sIff $ sf] kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g, @)&*

!= kl/ro
ul0ftLo 1fg / l;kn] dflg;sf] b}lgs hLjgsf ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ tyf b}lgs hljgdf k|of]u x'g]
j:t'x¿ tyf ;fwgx¿nfO{ ;xL ¿kdf k|of]udf Nofpg ;xof]u ub{5 . o;n] j}1flgs cGj]if0f, cg';Gwfg,
;"rgf tyf k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; ug{ / tfls{s lg0f{o lbg] Ifdtf ljsf;
ug{df klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . To;} u/L 1fg, lj1fg / k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf; / gjk|jt{gnfO{ cfk\mgf]
;Gbe{;fk]If k|of]u ug{] ;Ifdtf xfl;n u/L k|ljlwd}qL ;dfh ljsf;df ul0ftsf] e"ldsf cem dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
ljBfno txdf ul0ft ljifosf] kf7\oj|mdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ul0ftLo 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ tyf ;Ifdtf ljsf; u/L
b}lgs hLjgsf Jofjxfl/s ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg' xf] .
ljZjJofkL ?kdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;Fu} ;fdflhs rfxgf / cfjZostf ;d]tsf cfwf/df sIff $ / % sf]
kf7\oj|mdnfO{ kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf] tyf Jofjxfl/s agfpg o;df ;do ;fk]If kl/dfh{g cfjZos ePsf] 5 . o;}
;Gbe{df o; kf7\oj|mddf ljBfyL{sf] Ifdtf, pd]/ tyf :t/cg's"n x'g] u/L b}lgs hLjgsf Jofjxfl/s ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{, ;dfnf]rgfTds tyf tfls{s Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] / dflyNnf] txsf] l;sfOsf]
tof/Lsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljifoj:t'x¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
o; kf7\oj|mddf Hofldlt, cª\sul0ft, gfk, tYofª\szf:q / aLhul0ft;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'x? ;dfj]z
ul/Psf 5g\ . o; kf7\oj|mddf txut ;Ifdtf, sIffut l;sfO pknlAw, ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|md, l;sfO
;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof tyf d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ljifoj:t'sf] ;xhLs/0f lj|mofsnfk
;~rfngsf] nflu b'j} sIffdf % kf7\o306f cyf{t\ jflif{s !^) sfo{306f ;do tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;f]xL aflif{s
sfo{306fnfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] If]qcg';f/ klg afF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] 5 . ul0ftsf] l;sfO lj|mofsnfknfO{ ;s];Dd
ljBfyL{sf] b}lgs hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt u/fO{ …u/]/ l;Sg]Ú l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eO{ Jofjxfl/s / k|of]ufTds
kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fdf o; kf7\oj|mdn] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mofnfO{ klg a9L j:t'ut /
Jofjxfl/s agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . Jofjxfl/s / k|of]ufTds l;sfOn] ljBfyL{x¿df ul0ft k|ltsf] ?lr,
rfxgf clej[l4 eO{ kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n x'g ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@= txut ;Ifdtf -sIff $ / %_
!= /]vf tyf sf]0fx¿sf] gfk / /rgf Pjd\ 7f]; j:t'x¿sf] ljleGg efux¿sf] klxrfg
@= b]jgfu/L / lxGb' c/]las cª\sdf s/f]8;Ddsf ;ª\Vofx¿sf] u0fgf / k|of]u
#= hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg / efu ;dfj]z ePsf b}lgs hLjgsf ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg
$= leGg, bzdna / k|ltzt ;DaGwL ;/n Jojxfl/s ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg
%= gfk ;DaGwL b}lgs hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg
^= tflnsf / lrqsf] cfwf/df hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg Pjd\ lgdf{0f
&= aLhLo cleJo~hs / ;dLs/0f;DaGwL ;fwf/0f ;d:of ;dfwfg

