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    10 Steps Glyco

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    Rhianne Grace Castro
    The document summarizes the 10 steps of glycolysis. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate through a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in the cytoplasm. In each step, a different enzyme facilitates the reaction, such as hexokinase in step 1 which phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. Overall, glycolysis converts one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of two ATP molecules in the process.

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    10 Steps Glyco

    Uploaded by

    Rhianne Grace Castro
    38 views7 pages
    The document summarizes the 10 steps of glycolysis. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate through a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in the cytoplasm. In each step, a different enzyme facilitates the reaction, such as hexokinase in step 1 which phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. Overall, glycolysis converts one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of two ATP molecules in the process.

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    The document summarizes the 10 steps of glycolysis. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate through a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in the cytoplasm. In each step, a different enzyme facilitates the reaction, such as hexokinase in step 1 which phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. Overall, glycolysis converts one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of two ATP molecules in the process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    38 views7 pages

    10 Steps Glyco

    Uploaded by

    Rhianne Grace Castro
    The document summarizes the 10 steps of glycolysis. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate through a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in the cytoplasm. In each step, a different enzyme facilitates the reaction, such as hexokinase in step 1 which phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. Overall, glycolysis converts one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of two ATP molecules in the process.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    General Biology: 2nd Quarter

    10 Steps of Glycolysis

    Glycolysis is the metabolic process that serves as the foundation for both aerobic and
    anaerobic cellular respiration. In glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate. Glucose is a
    six- memebered ring molecule found in the blood and is usually a result of the breakdown of
    carbohydrates into sugars. It enters cells through specific transporter proteins that move it
    from outside the cell into the cell’s cytosol. All of the glycolytic enzymes are found in the
    cytosol.
    The overall reaction of glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm is represented simply as:
    C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 P —–> 2 pyruvic acid, (CH3(C=O)COOH + 2 ATP + 2
    NADH + 2 H+

    Step 1: Hexokinase

    The first step in glycolysis is the conversion of D-glucose into glucose-6-phosphate. The
    enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is hexokinase.
    Details:
    Here, the glucose ring is phosphorylated. Phosphorylation is the process of adding a
    phosphate group to a molecule derived from ATP. As a result, at this point in glycolysis, 1
    molecule of ATP has been consumed.
    The reaction occurs with the help of the enzyme hexokinase, an enzyme that catalyzes the
    phosphorylation of many six-membered glucose-like ring structures. Atomic magnesium
    (Mg) is also involved to help shield the negative charges from the phosphate groups on the
    ATP molecule. The result of this phosphorylation is a molecule called glucose-6-phosphate
    (G6P), thusly called because the 6′ carbon of the glucose acquires the phosphate group.
    Step 2: Phosphoglucose Isomerase

    The second reaction of glycolysis is the rearrangement of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) into
    fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) by glucose phosphate isomerase (Phosphoglucose Isomerase).
    Details:
    The second step of glycolysis involves the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-
    phosphate (F6P). This reaction occurs with the help of the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase
    (PI). As the name of the enzyme suggests, this reaction involves an isomerization reaction.
    The reaction involves the rearrangement of the carbon-oxygen bond to transform the six-
    membered ring into a five-membered ring. To rearrangement takes place when the six-
    membered ring opens and then closes in such a way that the first carbon becomes now
    external to the ring.

    Step 3: Phosphofructokinase

    Phosphofructokinase, with magnesium as a cofactor, changes fructose 6-phosphate into


    fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
    Details:
    In the third step of glycolysis, fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose- 1,6-
    bisphosphate (FBP). Similar to the reaction that occurs in step 1 of glycolysis, a second
    molecule of ATP provides the phosphate group that is added on to the F6P molecule.
    The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is phosphofructokinase (PFK). As in step 1, a
    magnesium atom is involved to help shield negative charges.

