A Training Report on

Introduction to IoT
Held at

NPTEL

Submitted in partial fulfillment of award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

degree

in

Computer Science and Engineering

By

Aman Ruhela
(2000820100019)

Fiza Zehra
(2000820100047)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Anurag Malik
(Assoc. Prof CSE Dept)

Mr. Sanjeev Malik

(Asst. Prof CSE Dept)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Moradabad Institute of Technology, Moradabad (U.P.)

Session: 2022-23
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ABSTRACT

Our Industrial Training was on the course named “Introduction to

Internet of Things” the course was offered by “Dr. Sudip Mishra”

through the online learning platform “NPTEL”. This training lasts

12 weeks.

In the 1st week they mainly focused on the basics of Internet of things

and sensors. Also, they taught us what are the features of internet of

things.Now, the 2nd week was about the ‘Basic IoT Networkings’

concepts. In this they teached us about the connectivity

technologies.In the 3rd week we covered the topic ‘Sensor

Networks’. In this module we are getting started with zwave,

MQTT, e.t.c. In the 4th week we dive into the topic ‘UAV Networks’.

In the 5th week we covered the topic “Interoperability in internet of

things “. In the 6th week we learn about the “Python Language and

Raspberry Pi”. In the 7th week we covered the advanced topics of

Raspberry Pi implementation. In the 8th week we covered the

 v

software defining Iot networking and cloud fundamentals, service

models.

In the 9th week we were taught about the sensor cloud, fog

computing, cloud computing practicals. In the 10th week we were

taught about the smart cities and smart homes, connected vehicles.

In the 11th week we were taught about the smart grid, industrial

internet of things – I, II, data handleling and analytics. In the 12th

week we were taught about the case studies of Agriculture,

Healthcare, Activity Monitoring (Case Study – I), Activity

Monitoring (Case Study – II).

Then we put everything that we have learned so far into action! We

apply a problem-solving framework to tackle a challenging final

project. Lastly after too much research we made the hardware and

wrote the code to implement my solution for “Radar System”.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The opportunity of attaining a course based on “Introduction to IoT”

through the NPTEL, by the course instructor Dr. Sudip Mishra was

worth learning. It was a prestige for us to be a part of it. During the

period of our course, we received tremendous knowledge related to

python and its working.

Pre-eminently, we would like to express our deep gratitude and

special thanks to our course instructors for their theoretical

knowledge and encouragement on this Project and for their valuable

guidance and affection for the successful completion.

Secondly, we would like to thank Moradabad Institute of

Technology for providing us an opportunity to make this project

under the guidance of our Asst Profs CSE Dept. Mr. Sanjeev Gupta

& Mr. Anurag Malik. Lastly, we would like to thank the almighty

and our parents for their constant encouragement.

Aman Ruhela (2000820100019)

Fiza Zehra (2000820100047)

 vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT Page No.

ABSTRACT iv
CHAPTER 1: WEEKS 8 - 28
1.1 Week 1: Basic of Internet of Things 8-9
1.2 Week 2: IoT Networking 10 - 11
1.3 Week 3: Sensor Networks 12 - 13
1.4 Week 4: UAV Networks 14
1.5 Week 5: Interoperability in IoT 15 - 16
1.6 Week 6: Python 17
1.7 Week 7: Raspberry Pi 18 - 19
1.8 Week 8: IoT Networking 20
1.9 Week 9: Cloud Computing 21 - 22
1.10 Week 10: Smart Cities and Homes 23 - 24
1.11 Week 11: Smart Grid, Handling 25 - 26
1.12 Week 12: Case Studies 27 - 28
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT 29 - 31
2.1 Radar System 29 - 30
2.2 Snapshots of the Project 31
CHAPTER 3: SOURCE CODE 32 - 34
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION 35
CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES 36
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CHAPTER 1
WEEKS
1.1 - Week 1:
1.1.1- IoT: Internet technology connecting devices, machines and tools to the
internet by means of wireless technologies. Over 9 billion ‘Things’ connected to
the Internet, as of now. ‘Things’ connected to the Internet are projected to cross 20
billion in the near future. Unification of technologies such as low-power embedded
systems, cloud computing, big-data, machine learning, and
networking.

