Table 17.3

KL = 0.96 @Table 17.6
(103 ) 0.09 c
Rated hp = [a( ) - (Kd Vm)
Vm Adjusted Rate hp = (0.8782) (0.96)
𝑉𝑚2 Vm (0.477 hp)
- e ( 106 )] ( 103 )
Adjusted Rated hp = 0.4 hp
At Table 17.3 A-section
Design hp
Number of Belts = ( )
a = 2.682 𝐴𝑑𝑗.𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑝
c = 5.326 1.2 hp
=( )
0.4 ℎ𝑝
e = 0.0136
Number of Belts = 3 belts
D2 12
( )= ( )= 4
D1 3
Kd = 1.14 @ Table 17.4 3, A55 belt with 3 in. and 14 in.

sheaves
(103 ) 0.09
Rated HP = [2.684( ) -
341.65
5.326 (341.65)2
(( ) - 0.0136 ( )] BEARING DESIGN
1.14)3 106
341.65
( )
103
At shaft where the belt is connected
Rated hp = 0.477 hp to the motor:
Adjusted Rated hp = KѲKL(Rated hp) (lb−ft)(rpm)
Hp = ( )
5252
From table 17.5
(lb−ft)(1740)
D2−D1
=
14−3
= 0.759 1 hp = ( )
C 16.5
5252
KѲ = 0.8782 Torque = 3 lb-ft
From Table 17.6 Torque = (tension) (pulley radius)

1 ft
3 lb-ft = (tension) (6 in x 12 in ) Based on Radial Load: 1560 lb (load
limit) > 6.744 lb OK
Pulley – C1FC0-12-1B pulley
Based on Speed Limit: 13000 rpm >
Tension = 6 lb 435 rpm OK
To find forces at bearing:

Therefore the most loaded bearing in
the machine can withstand both
speed and radial load.
-6 (3.75) + (Rb) (30.25) = 0

Rb = 0.744 lb
∑ Mb = 0
-6 (3.75+30.25) + (Ra) (30.25) = 0
Ra = 6.744 lb
Ra – radial load only, thrust load
neglected
Bearing used: ERV-205
From Table 12.3 of book of Faires
Radical Load for bearing no.205
= 1560 lbs
Speed Limit = 13000 rpm
To solve for speed:

nmotor = 1740 rpm
D1 = 3 in
D2 = 12in
n2 D2 = nmotor D1
n2 (12in) = (1740rpm) (3in)
n2 = 435 rpm
APPENDIX C
BILLS OF MATERIALS
MATERIALS USED IN FABRICATING THE COCONUT MIDRIB REMOVING

MACHIINE
Quantit Price/Quantity Total Price

Material Unit
y (Php/Unit) (Php)
Angle Bar
(35x35x4.5)mm 3 Piece 500.00 1,500.00
(23x23x3)mm 1 Piece 300.00 300.00
Flat Bar (26x6)mm 1 Piece 200.00 200.00
Square Bar 90mm 2 Feet 15.00 30.00
Shaft ∅ 1 in 6 Feet 200.00 1200.00
Pulley 3 Piece 750 2,250.00
Pillow Block ∅ 1 in 12 Piece 210.00 2,520.00
1 HP Electric Motor 1 Piece 3,800.00 3,800.00
Rubber Roll 3 Piece 2,000.00 6,000.00
Metal Roller 3 Piece 1,500.00 4,500.00
Belt
B-54 1 Piece 350.00 350.00
B-56 1 Piece 350.00 350.00
Bolts and Nuts
15 mm x 3 24 Piece 10.75 172.00
15 mm x 1½ 9 Piece 15.00 180.00
10 mm x 1½ 12 Piece 3.00 36.00
Washer
27mm 24 Piece 2.00 48.00
20mm 9 Piece 1.50 13.50
13mm 12 Piece 1.00 12.00
Galvanized Plain
1 Sheet 244.00 244.00
Sheet
Switch 1 Piece 189.00 189.00
Wire 2 Meter 28.00 56.00
Plug 1 Piece 76.00 76.00
Cutting Disc 1 Piece 45.00 45.00
Sanding Disc Grit 1 Piece 80.00 80.00
Sandpaper
100 2 Piece 13.00 26.00
500 2 Piece 13.00 26.00
1000 2 Piece 13.00 26.00
Quantit Price/Quantity Total Price
Materials Unit
y (Php/Unit) (Php)
Welding Rod 1 Kilo 550 550
Chain 428 1 Piece 550 550
Chain Sprocket
428x32T 6 Piece 450 2,700.00
35x12T 2 Piece 150.00 300.00
Blade 7 Piece 100.00 700.00
Green Metal Primer ½ Liter 70.00 70.00
Paint Brush 1 Piece 22.00 22.00
Total ₱29,121.50
APPENDIX D
Production Rate of the Machine
100 midrib 60 mins