#= ul0ft ljifosf] gofF kf7\oj|mdsf] ;+/rgf

-s_ kl/ro
-v_ txut ;Ifdtf
-u_ sIffut l;sfO pknlJw
1
-3_ ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|md
-ª_ k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu ;Defljt lj|mofsnfkx¿
-r_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljlw tyf k|lj|mof
-5_ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg
$= ul0ft ljifosf] gofF kf7\oj|mdsf] ljz]iftfx¿
1. ul0ftLo ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt 5cf]6f If]qx¿df ;dfj]z ul/Psf],
-s_ Hofldlt -v_ cª\sul0ft -u_ gfk
-3_ tYofª\szf:q -ª_ aLhul0ft
2. ;ftcf]6f txut ;Ifdtfx¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf],
3. If]qut ?kdf sIffut l;sfO pknlJwnfO{ tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf],
4. sIff $ df #) cf]6f / sIff % df #) cf]6f l;sfO pknlJw lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
5. sIffut ?kdf ljifoj:t'sf] If]q, ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f, ;Defljt l;sfO lj|mofsnfk, ;Defljt
d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof / cg'dflgt sfo{ 306f ;dfj]z u/L ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|md tflnsf k|:t't
ul/Psf] .
6. ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;/n b]lv hl6nsf] j|mddf k|:t't ul/Psf] .
7. k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{df hf]8 lbO{ If]qut ?kdf ;Defljt k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] .
8. ljBfyL{x¿df ul0ftLo ljifoj:t'x¿sf] wf/0ff, l;k, ;f]r / clej[lQ ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]ufTds
l;sfOsf ljlw, ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw, kl/of]hgf sfo{ ljlw, gd'gf lrq0f ljlw (Model drawing),
;+/lrt ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw nufotsf ljlwx¿sf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbOPsf] .
9. lj|mofsnfkd'vL l;sfO ;~rfngsf nflu ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L kf7 k|:t't ul/Psf] .
10. cfwf/e"t tx sIff $–% df ul0ft lzIf0f ubf{ ul0ftnfO{ Jofjxfl/s b}lgs hLjgsf ;d:ofx¿;Fu
k|ToIf ?kdf ;DalGwt u/fO{ ul0ft lzIf0f l;sfO ug{ hf]8 lbOPsf] .
11. ljifo If]qut ?kdf z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"lr ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
12. kf7\oj|mdn] ck]Iff u/]sf ;Ifdtf / l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n eP gePsf] ;'lgZrt ug{ lgdf{0ffTds
d"Nofª\sgdf hf]8 lbOPsf],
13. cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf] c+sef/ %) k|ltzt tf]lsPsf]
14.clGtd k/LIffsf] k|Zgkq kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] tof/ u/]sf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] .
%= kf7\oj|md lgdf{0fsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/
▪ ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t
▪ ;jf{ª\lu0f afnljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t
▪ :yfgLo cfjZostf tyf ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t
▪ hLjgf]kof]uL tyf sfo{k|lt cled'v
▪ ljBfyL{s]lGb|t, Learning by doing df cfwfl/t
▪ vf]h tyf cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t
▪ ljljwtf / ;dfj]zL l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t
▪ pknJw :yfgLo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u tyf ICT df cfwfl/t
▪ b}lgs hLjgsf Jofjxfl/s ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cfwfl/t

2
^= k'/fgf] kf7\oj|md / gofF kf7\oj|mddf ePsf d"ne"t leGgtf
k'/fgf] kf7\oj|md gofF kf7\oj|md
ul0ftLo ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ Hofldlt, ;ª\Vofsf] 1fg, ul0ftLo ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ Hofldlt, cª\sul0ft, gfk,
ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t lj|mofx?, ;do d'b|f / gfktf}n, tYofª\szf:q / aLhul0ft u/L kfFrcf]6f If]qdf
leGg bzdna P]lss lgod / ;fwf/0f Jofh, ljn / ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
ah]6, tYofª\s, ;d"x / aLhul0ft u/L gf}cf]6f If]qdf
;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
;ª\Vofsf] 1fg, ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t lj|mofx?, ;do ;ª\Vofsf] 1fg, ul0ftsf cfwf/e"t lj|mofx?, leGg,
d'b|f / gfktf}n, leGg bzdna P]lss lgod / bzdna, k|ltztnfO{ cª\sul0ftdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
;fwf/0f Jofh, ljn / ah]6, ;d"xnfO{ cnu cnu 5 . To;}u/L ;do d'b|f b'/L Ifdtf tf}n kl/ldlt
If]q agfOPsf] If]qkmn / cfotgnfO{ gfkdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
ljn / ah]6nfO{ tYofª\s cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 eg]
P]lss lgod, ;fwf/0f Jofh / ;d"xnfO{ x6fOPsf] 5 .
sIff $ df $^ cf]6f / sIff % df $# cf]6f l;sfO sIff $ / % df #)÷#) cf]6f l;sfO pknlJw
pknlJw lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] . lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
sIffut ?kdf ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|md tyf sIffut ?kdf ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|mdsf ;fy}
cg'dflgt 306L dfq ;dfj]z ul/Psf] . ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f, ;Defljt l;sfO
lj|mofsnfk, ;Defljt d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof / cg'dflgt
sfo{ 306f ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
kf7\oef/ / k"0ff{ª\sdf cfwfl/t kf7\o306f / sfo{306fdf cfwfl/t
k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu ;Defljt k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu ;Defljt
lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z gul/Psf] . lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
^)Ü cfjlws d"Nofª\sg / $)Ü lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ %)Ü cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg / %)Ü clGtd k/LIffsf]
d"Nofª\sgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf nfuL cfwf/x¿ dfq cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf kIf / ltgLx¿sf] cª\sef/
;dfj]z ul/Psf] . k|:t't ul/Psf] .
1fg / af]w, l;k / ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cfwfl/t 1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr bIftfdf cfwfl/t
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] . ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .

&= jt{dfg kf7\o k':ts -sIff $_ sf] d"ne"t ljz]iftf

▪ kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf l;sfO pknlJw tyf ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|mdcg';f/sf kf7 / cEof;x¿
;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
▪ k|To]s kf7df k'g/fjnf]sg lj|mofsnfk ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
▪ ul0ftLo ljifoj:t'x¿sf] ;xhLs/0fnfO{ inductive way af6 ug]{ u/L lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t
agfOPsf] .
▪ kof{Kt pbfx/0fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
▪ lgisif{ tyf kl/efiffx¿nfO{ afs;df /flvPsf] .
▪ ljifoj:t'sf] wf/0ff ;Fu;Fu} To;;Fu ;DalGwt cEof; ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
▪ cEof;cGtu{t j:t'ut k|Zgx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
▪ x/]s If]qsf] cGtdf ldl>t cEof; ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
▪ x/]s kf7df kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .

3
 ▪ ljBfyL{x¿sf] :t/cg';f/ pgLx¿nfO{ dg kg]{ vfnsf] n]cfp6 l8hfOg, pko'St ;fOhsf] cIf/x¿,
;fGble{s lrqx¿ ;dfj]z u/L /ª\lug kf7\ok':ts tof/ ul/Psf] .

*= ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof / d"Nofª\sg

s= ;xhLs/0fsf Jofjxfl/s l;4fGt / k|of]u
;xhLs/0f k|lj|mofnfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf l;4fGt / ljlw cjnDag ug]{ u/L to ul/Psf] 5 M
▪ u/]/ l;Sg] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t
▪ kl/of]hgf÷k|of]ufTds sfo{ ljlwsf] k|of]u
▪ lj|mofsnfkd'vL l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng
▪ ljBfyL{ s]Gb|Lt ljlw tyf tl/sfx¿sf] k|of]u
▪ cfudg ljlw, lgdf{0ffTds ljlw, ;xof]ufTds ljlw, v]n ljlw, k|of]ufTds sfo{ ljlwsf] k|of]u
▪ k|ljlwo'St l;sfO k|lj|mofdf hf]8
▪ km/s Ifdtf -ckfª\utf_ ePsf tyf l9nf] u/L l;Sg] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf x'g ;Sg]
u/L l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof ;~rfngdf hf]8
v= d"Nofª\sgsf k|lj|mof

▪ lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds d'Nofª\sg cjnDag ug'{kg]{ 5 .

▪ lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgsf nflu sIff lj|mofsnfk, ljBfyL{sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cjnf]sg, u[xsfo{,
kl/of]hgf sfo{, df}lvs tyf lnlvt sfo{, PsfO tyf q}dfl;s k/LIffx¿, cltl/St lj|mofsnfk, :j
tyf ;xkf7L d"Nofª\sgnufotsf ;fwg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
▪ Go"gtd l;sfO :t/ xfl;n ePsf] ;'lglZrttf geP ;Dd k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf (Scaffolding)
lbg'kb{5 .
▪ lgdf{0ffTds d'Nofª\sgaf6 k|fKt lglZrt cª\snfO{ cfGtl/s d'Nofª\sgsf ?kdf %) k|ltzt ef/ /
afFsL %) k|ltzt ef/sf] clGtd k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ 5 .

cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg
cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg lgDglnlvt cfwf/ / ef/sf cfwf/df ul/g]5 .
l;= g+= d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/ ef/
! kf]6{kmf]lnof]sf] n]vfhf]vf -sIffsfo{, PsfO k/LIff, ljleGg ;dodf u/]sf $
ljlzi6 sfo{x?_
@ k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{ #^
# q}dfl;s k/LIffx¿ !)
hDdf %)
clGtd k/LIff

• lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgdf clGtd k/LIffsf] ef/ %) k|ltzt x'g]5 .