1.1.2- Characteristic
 Efficient, scalable and associated architecture.
 Unambiguous naming and addressing.
 Abundance of sleeping nodes, mobile and non-IP devices.
 Intermittent connectivity.

1.1.3- Baseline Technologies: A number of technologies that are very

closely related to IoT include –

1. Machine to Machine (M2M) communications.

2. Cyber Physical Systems (CPS).

3. Web of things (WoT).

1.1.4- Sensors
A sensor detects (senses) changes in the ambient conditions or in the state of
another device or a system, and forwards or processes this information in a certain
manner. They perform some input functions by sensing or feeling the physical
changes in characteristics of a system in response to a stimuli.

Analog Sensors: It produce a continuous output signal or voltage which is

generally proportional to the quantity being measured. Physical quantities such as
 9

Temperature, Speed, Pressure, Displacement, Strain etc. are all analog quantities as
they tend to be continuous in nature.

Digital Sensors: It produce discrete digital output signals or voltages that are a
digital representation of the quantity being measured. Digital sensors produce a
binary output signal in the form of a logic “1” or a logic “0”, (“ON” or “OFF”).
Digital signal only produces discrete (non‐continuous) values, which may be output
as a single “bit” (serial transmission), or by combining the bits to produce a single
“byte” output (parallel transmission).

Scaler Sensors: produce output signal or voltage which is generally proportional

to the magnitude of the quantity being measured. Physical quantities such as
temperature, color, pressure, strain, etc. are all scalar quantities as only their
magnitude is sufficient to convey information.

Vector Sensors: Sensors produce output signal or voltage which is generally

proportional to the magnitude, direction, as well as the orientation of the quantity
being measured. Physical quantities such as sound, image, velocity, acceleration,
orientation, etc. are all vector quantities, as only their magnitude is not sufficient to
convey the complete information.

1.1.5- Actuator: An actuator is a component of a machine or system that moves

or controls the mechanism or the system. An actuator is the mechanism by which a
control system acts upon an environment. An actuator requires a control signal and
a source of energy.

1.1.6- Types of Actuators:

1. Hydraulic

2. Pneumatic

3. Electrical

4. Thermal/ Magnetic

5. Mechanical
 10

1.2 - Week 2:
1.2.1- 6LoWPAN: Low‐power Wireless Personal Area Networks over IPv6.
Allows for the smallest devices with limited processing ability to transmit
information wirelessly using an Internet protocol. Allows low‐power devices to
connect to the Internet. Created by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) ‐
RFC 5933 and RFC 4919.

1.2.2- Characteristic
 Allows IEEE 802.15.4 radios to carry 128‐bit addresses of Internet
Protocol version 6 (IPv6).
 Header compression and address translation techniques allow the IEEE
802.15.4 radios to access the Internet.
 IPv6 packets compressed and reformatted to fit the IEEE 802.15.4 packet
format.
 Uses include IoT, Smart grid, and M2M applications.

1.2.3- LOADng Routing

 Derived from AODV and extended for use in IoT. Basic operations of
LOADng include:
 Generation of Route Requests (RREQs) by a LOADng Router (originator)
for discovering a route to a destination.
 Forwarding of such RREQs until they reach the destination LOADng
Router.
 Generation of Route Replies (RREPs) upon receipt of an RREQ by the
indicated destination, and unicast hop‐by‐hop forwarding of these RREPs
towards the originator.

1.2.4- MQTT
Message Queue Telemetry Transport is ISO standard (ISO/IEC PRF 20922). It is a
publish‐subscribe‐based lightweight messaging protocol for use in conjunction
with the TCP/IP protocol. MQTT was introduced by IBM in 1999 and standardized
by OASIS in 2013. Designed to provide connectivity (mostly embedded) between
applications and middle‐wares on one side and networks and communications on
the other side.

A message broker controls the publish‐subscribe messaging pattern. A topic to

which a client is subscribed is updated in the form of messages and distributed by
the message broker.
 11

1.2.5- MQTT Methods:

1. Connect

2. Disconnect

3. Subscribe

4. Unsubscribe

5. Publish

1.2.6- CoAP:

Constrained Application Protocol.Web transfer protocol for use with constrained

nodes and networks. Designed for Machine to Machine (M2M) applications such
as smart energy and building automation. Based on Request‐Response model
between endpoints. Client‐Server interaction is asynchronous over a datagram-
oriented transport protocol such as UDP.