    Step 4: Aldolase

    The enzyme Aldolase splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of
    each other. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate  (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde
    3-phosphate (GAP).
    Details:
    This step utilizes the enzyme aldolase, which catalyzes the cleavage of FBP to yield two 3-
    carbon molecules. One of these molecules is called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) and
    the other is called dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
    Step 5: Triosephosphate isomerase

    The enzyme triosephosphate isomerase rapidly inter- converts the molecules


    dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP).
    Glyceraldehyde phosphate is removed / used in next step of Glycolysis.
    Details:
    GAP is the only molecule that continues in the glycolytic pathway. As a result, all of the
    DHAP molecules produced are further acted on by the enzyme Triosephosphate isomerase
    (TIM), which reorganizes the DHAP into GAP so it can continue in glycolysis. At this point
    in the glycolytic pathway, we have two 3-carbon molecules, but have not yet fully converted
    glucose into pyruvate.

    Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase

    Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) dehydrogenates and adds an


    inorganic phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, producing 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
    Details:
    In this step, two main events take place: 1) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized by the
    coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD); 2) the molecule is phosphorylated by
    the addition of a free phosphate group. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is
    glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).
    The enzyme GAPDH contains appropriate structures and holds the molecule in a
    conformation such that it allows the NAD molecule to pull a hydrogen off the GAP,
    converting the NAD to NADH. The phosphate group then attacks the GAP molecule and
    releases it from the enzyme to yield 1,3 bisphoglycerate, NADH, and a hydrogen atom.

    Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase

    Phosphoglycerate kinase transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP


    to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.
    Details:
    In this step, 1,3 bisphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme
    phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). This reaction involves the loss of a phosphate group from
    the starting material. The phosphate is transferred to a molecule of ADP that yields our first
    molecule of ATP. Since we actually have two molecules of 1,3 bisphoglycerate (because
    there were two 3-carbon products from stage 1 of glycolysis), we actually synthesize two
    molecules of ATP at this step. With this synthesis of ATP, we have cancelled the first two
    molecules of ATP that we used, leaving us with a net of 0 ATP molecules up to this stage of
    glycolysis.
    Again, we see that an atom of magnesium is involved to shield the negative charges on the
    phosphate groups of the ATP molecule.

    Step 8: Phosphoglycerate Mutase

    The enzyme phosphoglycero mutase relocates the P from 3- phosphoglycerate from the 3rd
    carbon to the 2nd carbon to form 2-phosphoglycerate.
    Details:
    This step involves a simple rearrangement of the position of the phosphate group on the 3
    phosphoglycerate molecule, making it 2 phosphoglycerate. The molecule responsible for
    catalyzing this reaction is called phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM). A mutase is an enzyme
    that catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one position on a molecule to another.
    The reaction mechanism proceeds by first adding an additional phosphate group to the 2′
    position of the 3 phosphoglycerate. The enzyme then removes the phosphate from the 3′
    position leaving just the 2′ phosphate, and thus yielding 2 phsophoglycerate. In this way, the
    enzyme is also restored to its original, phosphorylated state.

    Step 9: Enolase

    The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form


    phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP).
    Details:
    This step involves the conversion of 2 phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The
    reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme enolase. Enolase works by removing a water group,
    or dehydrating the 2 phosphoglycerate. The specificity of the enzyme pocket allows for the
    reaction to occur through a series of steps too complicated to cover here.

    Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase

    Details:
    The final step of glycolysis converts phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate with the help of the
    enzyme pyruvate kinase. As the enzyme’s name suggests, this reaction involves the transfer
    of a phosphate group. The phosphate group attached to the 2′ carbon of the PEP is transferred
    to a molecule of ADP, yielding ATP. Again, since there are two molecules of PEP, here we
    actually generate 2 ATP molecules.
    Steps 1 and 3 = – 2ATP
    Steps 7 and 10 = + 4 ATP
    Net “visible” ATP produced = 2.
    Immediately upon finishing glycolysis, the cell must continue respiration in either an aerobic
    or anaerobic direction; this choice is made based on the circumstances of the particular cell.
    A cell that can perform aerobic respiration and which finds itself in the presence of oxygen
    will continue on to the aerobic citric acid cycle in the mitochondria. If a cell able to perform
    aerobic respiration is in a situation where there is no oxygen (such as muscles under extreme
    exertion), it will move into a type of anaerobic respiration called homolactic fermentation.
    Some cells such as yeast are unable to carry out aerobic respiration and will automatically
    move into a type of anaerobic respiration called alcoholic fermentation.

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