• k|To]s k/LIffdf k|Zg ;f]Wbf z}lIfs ;qsf] ;'?b]lv k9fO ePsf ;a} kf7x¿af6 ;d]l6Psf] x'g'kg]{ 5 .
o; ljifosf] k/LIffdf ljz]if u/]/ 1fg / af]w, k|of]u / pRr bIftfdf cfwfl/t x'g]5g\ .
4
 • clGtd k/LIffsf] k|Zgkq kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] tof/ u/]sf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ .
(= ul0ft ljifosf] kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u
s= kf7\ok':ts

kf7\oj|mddf plNnlvt l;sfO pknlAw k"/f u/fpg ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0f ul/Psf] ;fwgsf] ?kdf
kf7\ok':tsnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ ;xh agfpg] dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgsf] ?kdf
o;nfO{ k|of]u ug'{k5{ . kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
• kf7\ok':ts ljBfyL{sf] nflu cWoog ug]{ ;fwg xf] eg] lzIfssf] nflu z}lIfs ;fdu|L xf] . t;y{ d"ntM
lzIfsn] kf7\ok':tsnfO{ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
• ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t ljlw / tl/sf tyf /0fgLltx? k|of]u ubf{ kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:tf] M
k/:k/ lzIf0f, hf]8Ldf k9fO hf]8Ldf ;f/f+z, tftf] s';L{ cflb .
• ljBfyL{n] yk cEof; ug{sf] nflu lbuf] l;sfO :yflkt ug{] sfo{df klg kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 .
• ljBfyL{n] :jfWoog ug{] sfo{df kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
• lzIf0f of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{, sIff lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ / d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;d]t kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 .

kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf kf7x¿sf] ;+/rgf

k|To]s kf7sf] k|:t'lts/0f lgDgfg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 M
1.0 k'g/jnf]sg (Review)
▪ Activity based on student centered
▪ about 1/2 page
1.1 pklzif{s (Subtitle)
▪ Activity with Inductive approach
▪ Conclusion will be in box with highlight
▪ pbfx/0fx¿ : cfjZostfcg';f/
▪ cEof; 1.1
▪ kl/of]hgf sfo{
▪ pQ/
1.2 pklzif{s (Subtitle)
▪ lj|mofsnfkx¿
▪ lgZsif{
▪ cEof; 1.2
▪ kl/of]hgf sfo{
▪ pQ/

5
v= kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g
▪ kf7\oj|mdnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu agfOPsf] kf7\o;fdu|L kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g xf] .
▪ ul0ft ljifosf] gofF kf7\oj|mdsf] ;+/rgf, kf7\oj|md / kf7\ok':tssf] ljz]iftf, kf7\oj|mddf ePsf gofF
/ gf}nf]kg, o;n] hf]8 lbOPsf] kIfx¿ tyf o;sf l;4fGtsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
▪ gofF kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t ul0ft kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
▪ gd'gf kf7 of]hgf ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
u= kf7\o;fdu|L k|of]u
▪ lzIfsn] kf7\oj|md, kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g / kf7\ok':tssf] clgjfo{ cWoog ug'{kg]{ 5 .
o;sf cnfjf cGo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L klg cWoog ug'{kg]{ 5 .
▪ kf7\oj|md, kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g / kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]u u/L kf7 of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L lzIf0f
ug'kg]{ 5 .
▪ k|To]s kf7sf] ;'?jft clgjfo{ ?kdf k'g/fjnf]sgaf6 ug'{kg]{ 5 .
▪ ;d"x sfo{ jf hf]8L sfo{sf] ?kdf ljBfyL{ :jod\ ;xefuL eO{ lj|mofsnfk ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg'kg]{ 5
.
▪ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf / To:tf cGo yk lj|mofsnfk u/fP/ ljifoj:t'sf] wf/0ff k|i6 kfg{sf nflu
kof{Kt 5nkmnkl5 dfq} cEof; u/fpg'kg]{ 5 .
▪ lzIfs :jod\n] k':tsdf lbOP h:t} ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ lgdf{0f u/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ a9LeGbf a9L
cEof; u/fpg'kg]{ 5 .
▪ ul0ftLo wf/0ffx¿nfO{ b}lgs hLjgsf ;d:of;Fu ;DalGwt u/fO{ lzIf0f l;sfO ug'{kg]{ 5 .
▪ ul0ftLo wf/0ffx¿sf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]usf If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/fpg'kg]{ 5 .
▪ kf7\ok':ts / kf7\oj|mddf ePsf / cGo yk kl/of]hgf÷k|of]ufTds sfo{df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xefuL
u/fpg'kg]{ 5 .
▪ ljBfyL{sf] lg/Gt/ l;sfOdf ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L k|To]s ljifo If]qsf] cGtdf lbOPsf] ldl>t cEof;
ug{sf] nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{kg]{ 5 .
!)= gd'gf lzIf0f lj|mofsnfk
kf7 M leGg