1.2.7- CoAP Message Types:

1. Confirmable

2. Non-Confirmable

3. Piggyback

4. Separate

1.2.8- XMPP:

Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol. A communication protocol for

message‐oriented middleware based on XML (Extensible Markup Language).
Real‐time exchange of structured data. It is an open standard protocol.

XMPP uses a client‐server architecture. As the model is decentralized, no central

server is required. XMPP provides for the discovery of services residing locally or
across a network, and the availability information of these services. Open means to
support machine‐to‐machine or peer‐to‐peer communications across a diverse set
of networks.
 12

1.3 - Week 3:
1- HART & Wireless HART: It is the latest release of Highway Addressable
Remote Transducer (HART) Protocol. HART standard was developed for
networked smart field devices. The wireless protocol makes the implementation of
HART cheaper and easier HART encompasses the greatest number of field devices
incorporated in any field network.

1.3.2- Layers

 Physical layer is derived from IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. It operates only in

the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Employs and exploits 15 channels of the band to
increase reliability.
 In data link layer, collision free and deterministic communication achieved
by means of super‐frames and TDMA.
 Network and transport layer, cooperatively handle various types of traffic,
routing, session creation, and security.
 Application layer handles communication between gateways and devices
via a series of command and respond messages.

1.3.3- Bluetooth
Derived from AODV and extended for use in IoT. Basic operations of LOADng
includes the bluetooth wireless technology is a short-range communications
technology. Intended for replacing cables connecting portable units Maintains high
levels of security. Bluetooth technology is based on Ad‐hoc technology also known
as Ad‐hoc Piconets. Generation of Route Replies (RREPs) upon receipt of an
RREQ by the indicated destination, and unicast hop‐by‐hop forwarding of these
RREPs towards the originator.

1.3.4- Connection Establishment:

1. Inquiry

2. Paging

3. Connection
 13

1.3.5- Baseband: Physical layer of the Bluetooth. Manages physical channels

and links. Other services may include: Error correction, Data whitening, Hop
selection, Bluetooth security.

1.3.6- L2CAP
The Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP). Layered over the
Baseband Protocol and resides in the data link layer. Used to multiplex multiple
logical connections between two devices. Provides connection‐oriented and
connectionless data services to upper layer protocols.

Provides:

 Protocol multiplexing capability

 Segmentation and reassembly operation
 Group abstractions

1.3.7- ZWave

Zwave (or Z wave or Z‐wave) is a protocol for communication among devices

used for home automation. It uses RF for signaling and control. Operating
frequency is 908.42 MHz in the US & 868.42 MHz in Europe. Mesh network
topology is the main mode of operation and can support 232 nodes in a network.

Zwave utilizes GFSK modulation and Manchester channel encoding. A central

network controller device sets‐up and manages a Zwave network. Each logical
Zwave network has 1 Home (Network) ID and multiple node IDs for the devices
in it. Nodes with different Home IDs cannot communicate with each other.
Network ID length=4 Bytes, Node ID length=1 Byte.

1.3.8- Features:

 Flexibility
 Support for multiple protocols
 Use of open standards
 Support for multiple applications
 Reliability (error detection, channel hopping)
 Determinism (TDMA, QoS support)
 14

1.4 - Week 4:
1.4.1- Sensor Networks – Part III: It is the latest release of Highway
Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) Protocol. HART standard was developed
for networked smart field devices. The wireless protocol makes the implementation
of HART cheaper and easier. HART encompasses the greatest number of field
devices incorporated in any field network.

1.4.2- WSN’s Layers

 The physical layer is derived from IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. It operates

only in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Employs and exploits 15 channels of the
band to increase reliability.
 In data link layer, collision free and deterministic communication is
achieved by means of super‐frames and TDMA.
 Network and transport layer, cooperatively handle various types of traffic,
routing, session creation, and security.
 Application layer handles communication between gateways and devices
via a series of command and respond messages.