Trial 1 – Production Rate = ( )
5.47 mins 1 hr
= 1096.89 midrib/hr
100 midrib 60 mins

5.17 mins 1 hr
= 1160.54 midrib/hr
100 midrib 60 mins

5.33 mins 1 hr
= 1125.7 midrib/hr
Total Production Rate

Average Production Rate = = Number of Trials
midrib midrib midrib

1096.89 +1160.54 +1125.7
hr hr hr
= 3
= 1127.71 midrib shred/hour

APPENDIX E
Amount of Production Compared to Manual Labor
Average Manual Labor = 5 -7 brooms/day
1 broom = 420 midrib or broomsticks
brooms 1 day
7 (8 working hrs) = 0.875 brooms/hr
day
brooms 420 midrib

0.875 ( ) = 367.5 midrib/hr
hr 1 broom
367.5 midrib 420 midrib

( )=( )
1 hr x
367.5X = 420
X = time consumed to finish a 420 midrib or 1 bundle of broomstick
X = 1.142857 hrs or 68.57 mins
Average of the Machine = 1127.71 midrib/hr
midrib 1 broom
1127.71 (420 midrib) = 2.658 brooms/hr
hr
1127.71 midrib 420 midrib

( )=( )
1 hr x
1127.71X = 420
X = time consumed to finish a 420 midrib or 1 bundle of broomstick
X = 0.372436176 hrs or 22.35 mins
We can conclude that the machine can make the work 3 times faster than manual
labor.
APPENDIX F
Machine Efficiency in terms of Quality Result of the Leaves
Total Successful Midrib Output

Efficiency = x 100%
Total Leaves Input
91 midrib
Trial 1 – Efficiency = 100 leaves = 0.91 x 100%
= 91 %
88 midrib
= 88 %
92 midrib
= 92 %
Total Quality Efficiency

Average Quality Efficiency = Number of Trials
91%+88%+92%
= 3
= 90.3%
APPENDIX G
Electric Consumption of the Machine
Electric Consumption = {(Present Reading – Previous Reading) x (12)} (Price
per Kilowatts)
Electric Consumption Cost = Difference in Reading x Php 11.03 (Cost per kWh,
Bohol Light Company Inc.)
Trial 1 – Electric Consumption = (09760.339 – 09760.3) = 0.039173 kWh
Electric Consumption = (0.039173 kWh x 12) = 0.47 kWh
Electric Consumption Cost = (0.47) (Php 11.03)
= (Php 5.1841)
Trial 2 – Electric Consumption = (09760.439 – 09760.4) = 0.039168 kWh
= (Php 5.1841)
Trial 3 – Electric Consumption = (09760.539– 09760.5) = 0.039170 kWh
= (Php 5.1841)
Total Electric Consumption

Average Electric Consumption Cost = Number of Trials
Php 5.1841+ Php 5.1841+ Php 5.1841

= 3
= Php 5.1841
APPENDIX H
Machine Efficiency in terms of Product Produced in Kilowatt-hour
Trial 1 – Efficiency
0.470076 kWh – power consumed in an hour that the machine is runinng
In 100 coconut leaves, it took 5 minutes and 47 second to finish the process.
5.47 mins 5 mins

(100 leaves) = ( )
𝐗
5.47 mins X = 500 leaves.mins
X = number of leaves sheared in 5 minutes
X = 91.4 leaves or midrib
1 hr 𝐗
(0.470076 kWh) = (1 kWh)
0.470076 kWh X = 1 kWh hr
X = number hours that the machine is running in 1 kWh
X = 2.12731558 hrs or 127.64 mins/kWh
127.64 mins 91.4 broomsticks or midrib

( )( ) = 2333.25 broomsticks/kWh
kWh 5 mins
= 2333.25 broomsticks/kWh or 5.55 brooms/kWh

0.470016 kWh – time consumed in an hour that the machine is runinng
5.17 mins 5 mins

(100 leaves) = ( )
𝐗
1 hr 𝐗
( )=( )
0.470016 kWh 1 kWh
0.470016 kWh X = 1 kWh hr
X = 2.12758715 hrs or 127.66 mins/kWh

( kWh
)( 5 mins
) = 2469.19 broomsticks/kWh
= 2469.19 broomsticks/kWh or 5.88 brooms/kWh
0.47004 kWh – time consumed in an hour that the machine is runinng
5.33 mins 5 mins