zLif{s M ;dfg x/ ePsf leGgsf] t'ngf

kf7sf] p2]Zo M ;dfg x/ ePsf b'O{cf]6f leGgsf] t'ngf ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ .

z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M d]6fsf8{, leGg klQ, ljleGg ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x hgfpg] rf6{ k]k/, Worksheet x¿

lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk

lj|mofsnfk ! M ;dfg x/ ePsf leGgsf] klxrfg u/f}F .
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b'O{cf]6f leGg klQx? lbP/ lt leGgx?nfO{ 5fFof kf/]/ b]vfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ;a} ;d"xsf] sfo{sf]
cfwf/df 5nkmn u/L lgisif{df k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

6
k|lj|mof / ljlw
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ tn tflnsfdf eP h:t} leGgsf gd'gfx? lbO leGg cg';f/ 5fFof kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xaf6 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf ;d"xx¿nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't\ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{x¿af6 k|fKt pQ/sf cfwf/df ;dfg x/ ePsf leGgsf af/]df k|i6 kfg'{xf];\ .

;d"x s ;d"x v
1 3 1 3
/ /
3 4 4 4

3 1
4 4

1 3
3 4

5nkmn M ;d"x s n] kfPsf] leGg klQdf klxnf]nfO{ 4 a/fa/ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 eg] bf];|f]nfO{ 3
a/fa/ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . ;d"x v n] kfPsf] b'j} leGg klQnfO{ 4 a/fa/ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5
. oxfF ;d"x s n] kfPsf leGg klQnfO{ km/s km/s efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] x'gfn] o;sf x/ klg km/s km/s
1 3
eof] . To;}n] ;d"x s df k/]sf leGgx? / c;dfg x/ ePsf leGg x'g\ . To:t} ;d"x v n] kfPsf leGg
3 4
klQnfO{ a/fa/ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] x'gfn] o;sf x/ klg ;dfg eof] . To;}n] ;d"x v df k/]sf leGgx?
1 3
/ ;dfg x/ ePsf leGg x'g\ .
4 4

glthf / k|flKt
leGgsf x/x? ;dfg ePdf To:tf leGgx?nfO{ ;dfgx/ ePsf leGg elgG5 eg] leGgsf x/x? km/s km/s
ePdf To:tf leGgx?nfO{ c;dfgx/ ePsf leGg elgG5 .
lj|mofsnfk @ M ;dfg x/ ePsf b'O{ leGgx?nfO{ 5fofF kf/]/ t'ngf u/f}+ .
;dfgx/ ePsf leGgx? ;d"xdf lbP/ 5fFof kf/]/ s'g leGg 7"nf] 5 t'ngf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

k|lj|mof / ljlw
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ Ps hf]8f ;dfgx/ ePsf leGgsf gd'gfx? lbO leGg cg';f/ 5fFof kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ .
a/fa/ cfotsf] k|of]u ug]{ s'/fdf ;r]t /xg'kb{5 .
• 5fFof kf/]sf leGgx?nfO{;Fu} /fv]/ s'g lrqdf a9Lefudf 5fFof kf/]sf] 5 t'ngf ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• s'g leGgdf a9L efudf 5fFof kf/]sf] 5 k|To]s ;d"xaf6 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf
;d"xx¿nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't\ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

7
 • ljBfyL{x¿af6 k|fKt pQ/sf cfwf/df 7"nf] leGg / ;fgf] leGgsf af/]df k|i6 kfg'{xf];\ .