1.4.3- Stationary Wireless Sensor Networks

When an intruder enters into the field through the boundary (perimeter)of the field,
the PIR sensor detects the object.The ultrasonic sensor senses the distance at which
the object is located. Derived from AODV and extended for use in IoT. Basic
operations of LOADng includes the bluetooth wireless technology is a short-range
communications technology. Intended for replacing cables connecting portable
units Maintains high levels of security. Bluetooth technology is based on Ad‐hoc
technology also known as Ad‐hoc Piconets. Generation of Route Replies (RREPs)
upon receipt of an RREQ by the indicated destination, and unicast hop‐by‐hop
forwarding of these RREPs towards the originator.

1.4.4- Connection Establishment:

1. Self-Optimize

2. Self-Heal

3. Self-Configure
 15

1.5 - Week 5:
1.5.1- Interoperability in Internet of Things: Interoperability is a
characteristic of a product or system, whose interfaces are completely understood,
to work with other products or systems, present or future, in either implementation
or access, without any restrictions.It is the latest release of Highway Addressable
Remote Transducer (HART) Protocol. HART standard was developed for
networked smart field devices. The wireless protocol makes the implementation of
HART cheaper and easier. HART encompasses the greatest number of field devices
incorporated in any field network.

1.5.2- Device Interoperability

 UMB Adaptor - UMB-A converts physical devices into virtually abstracted

one, as described by Universal Device Template(UDT)
 UDT consists of a Global Device ID, Global Function ID, Global Action
ID, Global Event ID, and Global Parameters
 UMB Adaptors translate the local middleware’s message into global
metadata’s messageApplication layer handles communication between
gateways and devices via a series of command and response messages.

1.5.3- Arduino

Open source based electronic programmable board (microcontroller) and software

(IDE) Accepts analog and digital signals as input and gives desired Output. No
extra hardware required to load a program into the controller boardIntended for
replacing cables connecting portable units Maintains high levels of security.
Bluetooth technology is based on Ad‐hoc technology also known as Ad‐hoc
Piconets. Generation of Route Replies (RREPs) upon receipt of an RREQ by the
indicated destination, and unicast hop‐by‐hop forwarding of these RREPs towards
the originator.

1.5.4- Types of Arduino Board:

 Arduino boards based on ATMEGA328 microcontroller

 Arduino boards based on ATMEGA32u4 microcontroller
 Arduino boards based on ATMEGA2560 microcontroller
 Arduino boards based on AT91SAM3X8E microcontroller
 16

1.5.5- Arduino Function Libraries:

 digitalWrite() : Writes a HIGH or LOW value to a digital pin

 analogRead() : Reads from the analog input pin i.e., voltage applied across
the pin
 Character functions such as isdigit(), isalpha(), isalnum(), isxdigit(),
islower(), isupper(), isspace() return 1(true) or 0(false)
 Delay () function is one of the most common time manipulation function
used to provide a delay of specified time. It accepts integer value (time
inmiliseconds)

1.5.6- Example LED Blinking:

 Requirement:
 Arduino controller board, USB connector,
 Bread board, LED, 1.4Kohm resistor,
 connecting wires, Arduino IDE
 Connect the LED to the Arduino using the
 Bread board and the connecting wires
 Connect the Arduino board to the PC using the USB connector
 Select the board type and port
 Write the sketch in the editor, verify and upload.

void setup() {
pinMode(12, OUTPUT); // set the pin mode
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(12, HIGH); // Turn on the LED
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(12, LOW); //Turn of the LED
delay(1000);
 17

1.6 - Week 6:
1.6.1- Python:

Python is a versatile language which is easy to script and easy to read. It doesn’t
support strict rules for syntax. Its installation comes with integrated development
environment for programming. It supports interfacing with wide ranging hardware
platforms. With open-source nature, it forms a strong backbone to build large

1.6.2- Python IDE

 Python IDE is a free and open source software that is used to write codes,
integrate several modules and libraries. It is available for installation into
PC with Windows, Linux and Mac.
 Examples: Spyder, PyCharm, etc.

