ISSN (Online) 2581-9429

IJARSCT
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2023

Impact Factor: 7.301

The Role of Machine Learning and the Internet of

Things in Smart Buildings for Energy Efficiency-
A Review Paper
Yash Raju Shendre1, Akash Panjab Misal2, Shantanu Kishor Bayskar3, Pranav Narendra Gulhane4,
Pancham Ramesh Bhandakkar5, Roshan Vilas Bhakare6, Kunal Sanjay Gadhawe7,
Prajwal Gajanan Chopade8, Rohit Vijay Shukla9
Second Year Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering
Jawaharlal Darda Institute of Engineering and Technology Yavatmal, India1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: Machine learning can be used to automate a wide range of tasks. Smart buildings, which use the
Internet of Things (IoT) to connect building operations, enable activities, such as monitoring temperature,
safety, and maintenance, for easier controlling via mobile devices and computers. Smart buildings are
becoming core aspects in larger system integrations as the IoT is becoming increasingly widespread. The
IoT plays an important role in smart buildings and provides facilities that improve human security by using
effective technology-based life-saving strategies. This review highlights the role of IoT devices in smart
buildings. The IoT devices platform and its components are highlighted in this review. Furthermore, this
review provides security challenges regarding IoT and smart buildings. The main factors pertaining to
smart buildings are described and the different methods of machine learning in combination with IoT
technologies are also described to improve the effectiveness of smart buildings to make them energy
efficient.

Keywords: Machine Learning; Internet Of Things; Smart Buildings; Challenges In Smart Buildings; IoT
Applications

I. INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things has grown drastically to become one of the most significant inventions of the 21st century. The
IoT consists of a collection of connected physical objects that are linked together by sensors, applications, and other
technologies for data integration and exchange across devices and systems [1]. These devices connect using the Internet
protocol (IP), which is the same technology that is used to recognize computers on the Internet and allows users to
interact with one another via the Internet. The goal of the Internet of Things is to have devices that can self-report data
and information regularly, enhancing efficiency and delivering essential information speedier than a system that is
based on human input [2]. Smart buildings use connected technologies, devices, data analytics, and automation to
control infrastructures, such as security, lighting, ventilation, heating, and air conditioning [3]. Smart heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) controls can reduce HVAC usage, especially during peak energy demand
periods, by limiting power consumption in unoccupied building zones, detecting and diagnosing issues, and limiting
energy consumption. Machine learning can be used to automate a wide range of tasks. Smart buildings, which use the
Internet of Things (IoT) to connect building operations, enable activities, such as monitoring temperature, safety, and
maintenance, for easier controlling via mobile devices and computers. Smart buildings are becoming core aspects in
larger system integrations as the IoT is becoming increasingly widespread. The IoT plays an important role in smart
buildings and provides facilities that improve human security by using effective technology-based life-saving strategies.
This review highlights the role of IoT devices in smart buildings. The IoT devices platform and its components are
highlighted in this review. Furthermore, this review provides security challenges regarding IoT and smart buildings.

Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 402

www.ijarsct.co.in
 ISSN (Online) 2581-9429
IJARSCT
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2023

Impact Factor: 7.301
The main factors pertaining to smart buildings are described and the different methods of machine learning in
combination with IoT technologies are also described to improve the effectiveness of smart buildings to make them
energy efficientOne of the most key technologies to consider when designing smart buildings is a fire alarm system. An
IoT-based fire alarm system is essential to ensure the protection of people’s lives and to reduce the amount of damage
as much as possible. In [5] the author explained behaviors and energy consumption trends using the machine learning
algorithm (also known as J48) and the Weka API and then classified it according to energy consumption. For home
comfort, security, and energy-saving, HEMS-IoT, a smart energy management system that is based on the big data for
the home and machine learning, was proposed. Machine learning and big data are crucial because they allow the system
to track and classify energy usage efficiency, recognize user behavior patterns, and keep the buildings occupants
comfortable. In [6] the authors start by exploring the numerous security issues that IoT applications face, second, to
address current security concerns, the authors conducted a survey. Away for developing smart building applications that
link the IoT with smart building web services is described in [7]. Ref. [8] demonstrate how the IoT can be applied to
design smart buildings; the team employed a smartphone app and also open-platform servers. As a result, they devised a
system for controlling the devices that included relays and a low-cost microcontroller Arduino board. An Android
smartphone application is also included with the smart system, and users can interact with it.