(100 leaves) = ( )
𝐗
1 hr 𝐗
(0.47004 kWh) = (1 kWh)
0.47004 kWh X = 1 kWh hr
X = 2.12747851 hrs or 127.648711 mins/kWh

( )( ) = 2394.71 broomsticks/kWh
kWh 5 mins
= 2394.71broomsticks/kWh or 5.7 brooms/kWh
Average Machine Efficiency in terms of Product Produced per kWh
broomsticks
Total produced
kWh
= Number of Trials
broomsticks 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑠 broomsticks

2333.25 +2469.19 + 2394.71
kWh 𝑘𝑊ℎ kWh
= 3
= 2399.05 broomstick/kWh or 5.7 brooms/kWh

APPENDIX I
Return of Investment
₱ 30,000.00 - cost of the machine
₱ 250.00 – labor salary per day
PHP 8 working hours PHP

₱ 5.1814 ( ) = ₱ 41.4728 – electric consumption per day
hr 1 day day
midrib
Average product produced of CMRM – 1127.71 hr
midrib 1 broom brooms

1127.71 hr
(420 midrib) = 2.658 hr
brooms 8 working hours brooms

2.658 ( ) = 21.264
hr 1 day day
brooms ₱ 35.00 PHP

21.264 (1 broom) = ₱ 744.24
day day
₱ 744.24 - ₱ 250.00 - ₱ 41.4728 = ₱ 452.7672 (profit income in a day)
26 working days
₱ 452.7672 ( ) = ₱ 11,771.9472 (profit income in a month)
1 month
₱ 30,000.00/₱ 11,771.9472 = 2.55 months or 67 days (Return of Investment)

RESEARCHERS’ BIODATA
PERSONAL DATA
Name : Mar Jasson Patrick B. Gutierrez
Address : Matuod St., Manga, Tagbilaran City
Date of Birth : March 21, 1989
Civil Status : Single
Father : Joven Jovan T. Gutierrez
Mother : Zenaida B. Gutierrez
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary : Bohol Island State University, Main Campus

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
C.P.G. North Ave., Tagbilaran City, Bohol, 2022
Secondary : Sandingan National High School
Calayugan Norte, Loon, Bohol, 2008
Elementary : Pig-ot Elementary School
Pig-ot, Loon, Bohol, 2002
“We Don’t Die; We Just Respawn”

PERSONAL DATA
Name : Kleford Fel III H. Alegre
Address : Songculan, Dauis, Bohol
Date of Birth : March 21, 1999
Father : Felicisimo C. Alegre Jr.
Mother : Medarda H. Alegre

Secondary : Bohol Island State University, Main Campus
Elementary : Songculan Elementary School
Songculan, Dauis, Bohol, 2011
“I Failed, But I’m Not a Failure”

PERSONAL DATA
Name : Charles Bryan S. Amba
Address : Calayugan Norte, Loon, Bohol
Date of Birth : January 10, 1999
Father : Cristituto G. Amba
Mother : Raquel S. Amba

Secondary : Sandingan National High School
Calayugan Norte, Loon, Bohol, 2015
Elementary : Kong Hua School
Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City, 2011
“People say nothing is impossible, but I do nothing everyday.”

PERSONAL DATA
Name : Paul Vincent C. Auxtero
Address : Can-olin, Candijay, Bohol
Date of Birth : January 25, 1998
Father : Jorge G. Auxtero
Mother : Desideria C. Auxtero

Secondary : Candijay National High School
Tugas, Candijay, Bohol, 2014
Elementary : Can-olin Elementary School
Can-olin, Candijay, Bohol, 2010
“Aal Izz Well”

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical
Engineering, 2022
Republic of the Philippines
Bohol Island State University
Main Campus Tagbilaran City
College of Engineering and Architecture
STUDENT-ADVISER/RESEARCH INSTRUCTOR RESEARCH AGREEMENT
The purpose of the document is to formalized the terms of research

collaboration between the students and their adviser/mentor for the project
described below. The Student-Adviser/Instructor Agreement addresses some of
the specific task, responsibilities and other relevant issues associated with the
conduct of scientific research ( e.g. research ethics, data ownership, authorship,
etc.). Please read and complete this form.
Department: Mechanical Engineering Department