1.6.3- Data Types

There are 5 data types in Python:

Numbers

x, y, z = 10, 10.2, " Python "

String

x = ‘This is Python’

List

x = [10, 10.2, 'python'

Tuple

Dictionary

d = {1:‘item','k':2}
 18

1.7 – Week 7: Raspberry Pi & Handling Large Data Files

The Python programming language has become more and more popular in handling

data analysis and processing because of its certain unique advantages. It’s easy to
read and maintain. pandas, with a rich library of functions and methods packaged

in it, is a fast, flexible and easy to use data analysis and manipulation tool built on

top of Python. It is one of the big boosters to make Python an efficient and powerful
data analysis environment.

pandas is memory-based. It does a great job when the to-be-manipulated data can

fit into the memory. It is inconvenient, even unable, to deal with big data, which

can’t be wholly loaded into the memory. Large files, however, like those containing
data imported from the database or downloaded from the web, are common in real-

world businesses. We need to have ways to manage them. How? That’s what I’d

like to say something about.

By “big data” here, I am not talking about the TB or PB level data that requires
distributed processing. I mean the GB level file data that can’t fit into the normal

PC memory but can be held on disk. This is the more common type of big file

processing scenario.

1.7.1. Aggregation
A simple aggregation is to traverse values in the target column and to perform
calculation according to the specified aggregate operation, such as the sum
operation that adds up traversed values; the count operation that records the number
of traversed values; and the mean operation that adds up and counts the traversed
values and then divides the sum by the number.
 19

1.7.2. Filtering

Similar to the aggregation, pandas will divide a big file into multiple chunks (n),
filter each data chunk and concatenate the filtering results.

1.7.3. Sorting

1. Retrieve one chunk each time;

2. Sort this chunk;

3. Write the sorting result of each chunk to a temporary file;

4. Maintain a list of k elements (k is the number of chunks) into which a row of data
in each temporary file is put;

5. Sort records in the list by the sorting field (same as the sort direction in step 2);

6. Write the record with smallest (in ascending order) or largest (in descending
order) value to the result file;

7. Put another row from each temporary file to the list;

8. Repeat step 6, 7 until all records are written to the result file.
 20

1.8 - Week 8:
1.8.1- Interoperability in Internet of Things:

Problems in Traditional Mobile Network

 Difficult to Scale – static over-provisioned network are inflexible to manage

the mobile traffic with high demand
 Difficult to manage – many times lead to misconfigurations
 Inflexible – Requires too much time to introduce a new service as the
hardware architecture is inflexible
 Cost-expensive – Both capital expenditure and operational expenditure are
high.

1.8.2- Key Benefits

 Converts physical devices into virtually abstracted

 Centralized control of devices manufactured by multiple
 vendors
 Higher rate of integration of new services
 Abstracted network control and management
 Network abstracted from the user

1.8.3- Rule Placement at Access Devices

 General OpenFlow does not support wireless network

 Modified version of OpenFlow is required
 Typically, users are mobile in nature – network is highly dynamic
 Frequent changes in rule placement is also required
 Presence of heterogeneous devices in the network
 How to support such heterogeneous devices in a single platform

1.8.4- Approaches:

 ODIN
 Ubi – Flow
 Mobi – Flow
 21

1.9 - Week 9:
1.9.1- Introduction to Openstack

 A software to create a cloud unfrastructure

 Launched as a joint project of Rackspace Hosting and NASA in 2010
 Opensource
 Presently many companies are contributing to openstack
 Eg. IBM, CISCO, HP, Dell, Vmware, Redhat, suse, Rackspace hosting
 It has a very large community
 Can be used to develop private clouds or public clouds.

Versions:

 Austin, Bexar, Cactus, Diablo, Essex, Folsom, Grizzly, Havana, Icehouse,

Juno, Kilo, Liberty, Mitaka, Newton, Ocata (Latest)

1.9.2- Components

1. Nova
2. Glance
3. Swift
4. Neutron
5. Clinder
6. Heat
7. Ceilometer
8. Keystone

1.9.3- Wireless Sensor Networks

 Contain sensor nodes which sense some physical phenomena from the
environment
 Transmit the sensed data (through wireless communication) to a centralized
unit, commonly known as Sink node
 22

 The communication between Sink node and other sensor nodes in the
network may be single/multi‐hop
 Sink node further process data

1.9.4- Approaches:

 One computer host appears as many computers as possible concept of

Virtual Machine (VM)
 Improve IT throughput and costs by using physical resources as a pool
from which virtual resources can be allocated.