Pp6f ;d"xsf] k|:t'tL gd'gf

1 3
/ nfO{ 5fFof kf/]/ x]bf{,
4 4

1
4

3
4
1 3 3 1
5nkmnM hgfpg] leGg lrqdf eGbf hgfpg] leGg lrqdf a9L efudf 5fFof kf/]sf] 5 . To;}n] leGg,
4 4 4 4
1 3
eGbf 7"nf] leGg xf] . To:t} hgfpg] leGg lrqdf hgfpg] leGg lrqdf eGbf sd efudf 5fFof kf/]sf] 5 .
4 4
1 3
To;}n] leGg, eGbf ;fgf] leGg xf] .
4 4

glthf / k|flKt
;dfgx/ ePsf leGgx?nfO{ 5fFof kf/]/ b]vfpFbf a9L efudf 5fFof kf/]sf] leGgnfO{ 7"nf] leGg / sd 5fFof
kf/]sf] leGgnfO{ ;fgf] leGg x'G5 .
lj|mofsnfk # M PsfO leGgsf cfwf/df leGgsf] t'ngf u/f}+ .
-s_ leGgx?nfO{ PsfO leGgdf cleJoSt ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
k|lj|mof / ljlw
• k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ Pscf]6f b/n] PsfO leGg / To;;Fu ;dfgx/ x'g] csf]{ leGg lbP/ 5fFof kfg{
nufpg'x]f;\ .
• PsfO leGgsf cfwf/df agfPsf] 5fFof kf/]sf] cfwf/df csf]{ leGgdf sltcf]6f 5g\ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
Pp6f ljBfyL{n] tof/ u/]sf] cfwf/df k|:t'tL
1 3
/ nfO{ 5fFof kf/]/ x]bf{,
4 4

1
4

3
4

8
 1 1
5nkmnM klxnf] leGg hgfpg] leGg lrqdf 4 a/fa/ efu dWo] 1 efudf 5fFof kfl/Psf] 5 . To;}n] df
4 4
1 3 3
Pp6f 5 . To:t} bf];|f] leGg hgfpg] leGg lrqdf klxnf]df hq} 3 cf]6f efudf 5fFof kf/]sf] 5 . To;}n]
4 4 4
1
leGgdf 3 cf]6f 5 eg]/ JoSt ug{ ;lsG5 .
4

-v_ leGgx?nfO{ PsfO leGgsf cfwf/df 7"nf] / ;fgf] 5'6\ofpg nufpg'xf];\ .

k|lj|mof / ljlw
• k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ Ps hf]8f ;dfgx/ ePsf leGgx? lbg'xf];\ .
• lbOPsf] leGgx?nfO{ 5fFof kf/]/ b]vfpg nufpg'x]f;\ .
• 5fFof kf/]sf] cfwf/df lbOPsf] leGgx?nfO{ PsfO leGgdf k|:t't ug{ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• PsfO leGgsf] ;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df 7"nf] / ;fgf] leGg 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
dflysf] k|lj|mof / ljlwsf cfwf/df Pp6f ljBfyL{n] tof/ u/]sf] cfwf/df k|:t'tL
2 3
/ nfO{ 5fFof kf/]/ x]bf{,
5 5

2
5

3
5
2 1 3
5nkmnM klxnf] leGg hgfpg] leGg lrqnfO{ 2 cf]6f n]lvG5 / bf];|f] leGg hgfpg] leGg lrqnfO{ 3
5 5 5
1 2 3 2 3
cf]6f n]Vg ;lsG5 . ca 2 < 3 x'g] ePsfn] < x'G5 . cyf{t 3 eGbf 2 ;fgf] x'g] ePsfn] leGg
5 5 5 5 5
eGbf ;fgf] x'G5 .
3 2 3 2
To;}u/L 3 > 2 x'g] ePsfn] > x'G5 . cyf{t 2 eGbf 3 7"nf] x'g] ePsfn] leGg eGbf 7"nf] x'G5 .
5 5 5 5

lj|mofsnfk $ M ;ª\Vof /]vfdf /fv]/ t'ngf u/f}} .

k|lj|mof / ljlw
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ dfly b]vfOP h:t} u/L ;dfgx/ ePsf] leGgnfO{ ;ª\Vof /]vfdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
3 2
• lj|mofsnfk # sf cfwf/df > x'g] s'/fnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f u/fpg'xf];\ .
5 5

9
glthf / k|flKt
• ;dfgx/ ePsf leGgx?nfO{ ;ª\Vof /]vfdf b]vfpFbf bfofFkl6\6sf]] leGg afofFkl6\6sf] leGg eGbf 7"nf]
x'G5 . To:t} afofFkl6\6sf]] leGg bfofFkl6\6sf] leGg eGbf ;fgf] x'G5 .
d"Nofª\sg
tn lbOPsf leGgx?nfO{ 5fFof kf/L t'ngf u/]/ 7"nf] ;fgf] 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
3 2 3 2
-s_ / -v_ /
5 5 4 4

10