Year & Section: BSME – 5
Research Title: Coconut Midrib Removing Machine
Group Leader: Mar Jasson Patrick B. Gutierrez
Group Members: Kleford Fel III H. Alegre
Research Adviser: Engr. Michael C. Jumila
AGREEMENT STATEMENT
We, the researchers recognize that scientific research is a labor-intensive
enterprise that demands a high level of personal commitment, time, and effort.
Signing this document signifies that we understand the rights and responsibilities
of being researchers. We also uphold the principles of scientific integrity as
simplified by the BISU Intellectual Property Rights Policy, which we have read and
understood. We further recognize that any form of data falsification, data
fabrication, or plagiarism represents an extremely serious violation that will result
in the most severe negative consequences.
We shall also questionnaire, data to abide by the stipulation that all research
data (e.g., questionnaires, data files, records, and observation guide) from his
study became a shared property of the researchers and the College of Engineering
and Architecture of Bohol Island State University. The research data shall be
retained by the research adviser who will determine who and under what
circumstances others may have access to such data.
We also understand that authorship of any resulting conference
presentations of a journal article is shared with the research adviser and will also
depend on the extent of our contributions to this study.
We further acknowledge the rights and privileges of the research adviser
to present in any research local, national, or international conferences and publish
the research work in any research publications provided that we, the student
researchers, and the research adviser shall only be the bearer of the authorship.
We also acknowledge that if the university intends to present, publish and
utilize this research work and when the research adviser and we, the student
researchers are no longer connected in the university, the university can assume
the enforcement of applicable rights, privileges, and responsibilities thereto
appertaining through its program chairperson or the college dean.
Any violation of the said provisions may compel the rightful authorities such
as the administration and research committee of the university to pursue
applicable legal proceedings.
The research adviser shall retain the original copy of this agreement. The
student researchers, the research instructor, and the research coordinator shall
also receive signed copies of this agreement.
KLEFORD FEL III H. ALEGRE MAR JASSON PATRICK B. GUTIERREZ
Member Group Leader
CHARLES BRYAN S. AMBA PAUL VINCENT C. AUXTERO

Member Member
ENGR. MICHAEL C. JUMILA

Member Research Adviser
Noted:
ENGR. JUANITO ORIGINES JR. ENGR. MILDRED CABAGNOT, MS MATH

Department Chair Research Coordinator CEA
ENGR. JULIUS C. CASTRO

Dean CEA

Coconut Midrib Removing Machine Thesis

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COCONUT MIDRIB REMOVING MACHINE

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Engineering and Architecture

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Mar Jasson Patrick B. Gutierrez

College of Engineering and Architecture

Mar Jasson Patrick B. Gutierrez

and fabricate to test the functionality in terms of production rate, electric

their work and also ease the risks.

College of Engineering and Architecture, for granting the approval in conducting

the study within school campus.

improvement of this paper.

To Engr. Michael C. Jumila, the research adviser, for being supportive,

To Engr. Jessa Eraldin E. Origines, the research instructor, for her

never ending support all throughout.

TITLE PAGE …………………………………............................................... i

APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………………….. ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………... v

1.1 Background of the Study……………………………….1

1.2 Statement of the Problem………………………………2

1.3 Objective of the Study…………………………………..3

1.3.1 Main Objectives………………………………….3

1.3.2 Specific Objectives……………………………...3

1.4 Significance of the Study …………........................... 4

1.5 Scopes and Limitations ……………………………… 5

1.6.1 Basic Concept of the Machine…………………5

1.6.2 Data of Coconut Midrib…………………………6

1.6.3 Mechanism of the Machine…………………….6

1.6.4 Frames and Support…………………………….6

1.6.5 Electric Motor…………………………………….7

1.6.6 Belt ……………………………………………….8

1.6.8 Shaft Design…………………………………….9

1.6.9 Power Consumption…………………………...10

1.7 Definition of Terms....................................................10

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction …………………………………………....13

2.2 Extraction of Coconut Midrib………………………….14

2.3 Related Studies and Machineries..............................15

3.2 Designing the Machine . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .…………19

3.2.1 Equations Used in Designing the Machine…20

3.3 Conceptual Design . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. ……………...21

3.4 Design Parameters . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ..……………...23

3.4.1 Cutter Blade………………………………….…23

3.4.2 Cutter Blade Distance…………………...….…24

3.4.3 Feed Rate………………………………………24

3.5 Parts of the Design . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ..……………...24

3.5.1 Cutter Blade………………………………….…24

3.6 Material Selection . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ………………25

3.8.1 Consideration in Machine Testing……………27

3.8.2 Procedure in Testing the Machine…………...28

3.8.3 Machine’s Functionality in terms of Production

3.8.4 Machine’s Efficiency based on Energy

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction …………………………………………….31

4.2 Designing & Fabrication of Machine…………………31

4.3 Results from the First Trial of the Machine………….37

4.4 Results from the Second Trial of the Machine……...38

4.5 Results from the Third Trial of the Machine…………39

4.6 Testing and Result……………………………………..39

4.7 Contribution for the Coconut Midrib Removing