 Benefit

 Sharing of resources: Same resource can be shared, in turn cost reduction

 Encapsulation:
 A complete computing environment
 Independence: Runs independently of underlying hardware
 Portability: VM Migration

1.9.5 - Case Study: Target Tracking:

“We consider a WSN ‐based target tracking application, in which a WSN owner
refuses to share the sensed information with an external body, even in exchange of
money. Consequently, any organization that wishes to detect intrusion within a
particular zone has to deploy its own WSN. This leads to a long‐term investment
due to costly network setup and maintenance overheads. However, in a sensor‐
cloud environment, the same organization can use the same tracking application
and still get the service without actually owning the WSN”.
 23

1.10 - Week 10:

1.10.1- Introduction to Smart Cities and Smart Homes

A Smart City is-

 An urban system
 Uses Information & Communication Technology (ICT)
 Makes infrastructure more interactive, accessible and efficient.
 Need for Smart Cities arose due to-
 Rapidly growing urban population
 Fast depleting natural resources
 Changes in environment and climate.

1.10.2- Applications

1. Smart Economy
2. Smart Governance
3. Smart People
4. Smart Mobility
5. Smart Environment
6. Smart Living

1.10.3- Current Focus Areas

 Smart Vehicles
 Assistance to drivers during bad weather or low-visibility.
 Detection of bad driving patterns or driving under the influence of
substances.
 Auto alert generation during crashes.
 Self diagnostics.
 Smart Health
 Low cost, portable, at-home medical diagnosis kits.
 Remote check-ups and diagnosis.
 On-body sensors for effortless and accurate health monitoring.
 Pollution and Calamity Monitoring
 24

 Monitoring for weather or man-made based calamities.

 Alert generation in case of above-threshold pollutants in the air or water.
 Resource reallocation and rerouting of services in the event of calamities.
 Smart Energy
 Smart metering systems.
 Smart energy allocation and distribution system.
 Incorporation of traditional and renewable sources of energy in the same
grid.
 Smart Agriculture
 Automatic detection of plant water stress.
 Monitoring of crop health status.
 Auto detection of crop infection.
 Auto application of fertilizers and pesticides.
 Scheduling harvesting and arranging proper transfer of harvests to
warehouses or markets.

1.10.4- Technological Focus Areas

1. Data Collection
2. Data Transmission
3. Data Storage
4. Data Processing

1.10.5- Data Fusion

Enormous volume of data is produced periodically in a smart city environment.

Challenges include making the available/ incoming large data volume precise and
accurate. Quality of data precision and accuracy affects the quality of decision
making in IoT-enabled smart cities. Data fusion enables optimum utilization of
massive data gathered from multiple sources, and across multiple platforms.
 25

1.11 - Week 11:

1.11.1- Introduction to Smart Grid

 Advancement of traditional electrical grid

 Traditional electrical grid
 Energy generation is done in centralized power plants
 Energy distribution is one directional – from the power plant to the homes
or industries.
 Monitoring and restoration of grid is done manually
 Uni‐directional communication
 Smart Grid –
 Achieve high reliability in power systems
 A cyber‐physical system equipped with sustainable models of energy
production, distribution, and usage

1.11.2- Benefits of Customer

 For consumers, the benefit of using smart grid are as follows:

 Updated information on their energy usage in real‐time
 Enabling electric cars, smart appliances, and other smart devices to be
charged
 Program the smart devices to run during off‐peak hours to lower energy
bills
 Different pricing options

1.11.3- Benefits of Stakeholders

 For stakeholders, the benefit of using smart grid are as follows:

 Increase grid reliability
 Reduce the frequency of power blackouts and brownouts
 Provide infrastructure for monitoring, analysis, and decision‐making
 Increase grid resiliency by providing detailed information
 Reduce inefficiencies in energy delivery
 Integrate the sustainable resources of wind and solar alongside the main
grid
 Improve management of distributed energy resources, including micro‐
grid operations and storage
 26