1.1 The Role of IoT Devices in Smart Buildings

We investigated and analyzed prior material in the fields of machine learning and the IoT, and their role in smart
buildings. The papers that made a substantial contribution to our research are included in the following paragraphs. In it
is stated that many smart devices, including sensing devices, cell phones, and other smart devices, are linked through
the IoT. These devices can exchange information and interact with one another. The IoT is a technology that connects
Internet-connected gadgets, and enables communication and interaction throughout the physical world, by extending
the current Internet. In according to the authors, agriculture, military, household appliances, and personal healthcare are
just a few of the applications and services available through the Internet of Things. A new framework is presented by
for delivering and maintaining ubiquitous connectivity, real-time applications, and solutions for transport system
requirements, based on machine learning and IoT capability. An intelligent system was also created by to enable real-
time monitoring and operation of appliances in a smart house utilizing a low-cost IoT platform for the lab, which is a
free and open-source Internet of Things platform. Data regarding the home, such as temperatures, light levels, and
resident behaviors, are collected using installed sensors and cameras. If the data exceed the specified thresholds, the
inhabitants of the home are notified via text messages/emails, allowing them to modify the environment by
manipulating the gadgets. To detect aberrant situations, the system was programmed using artificial intelligence. With
current developments, standard buildings can be changed into smart buildings at a reasonable cost by taking advantage
of recent advances in machine learning (ML), sensor devices, large-scale data analytics, and the Internet of Things.
Only minor infrastructure improvements are required. A three-tier IoT-based extensible architecture for processing
sensor data and identifying the most important clinical indicators to diagnose heart disease through the use of ROC
analysis, the most important clinical markers that signal potential heart disease, are determined; this model is proposed
by . Smart lighting uses modern controls to eliminate over lighting by including day lighting and improved functions
for detecting occupancy and dimming. Light level controllers for luminaries are rapidly evolving and gaining adoption
throughout the industry. Step and continuous dimming control are rewarded in demand-response schemes . Lighting
management systems can be programmed to regulate smart lighting systems that are controlled wirelessly. Retrofitting
is made easier with wireless controllers, while lighting management capabilities provide users with access to controls
through web-based dashboards.

II. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS (ANNS)

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) Smart building strategies aim to reduce energy usage and improve client
satisfaction and comfort. They are based on the use of intelligent sensors and software to analyze both external and
indoor elements to provide comfortable monitoring, as well as safety devices for energy usage management. Artificial
neural networks (ANNs) can learn the most important information trends in a multidimensional environment. ANNs
have been used in the application of solar energy to estimate building heating needs . ANNs are also being used in

Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 403

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 ISSN (Online) 2581-9429
IJARSCT
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2023

Impact Factor: 7.301
ventilation, solar radiation, air-conditioning technologies, power-generation modeling and control, load forecasting, and
refrigerators. The random forest model was used to estimate energy consumption in residential structures, and the
Bayesian regularized neural network (BRNN) approach is used to predict several building energy demands from an
environment input data set . The use of the ANN approach makes it possible to monitor in real-time, for example, an
artificial neural network (ANN) can beused to estimate and forecast the temperature of a specific area in the building .
Many different scenarios can be simulated using the energy simulation software, Energy Plus, creating an abundance of
data that can be used to train an ANN model and calculate energy usage . Neural networks may not always produce the
same results for the same input; neural network-based systems and solutions require extensive training . The flow of
input signal analysis to obtain energy estimation is contained in the signal. The outcome of the energy calculation from
the input signal is widely used to obtain actions regarding hardware/software-based smart building functionalities.
Mobile phones can also be used to acquire voice instructions to regulate the electrical appliances in intelligent buildings
. The user can use a mobile phone to enter voice commands, which are then shared with the building’s energy
management system via Bluetooth and Wi-Fi communication, and then analyzed to decode the necessary actions of
electrical appliances.

2.1 AI-Based Approaches in Smart Buildings

Smart building is a building that is equipped with automated control systems and makes use of information to increase
the operation of the building as well as the level of comfort for its users. Artificial intelligence (AI) combined with
buildings and IoT devices have the potential to improve inhabitant experience, operational efficiency, and space and
asset utilization . With the use of AI, building systems can now integrate excess data from IoT devices and occupant
behavior independently to develop knowledge, optimize processes, and enhance environmental effectiveness.
IoT and AI platforms’ learning capabilities allow for the creation of innovative new services for interacting with
building occupants. Through automated operation processes, these technologies have the potential to decrease costs . In
smart buildings, energy consumption can be reduced by implementing AI technology for improved control,
consistency, and automation. Different machine learning algorithms are compared and applied in smart buildings. In
buildings’ energy systems, AI-based techniques are being applied. Diesel generators (DGs), wind turbines (WTs),
photovoltaic panels (PVs), thermal energy storage systems, electric energy storage systems, lighting systems, HVAC
systems, window management systems, blind systems, electric vehicles (EVs), electric heaters (EWHs), gas boilers, and
washing machines (WMs), are all examples of energy equipment used in smart buildings It is critical to schedule such
equipment in a coordinated way because they have significant social, environmental, and economic implications

III. CONCLUSION
Researchers in the field of smart buildings are looking to machine learning approaches for managing, analyzing, and
improving the energy efficiency of smart buildings. In this study, the most essential factors of smart buildings are
discussed, with a special emphasis on what is currently required of smart building and why machine learning algorithms
are important for integration with the IoT to make buildings energy efficient. The use of IoT technology in smart
buildings provides numerous benefits, but it also has some challenges. In this review, an overview of the topic of
Internet of Things technology, as well as its role in smart buildings has been described. The platform of IoT devices and
their basic components are also presented. Internet of Things (IoT) devices in smart buildings present many challenges
and those challenges need solutions. We have shown many essential factors and characteristics of smart buildings,
which are described above, and those factors require integration with machine learning to solve energy efficiency and
other challenges. In this review, we outline the most common machine learning algorithms that can be combined with
IoT to make smart buildings more energyefficient. These machine learning methods can play a vital role with IoT to
make smart buildings more energy efficient.

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Deployments. Symmetry 2019, 11, 1315. [CrossRef]

Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 404

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 ISSN (Online) 2581-9429
IJARSCT
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2023

Impact Factor: 7.301
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