1.11.4- Properties of Smart Grid

1. Consumer Participation
2. Real‐time monitoring of consumption
3. Control of smart appliances
4. Building Automation
5. Real‐time Pricing
6. Distributed Generation
7. Integration of renewable energy resources
8. Integration of micro‐grid
9. Power System Efficiency
10. Power Monitoring
11. Asset Management and optimal utilizations
12. Distribution Automation and Protection
13. Power Quality
14. Self‐Healing
15. Frequency Monitoring and Control
16. Load Forecasting
17. Anticipation of Disturbances

1.11.5- Smart Home

Smart homes use emerging smart grid technologies to save energy, seek out the
lowest rates, and contribute to the smooth and efficient functioning of our
electric grid. The interactive relationship between the grid operators, utilities,
and consumers helps in proper functioning of smart grid technologies.
Computerized controls in smart homes helps to minimize energy use at times
when the power grid is under stress from high demand, or even to shift some of
their power use to times when power is available at a lower cost, i.e., from on‐
peak hours to off‐peak volume of data is produced periodically in a smart city
environment. Challenges include making the available/ incoming large data
volume precise and accurate. Quality of data precision and accuracy affects the
quality of decision making in IoT-enabled smart cities. Data fusion enables
optimum utilization of massive data gathered from multiple sources, and across
multiple platforms.
 27

1.12- Week 12:

1.12.1- Introduction to Data Analytics

“Data analytics (DA) is the process of examining data sets in order to draw
conclusions about the information they contain, increasingly with the aid of
specialized systems and software. Data analytics technologies and techniques
are widely used in commercial industries to enable organizations to make more
informed business decisions and by scientists and researchers to verify or
disprove scientific models, theories and hypotheses.”Smart homes use
emerging smart grid technologies to save energy, seek out the lowest rates, and
contribute to the smooth and efficient functioning of our data.

1.12.2- Types of Data Analysis

1. Qualitative Analysis
2. Quantitative Analysis

1.12.3- Statistical Models

The statistical model is defined as the mathematical equation that is formulated

in the form of relationships between variables. A statistical model illustrates
how a set of random variables is related to another set of random variables. A
statistical model is represented as the ordered pair (X, P) X denotes the set of
all possible observations P refers to the set of probability distributions on X.

1.12.4- Analysis of Variance

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a parametric statistical technique used to

compare datasets. ANOVA is best applied where more than 2 populations or
samples are meant to be compared. To perform an ANOVA, we must have a
continuous response variable and at least one categorical factor (e.g. age,
gender) with two or more levels (e.g. Locations 1, 2). ANOVAs require data
from approximately normally distributed populations
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1.12.5- Regression Analysis

 In statistical modeling, regression analysis is a statistical process for estimating

the relationships among variables. Focuses on the relationship between a
dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
 Regression analysis estimates the conditional expectation of the dependent
variable given the independent variables.
 The estimation target is a function of the independent variables called the
regression function.
 Characterize the variation of the dependent variable around the regression
function which can be described by a probability distribution.
 Regression analysis is widely used for prediction and forecasting, where its use
substantial overlap with the field of machine learning.
 Regression analysis is also used to understand which among the independent
variables are related to the dependent variable.

1.12.6- Statistical Significance

 In statistical significance, regression analysis is a statistical process for

estimating the relationships among variables. Focuses on the relationship
between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
 Statistical significance analysis estimates the conditional expectation of the
dependent variable given the independent variables.
 The estimation target is a function of the independent variables called the
regression function.
 Statistical significance then characterizes the variation of the dependent
variable around the regression function which can be described by a probability
distribution.
 Statistical significance is widely used for prediction and forecasting, where its
use substantial overlaps with the field of machine learning.
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CHAPTER 2

2.1- RADAR SYSTEM

2.1.1- Introduction:
The Internet of things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of such objects)
with sensors processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and
exchange data with other devices and systems over the internet or other
communications networks [3].
The Internet of things has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need
to be connected to the public internet, they only need to be connected to a network
and be individually addressable
Today, Radars are used to detect and track aircraft, spacecraft, and ships at sea as
well as insects and birds in the atmosphere; measure the speed of automobiles; map
the surface of the earth from space; and measure properties of the atmosphere and
oceans.
But here we are going to implement a system for the small households like for
lockers security in shops, houses, etc. It will be cost effective for local people using
the ultrasonic sensor, motor, Arduino, buzzer, and processing software [1].

2.1.2- Objective:

To develop a system for small households, like for lockers safety, in shops, houses,
etc. So that it will be time saving, easy to use as well as cost effective for local
people using the ultrasonic sensor, motor, Arduino, buzzer, and Arduino ide,
processing software.

2.1.3- Methodology:

A radar system will respond quickly when it finds nearby objects using ultrasonic
sensor. Whenever an object is detected, the buzzer will be applied in order to tell
that there is something in the range of the system. This system will provide the
angle & distance of the objects. This system will provide visualization.
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By connecting the Ultrasonic sensor with servo motor in order to rotate, with the
help of Arduino & Processing 4, we will be able to check if there is object in front
of the sensor or not.
Processing is a flexible software sketchbook and a language for visual arts.
Since 2001, Processing has promoted software literacy within the visual arts and
visual literacy within technology [2].
There are tens of thousands of students, artists, designers, researchers, and
hobbyists who use Processing for learning and prototyping.

2.1.4- Tech Stack:

• Arduino
• Arduino IDE
• Ultrasonic Sensor
• Motor
• Buzzer
• Processing 4

2.1.5- Features of the project:

• It can be used for surveillance.

• The system will give the angles & directions of the object in the processing
software.
• It will save the users time i.e; time saving.
• It is cost effective.
• It will tell the user by applying a buzzer whenever an object is detected.
• The applied system is simple and easy to use.

2.1.6- Future Scope:

The applied system can be deployed over a server in order to control it remotely
and send the alerts to the control room if there is object in the close range.
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2.2 - Snapshots of the project.

Fig: 2.2.1 Measure of Object’s distance and angle

Fig: 2.2.2 Detection of Object using the Radar

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CHAPTER 3
Source Code

// Includes the Servo library

#include <Servo.h>.

// Defines Tirg and Echo pins of the Ultrasonic Sensor

const int trigPin = 10;

const int echoPin = 11;

// Variables for the duration and the distance

long duration;

int distance;

Servo myServo; // Creates a servo object for controlling the servo motor

void setup() {

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input

Serial.begin(9600);

myServo.attach(12); // Defines on which pin is the servo motor attached

void loop() {

// rotates the servo motor from 15 to 165 degrees

for(int i=15;i<=165;i++){

myServo.write(i);

delay(30);
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distance = calculateDistance();// Calls a function for calculating the distance

measured by the Ultrasonic sensor for each degree

Serial.print(i); // Sends the current degree into the Serial Port

Serial.print(","); // Sends addition character right next to the previous value needed

later in the Processing IDE for indexing

Serial.print(distance); // Sends the distance value into the Serial Port

Serial.print("."); // Sends addition character right next to the previous value needed

later in the Processing IDE for indexing

// Repeats the previous lines from 165 to 15 degrees

for(int i=165;i>15;i--){

myServo.write(i);

delay(30);

distance = calculateDistance();

Serial.print(i);

Serial.print(",");

Serial.print(distance);

Serial.print(".");

// Function for calculating the distance measured by the Ultrasonic sensor

int calculateDistance(){
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digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH); // Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave

travel time in microseconds

distance= duration*0.034/2;

return distance;

}
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CHAPTER 4
Conclusion

Industrial training through NPTEL in ‘Introduction Internet of Things' proved quite

useful. Online education has great potential and can provide students with great
learning experience.
The Radar system is able to develop a system for small households, like for lockers
safety, in shops, houses, etc. So that it will be time saving, easy to use as well as
cost effective for local people using the ultrasonic sensor, motor, Arduino, buzzer,
and Arduino ide, processing software.
The industrial training has benefited me a lot and has motivated me to work more
in the domain of internet of things. I am glad to have finished this course
successfully and gained a lot of knowledge.
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CHAPTER 5

REFERENCES

[1]. https://www.arduino.cc

[2]. https://processing.org/reference/libraries

[3]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things
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